Chapter 1|Complex Numbers

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this chapter, it is expected that the students
will be able to
1. Understand the fundamental theories and
principles of complex numbers such as
plotting the complex number in the argand
diagram, finding its argument and magnitude,
different forms of complex numbers;
rectangular, trigonometric, and exponential
form.
2. Perform mathematical operations of complex
numbers.
3. Solve problems involving power and roots of
complex numbers, logarithm of complex
number, and trigonometric and hyperbolic
function of complex numbers
4. Apply the fundamental theories and principles
of complex numbers of complex numbers to
solve various practical problems in electrical
circuits problems.

Substituting = 1, = −2 and = 2 to the formula, we

01|Complex Numbers & Complex Planes get
The need for complex numbers arose in the Middle Ages
when people wanted to solve polynomial equation like −2 ± −2 − 4 1 2
, =
2 1
= −1
−2 ± −2 − 4 1 2
= −1, it will lead us to , =
Solving the roots of 2 1

= √−1 −2 ± √−2
, =
2
= √−1
Example: −2 ± 2√−1
, =
Solve for the roots of the given polynomials below: 2
a. − −6=0
b. −2 +2=0 , = −1 ± √−1

For these given polynomials, we can either use factoring We notice the presence of √−1 in the answer.
method or the Quadratic Formula to find for the value of
the roots. A very important number in a complex number is √−1. This
number is commonly referred to as the unique number " "
Using factoring method for (a), we get (or " " for electrical engineers) for which
= √−1
− −6=0 or
= −1
+2 −3 =0
Increasing Powers of " "
Equating the factors to zero, + 2 = 0 and − 3 = 0,
we can then say the roots are equal to = −2 and = Is Equivalent Is Equivalent
3. These solution gives us “real” values of the roots. to … to …
1 −1
On-the-other-hand, let us try to use the Quadratic Formula j −
to find the roots of − 2 + 2 = 0. −1 1
!
−
!
Quadratic Formula: 1 −1
" !
±√ −4 −
, =
2

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Example:
Example: 02|Geometric Representation of
Simplify the following:
Complex Numbers
a. "#
"
The complex
b.
number consists of
a real part and an
imaginary part,
which can be
considered as an
ordered pair
/+, $ , -. $ 0 and
can be represented
as coordinates
points in the euclidean plane. The euclidean plane with
reference to complex numbers is called the complex plane
or the Argand Diagram (or Argand Plane)), named after
Jean-Robert Argand. The complex number $ = + 1% is
represented with the real part - , with reference to the -
axis, and the imaginary part - 1%, with reference to the %-
axis. Let us try to understand the two important terms
relating to the representation of complex numbers in the
argand diagram. The modulus and the argument of the
complex number.

Modulus (or Absolute Value) of the Complex Number

The distance of the complex number represented as a
point in the argand diagram , % is called the modulus of
the complex number, |$|. This distance is a linear distance
Definition of Complex Numbers
from the origin (0, 0) to the point , % , and is measured
Formally a complex number ($) is an order pair , % of
as
real numbers, written in the form
|$| = 3 = +%
$= ,%
Further, this can be understood as derived from the
We define the complex number ($) to be the quantity Pythagoras theorem, where the modulus represents the
hypotenuse, the real part is the base, and the imaginary
$= + % part is the altitude of the right-angled triangle.

where and % are real numbers and = √−1. is called Argument of the Complex Number
the “real part of z” and is written as &' ( and % is called The angle made by the line joining the geometric
the “imaginary part of z” and is written as )* ( . representation of the complex number and the origin, with
the positive x-axis, in the anticlockwise direction is called
the argument of the complex number. The argument of the
complex number is the inverse of the tan of the imaginary
part divided by the real part of the complex number.

%
4 = tan8 9 :
Taking our answer for of − 2 + 2 = 0,
, = −1 ± √−1, we can rewrite this as in the form:
= −1 + Example:
Example:
and Draw the graphical representation of the following
= −1 − Complex Numbers:
a. 3 + 4
We call these numbers as “Complex Numbers”. b. −4 + 3
c. 2 − 3
In the previous example,

= −1 +

+, $ = −1 and -. $ = 1.

= −1 −

+, $ = −1 and -. $ = −1.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 Note: Where the angle 4 when written in exponential form
must be measured in terms of radians.

This form stems from Euler's expansion of the exponential

function , E to any complex number $. The reasoning
behind it is quite advanced, but its meaning is simple: for
any real number , we define , FG to be cos + 1 sin .

