Introduction to Computing

PART 3

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 CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT
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 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Central Processing Unit or CPU can be thought of as the
brain of the computer.
Most of the processing takes place in CPU.
During processing, it locates and executes the program
instructions.

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 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Physically, it is an integrated circuit (IC) silicon chip, mounted
on a small square plastic slab, surrounded by metal pins.
In the world of personal computers, the term
microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably.

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 Functional Units of CPU:
REGISTERS - These are high-speed storage devices.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) - The part of the CPU that performs
arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction as well as
logical operations, such as comparing two numbers to see if they
are the equal or greater or less.
CONTROL UNIT (CU) - It coordinates the processing by controlling
the transfer of data and instructions between main memory and
the registers in the CPU.
CU consists of:
1.) an instruction decoding circuit that interprets what
action should be performed.
2.) a control and timing circuit directs all the other parts
of the computer by producing the respective control
signals.
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 The CPU’s processing power is measured in terms of the number of
instructions that it can execute per unit time.
Every computer comprises of an internal clock, which emits
electronic pulses at a constant rate.
These pulses are used to control and synchronize the pace of
operations.
Each pulse is called a clock cycle which resembles a rectangular
wave with a rising half of the signal and a falling half.

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 MEMORY
UNIT

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 MEMORY UNIT
Components such as the input device, output device, and
CPU are not sufficient for the working of a computer.
A storage area is needed in a computer to store instructions
and data, either temporarily or permanently, so that
subsequent retrieval of the instructions and data can be
possible on demand.
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3
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MEMORY UNIT
Data are stored in memory as binary digits, called bits.
Data of various types, such as numbers, characters, are
encoded as series of bits and stored in consecutive memory
locations.
There are mainly two types of memory that are used in a
computer system: primary memory & secondary memory.
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 Primary Memory
The area where data and programs are stored while the
program is being executed along with the data.
This memory space, also known as main memory, forms
the working area of the program. This memory is accessed
directly by the processor.
There is another kind of primary memory increasingly being
used in modern computers, it is called cache memory.
Cache Memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently
used computer programs, applications and data.

A temporary storage of memory, cache makes data retrieving easier and more efficient. It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is typically
integrated onto the motherboard and directly embedded in the processor or main random access memory (RAM).
10 Source: Techopedia
 Secondary Memory
Also known as, auxiliary memory.

Provides large, non-volatile, and inexpensive storage for

programs and data.
However, the access time in secondary memory is much
larger than in primary memory.
Secondary storage permits the storage of computer
instructions and data for long periods of time.
This type of memory stores a huge number of data bytes at
a lesser cost than primary devices.
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 MEMORY OPERATIONS
Operations common to both primary and secondary
memory devices.
Read – during this operation data is retrieved from memory.
Write – in this operation, data is stored in the memory.

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 UNIT OF
MEMORY

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UNIT OF MEMORY

The memory’s interface circuit is designed to logically

access a byte or a multiple of a byte of data from the
memory during each access.
The smallest block of memory is considered to be a byte,
which comprises eight bits.
The total memory space is measured in terms of bytes.
Thus, the unit of memory is a byte.

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UNIT OF MEMORY

Some units used to express the memory capacity are as

follows:

Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes

Megabyte (MB) = 1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 Gigabytes
Petabyte (PB) = 1024 Terabytes
Exabyte (EB) = 1024 Petabytes
Zettabyte (ZB) = 1024 Exabytes
Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 Zettabytes

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 MEMORY
HIERARCHY

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MEMORY HIERARCHY

The various types of memory used in a computer system

differ in speed, cost, size, and volatility (permanence of
storage). They can be organized in a hierarchy.

Registers

Cache

Main Memory

Secondary Memory

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 INTERFACE
UNIT

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INTERFACE UNIT

The interface unit interconnects the CPU with memory and

also with the various input/output (I/O) devices.
The instructions and data move between the CPU and other
hardware components through interface unit.
It is a set of parallel wires or lines which connects all the
internal computer components to the CPU and main
memory.

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INTERFACE UNIT

Depending on the type of data transmitted, a bus can be

classified into the following three types:

Data bus – the bus used to carry actual data.

Address bus memory or Input/Output device – this addresses

travel via the address bus.

Control bus – This bus carries control information between

the CPU and other devices within the computer.

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INTERFACE UNIT

Bus-based computer organization

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 MOTHERBOARD

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MOTHERBOARD

All the components in the computer system are mounted

and connected together by an electronic circuit board called
motherboard or main board.

To make all these things work together the motherboard

provides some kind of physical connection among them.

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MOTHERBOARD

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MOTHERBOARD

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MOTHERBOARD

CPU Socket
This holds the central
processor which is an
integrated chip along with
the system clock, cache,
cooling fan, etc.

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MOTHERBOARD

Memory Sockets
These sockets hold the
RAM card that contains
RAMs.

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MOTHERBOARD

Interface Module
This is for the hard disk,
loppy disk, and CD-ROM
drives.

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MOTHERBOARD

ROM Integrated Chip

This is embedded with the
basic input/output system
software.

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MOTHERBOARD

Ports and Expansion Slots

A port is used to connect a
device with the bus.
Physical ports include
serial and parallel ports, to
which peripheral devices
such as printers, scanners,
and external storage
devices can be attached.

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MOTHERBOARD

ISA Slots
These are for connecting
ISA compatible cards.

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MOTHERBOARD

PCI Slots
These are for connecting
I/O devices.

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MOTHERBOARD

Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)

Video card is inserted into
this slot.

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MOTHERBOARD

Parallel Port
The parallel port is also
known as the printer port,
or LPT1. It is capable of
sending eight bits of
information at a time.

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MOTHERBOARD

Serial Ports
These are sometimes
called communication ports
or COM ports. There are
two COM ports, COM1 and
COM2.

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MOTHERBOARD

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

This is also a serial port but
data rate is more than the
serial port. USB is used as
a general-purpose
communication channel in
Personal Computers.

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MOTHERBOARD

CMOS
The CMOS in a Personal
Computer stands for
Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
memory.
It is a type of RAM that
stores the necessary
attributes of system
components, such as the
size of the hard disk, the
amount of RAM, and the
resources used by the
serial and parallel ports etc.

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 SYSTEM UNIT

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SYSTEM UNIT

System Unit
The System Unit holds all
the system components in
it. It is sometimes called
cabinet. The main
components like
motherboard, processor,
memory unit, power supply
unit, and all the ports to
interface computer’s
peripherals.
Inside the unit all the
components work together
to give the service that the
user needs.

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