Using the definition, we obtain the equivalence of

exponential and polar forms:

3, CD = 3 cos 4 + sin 4

Conversion of Complex Number into its Polar Form

The parameters |$| and arg $ are in fact the equivalent
polar coordinates ;3, 4< as shown
03|Complex Numbers Forms
1. Rectangular or Cartesian Form
The rectangular form of a complex number is a sum of
Polar Coordinate Form
two terms: the number's real part and the number's part
multiplied by 1.
= 3 cos 4
$= + 1
= 3 sin 4
As such, it is
useful for adding
and subtracting As we can see from the above trigonometric definitions of
complex complex number $ = + 1, the polar coordinate form can
numbers. be expressed as

We can also plot a $ = 3 cos 4 + ∙ 3 sin 4

complex number or
given in $ = 3 cos 4 + sin 4
rectangular form
in the complex We can abbreviate this to $ = 3 A 4 or $ = 3∠4, where 4
plane. The real and imaginary parts determine the real is measured in degrees (˚).
and imaginary coordinates of the number.
Using Polar Coordinates for the complex number $ = 3
2. Polar Form 41 as shown below, length LM √3 4 5.
Polar form
emphasizes
the graphical
attributes of
complex
numbers:
absolute value
(the distance
of the number
from the origin
in the complex
plane) and (the angle that the number forms with the As discussed earlier, this is written as |$| 3 5. Where
positive real axis), ;3, 4<. These are also called the |$| is the modulus or absolute value of the complex number
modulus and the argument. $. The angle that LM makes with the positive real axis is

4
4 tan8 O P
$ = 3 cos 4 + sin 4
3
$=3 A4
4 53.1301° R3 0.927 3 U1 VA

This is written as arg $ 53.1301° or the argument of

$ = 3∠4

phase of $.

3. Exponential Form
Another example is in the diagram shown below, Point A
whose coordinates are W2√3, 2X could be labelled 2√3
Exponential form uses the same attributes as polar

2
form, absolute value and angle. It only displays them in
a different way that is more compact. For example, the
multiplicative property can now be written as:
$ = 3, CD

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 Recall that:
1. The Maclaurin Series Expansion of , G is given by

W2√3, 2X
d
b "
,G a 1 ⋯
c! 2! 3! 4! 5!
be

2. The Maclaurin Series Expansion of cos is given by

d
1 b b
cos a 1 ⋯
2c ! 2! 4! 6!
be

3. The Maclaurin Series Expansion of sin is given by

4
d
1 b b! "
sin a 1 ⋯
2c 1 ! 3! 5! 7!
be

Where all these formulas are valid for all real value of .

The distance between L and M, is the modulus 3 or |$|.

Hence, we get Euler’s Theorem:

, CD cos 4 sin 4
3 YW2√3X 2 4
Multiplying by 3, we obtain the polar representation of the
complex number $ in its most useful form
The angle that LM makes with the positive real axis is

2 $ 3 cos 4 sin 4 3, CD
4 tan 8
O P 30°
2√3
Example:
1 5 in exponential form.
Using polar coordinates in the form ;3, 4<, Point A could be
1. Express

labelled as ;4,30°< or Z4, \. Note the use of squared

[

brackets when using polar coordinates to avoid confusion

with the cartesian coordinates.

Thus,

2√3 2 4 cos 30° sin 30°

or
2√3 2 4∠30°

Remember: The angle 4 must be always measured from

the positive real axis (either clockwise with positive angle 4
or counterclockwise with a negative angle 4). 2. Express 5 cos 135° sin 135° in exponential form.

Example:
Write $ 1 in polar form.

Conversion of Complex Numbers into Exponential Form 04|Theorems and Operation

Consider the expression , FC . If the complex numbers really Equality Theorem
do obey the rules of algebra, then we ca write , CD as a Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real
Maclaurin Series, parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. Say,

4 4 4 4 " $
, CD 1 4 ⋯
2! 3! 4! 5!
$ U
and

Simplifying, we get
$ and $ are equal when both their real and imaginary
4 4 4 4"
, FD _1 ⋯` _4 ⋯`
2! 4! 3! 5! $ $ → VU U
parts are equal.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Example:
If + 6 = 3 + 6, then =3
If + = 8 + 7, then = −7

Operation of Complex Numbers

1. Addition and Subtraction
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers is
defined by separately adding or subtracting real
and imaginary parts, so if

$= +

h= + U
then,
$+h = + + +U

Similarly,
$−h = − + −U

Example:
Express each of the following in the form of + %1
a. 3 + 5 + 2 − 3

b. 3 + 5 + 6

c. 7 − 4 + 5

3. Division
To simplify these expressions, you multiply the numerator
and denominator of the quotient by the complex conjugate
of the denominator.

The complex conjugate of a complex number is obtained

by changing the sign of the imaginary part. So if $ = +
, its complex conjugate, $ or $ ∗ , is defined by

$= −

Using Polar form, we can also express its complex

conjugate equivalent as:

$ = 3 cos 4 − sin 4)

$=3 A (−4) or $ = 3∠ − 4

2. Multiplication
Multiplication is straightforward provided you remember
that 1 = −1.

Example:
Simplify the following in the form of + %:
a. 3 2 + 4

b. 5+ 3

c. 2− 7 3+ 4
You can see here that a conjugate is a reflection of the
point on the x-axis in the complex plane.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Example:
Simplify the following expressions:
a.
1

b.
3
1+

c.
4+ 7
2+ 5

Solving Equations involving Complex Numbers

1. Solve each of the following equations for the complex
number $.
a. 4 + 5 = $ − (1 − )
b. (1 + 2)$ = 2 + 5

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

2. Find ( , %) if (3 + 2) − 3( + %) = + % PROOF
Let h = 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) and $ = 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) be complex numbers id polar form with $ ≠ 0. So,

h 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 )
=
$ 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 )

We will work with the fraction

(cos 4 + sin 4 )
(cos 4 + sin 4 )

and follow the usual practice of multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the
denominator. So,

h 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) (cos 4 − sin 4 )

= w x= w × x
$ 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) 3 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) (cos 4 − sin 4 )

3 (cos 4 cos 4 + sin 4 sin 4 ) + (sin 4 cos 4 + cos 4 sin 4 )

= w x
3 (cos 4 + sin 4 )

We now use the following identities with the last equation:

cos 4 cos 4 + sin 4 sin 4 = cos(4 − 4 )

sin 4 cos 4 + cos 4 sin 4 = sin(4 − 4 )

cos 4 + sin 4 = 1

Using these identities with the last equation, we see that

h 3
= ;cos(4 − 4 ) + sin(4 − 4 )<
$ 3

Example:
1. Find (8, C . ) ÷ (2, C . ).
05|Multiplication & Division on Complex 2. Evaluate:
Numbers in Polar & Exponential Form 2∠90°
.
Complex numbers in polar form are especially easy to 4∠75°
multiply and divide. The rules are:

• Multiplication Rule: To form the product multiply the

magnitudes and add the angles.
a. W3 , CDj XW3 , CDk X = 3 3 , C(Dj!Dk)
b. (3 ∠4 )(3 ∠4 ) = 3 3 ∠(4 + 4 )

Example:
1. Find (3, C )(2, C . ).
2. Evaluate
3(cos 120° + sin 120°) × 5(cos 45° + sin 45°).

06|Calculation of Power & Roots of

Complex Numbers
Powers of Complex Numbers in Exponential Form
If V is an integer then, $ = W3, CD X = 3 , C D

Example:
Compute (3 + 3)" .

• Division Rule: To form the quotient divide the

magnitudes and subtract the angles.
Wmj n opj X mj
a. = , C(Dj8Dk)
Wmk n opk X mk

mj (qrs Dj !C stu Dj ) mj
b. = ;cos(4 − 4 ) + sin(4 − 4 )<
mk (qrs Dk !C stu Dk ) mk

(mj ∠Dj ) mj
c. (mk ∠Dk )
= ∠(4 − 4 )
mk

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form using De Roots of Complex Numbers
Moivre’s Theorem Complex numbers, as with real numbers, have roots too.
De Moivre’s Theorem is an essential theorem when We’ve learned how to solve equations in the past, but
working with complex numbers. This theorem can help us we’ve disregarded the complex roots. This time, we’ll focus
easily find the powers and roots of complex numbers in our attention on finding all the roots complex numbers.
polar form, so we must learn about De Moivre’s theorem.
If $ = + %, then we expect V complex roots for $.
De Moivre’s Theorem states that the power of a complex
number in polar form is equal to raising the modulus to the Say, $ = 7 + 5, then we expect 5 complex roots for $.
same power and multiplying the argument by the same
power. This theorem helps us find the power and roots of Let V be a positive integer, the Vth roots of a complex
complex numbers easily. number $ = 3(cos 4 + sin 4) in the polar form are given
by
De Moivre’s Theorem gives a formula for computing
4 + 2~c 4 + 2~c
√$ = √3 }cos O P + sin O P•
powers of complex numbers that for any complex number | |

$ and any integer V, V V

;3(cos 4 + sin 4)< = 3 ;cos V4 + sin V4< in Radians, or

or
(3∠4) = 3 ∠V4 4 + 360°c 4 + 360°c
√$ = √3 }cos O P + sin O P•
| |

This means that to raise 3(cos 4 + sin 4) to the power of V V

V, we simply:
in Degrees, for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , (V − 1) since we are
1. Raise the modulus, 3, by the power of V.
looking for a total of V roots for √$.
|
2. Multiply the value of V inside the parenthesis by V.

PROOF We can find the roots of complex numbers easily by taking

We’ll prove by induction.
the root of the modulus and dividing the complex numbers’
We have
$ = ;3(cos 4 + sin 4)< = 3 ;cos 4 + sin 4< argument by the given root. This means that we can easily
Let’s focus on the second part: ;cos 4 + sin 4< . For find the roots of different complex numbers and equations
V = 1, we have
with complex roots when the complex numbers are in polar
;cos 4 + sin 4< = cos 14 + sin 14,
which is true. form.
We can assume the same formula is true for V = c, so we have

;cos 4 + sin 4<b = cos c4 + sin c4. Here are some helpful steps to remember when finding
For V = c + 1, we expected to have the roots of complex numbers.
;cos 4 + sin 4<b! = cos(c + 1)4 + sin(c + 1)4. 1. If the complex number is still in rectangular form, make
We get, sure to convert it to polar form.
;cos 4 + sin 4<b! = ;(cos 4 + sin 4)b <;(cos 4 + sin 4) <
2. Find the Vth root of 3 or raise 3 to the power of .
= ;cos c4 + sin c4<;cos 4 + sin 4< = c.)

3. If we need to find the Vth root, we’ll use =

(We assume this to be true for

= cos c4 cos 4 + jcos c4 sin 4 + sin c4 cos 4 + sin c4 sin 4 = −1. )

0, 1, 2, 3, … , (V − 1) in the formula we’ve provided

(We have

= cos c4 cos 4 − sin c4 sin 4 + ;cos c4 sin 4 + sin c4 cos 4<

= cos(c4 + 4) + sin(c4 + 4) (deducted from the trigonometric identity) above.

= cos;(c + 1)4< + sin;(c + 1)4< 4. Start by finding the argument of the first root by
Thus, for V = c + 1, we have ;cos 4 + sin 4<b! = cos;(c + 1)4< + sin;(c + 1)4<, as expected. dividing 4 by V.
As the theorem is true for V = 1 and V = c + 1, it is true for all V ≥ 1.
NOTE: In the De Moivre’s Theorem, the complex number is in the form $ = 3(cos 4 + sin 4). For complex number in
5. Repeat the same process, but this time, work with
the rectangular form $ = + , it is necessary to first compute the modulus and the argument to convert $ to the
form 3(cos 4 + sin 4) before applying the De Moivre’s Theorem.
4(+360°c) or (4 + 2~c) until we have V roots.

Example:
We can also find the roots of complex numbers by graphing
Using the De Moivre’s Theorem, find (1 − 2) .
the roots on a complex plane. In general, if we are looking
for the Vth roots of an equation involving complex numbers,
the roots will be
360° 2~
R3
V V
apart. That is,
2 roots will be 180° apart
3 roots will be 120° apart
4 roots will be 90° apart
5 roots will be 72° apart
and so on.

We can follow these steps to find the roots of complex

numbers by graphing these roots on a complex plane.

1. If the complex number is still in rectangular form, make

sure to convert it to polar form.
2. Divide 2~ or 360° by V.
3. Draw the first root on the complex plane by joining the
origin with a segment 3 units long.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

4. Plot the first complex root by using the complex root 07|Trigonometric & Hyperbolic Functions of
formula, where c = 0.
Complex Numbers
5. Draw the next root by making sure that it is
360° 2~
Because of the formula
R3
V V , CD = cos 4 + sin 4
Apart from the next roots.
and
Example: , 8CD = cos 4 − sin 4,
1. Find the complex fourth roots of −8 + 8√3.
2. Using the same problem, find for the fourth roots using we can immediately obtain some formulas for the sine and
graphical solution cosine functions, in terms of complex exponentials. These
formulas are often used as definitions of the trigonometric
functions for complex numbers.

, CD + , 8CD
cos 4 =
2

, CD − , 8CD
sin 4 =
2

, CD − , 8CD
sin 4 2
tan 4 = =
cos 4 , CD + , 8CD
2

, CD − , 8CD
tan 4 = −
, CD + , 8CD

The cotangent, secant and cosecant are defined as usual.

For instance,

1 1
cot 4 = =
tan 4 , CD − , 8CD
− CD
, + , 8CD

, CD + , 8CD
cot 4 =
, CD − , 8CD

1 1
sec 4 = = CD
cos 4 , + , 8CD
2

2
sec 4 =
, CD + , 8CD

1 1
csc 4 = = CD
sin 4 , − , 8CD
2

2
csc 4 =
, CD − , 8CD

Substituting the quantity 4 in place of the variable 4, we

can produce formulas for pure imaginary numbers. Notice
that the results are related to the hyperbolic functions.

Hyperbolic Cosine:

, C(CD) + , 8C(CD) , 8D + , D
cos 4 = = = cosh 4
2 2

cosh 4 = cos 4

Hyperbolic Sine:

, C(CD) − , 8C(CD) , 8D − , D
sin 4 = = = sinh 4
2 2

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 sin 4 = sinh 4 For cosh( ± ):

Then, the hyperbolic functions of tangent, cotangent, cosh( ± ) = RAℎ cosh + sinh sinh
secant and cosecant are defined as:
Recall:
, 8D + , D
Hyperbolic Tangent: cosh 4 =
2
sinh 4 − sin 4 if we let 4 = ,
tanh 4 = = = − tan 4
cosh 4 cos 4
, 8C… + , C…
cosh = = cos
tanh 4 = − tan 4 2

and
Hyperbolic Cotangent: , 8D − , D
1 1 sinh 4 =
coth 4 = = 2
tanh 4 − tan 4

using 4 = again,
coth 4 = cot 4
, 8C… − , C…
sinh =
Hyperbolic Secant: 2

1 1
sech 4 = = , 8C… − , C…
cosh 4 cos 4 sinh =
×2
sech 4 = sec 4
Hyperbolic Cosecant: , 8C… − , C… , C… − , 8C…
sinh = =
−2 2
1 1
csch 4 = =
sinh 4 − sin 4 , C… − , 8C…
sinh =
2
csch 4 = csc 4
Recall:
Then, using the formulas for the sine and cosine of the sum
, CD − , 8CD
of two angles, we can obtain formulas for the sine and sin 4 =
cosine; 2

For cos( ± ):
Then,
cos( ± ) = cos cos ∓ sin sin sinh = sin

Recall that: Therefore,

cosh 4 = cos 4 and sin 4 = sinh 4
cosh( ± ) = cosh cos ± sinh sin
then,
cos( ± ) = cos cosh ∓ sin ( sinh ) For sinh( ± ):

Therefore, sinh( ± ) = sinh cosh ± cosh sinh

cos( ± ) = cos cosh ∓ sin sinh Since we prove that:

For sin( ± ): cosh = cos

sin( ± ) = sin cos ± cos sin sinh 4 = sin 4

Recall that: Therefore,

cosh 4 = cos 4 and sin 4 = sinh 4
sinh( ± ) = sinh cos ± cosh sin
sin( ± ) = sin cosh ± cos ( sinh )

Therefore,

sin( ± ) = sin cosh ± cos sinh

Now let us try to prove the sum of two angles for the
hyperbolic functions of sine and cosine of complex
numbers.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 08|Logarithm of Complex Numbers
Example: Since a complex number can be written in exponential form
Evaluate the following: as 3, CD , a logarithm is almost immediate. We get
1. sin(5 + 2)
2. cosh(3 − 2) ln 3, CD = ln 3 + ln , CD

ln 3, CD = ln 3 + 4

where: 3 = |$| > 0, 4 = arg($)

which gives the principal value of the logarithm to the base

, or the natural logarithm.

Example:

Evaluate log n (1 + ).

Solution:

We can rewrite the logarithm to the base , of a complex

number as:

log n (1 + ) = ln(1 + )

But before we continue with the solution, we must convert

the given complex number into exponential form. Thus,

1 + = √2, C . "[

Then the equation becomes

lnW√2, . "[
X = ln √2 + ˆV , C . "[

= 0.3466 + 0.25~

Logarithm with Real Base other than '

Like real numbers, logarithm of complex numbers can be
expressed in terms of

ln $
log ‰ $ =
ln
where is the base and $ is the complex number.
PROOF
PROOF
ln $
log ‰ $ =
ln

We let
c = log ‰

Then express c = log ‰ $ as an exponential equation

c = log ‰ $ ⇒ $ = b

Take the logarithms with a different base of both sides of the exponential equation = b
using , as the base.

log n = log n ( b)

Now, apply the Power Rule of Logarithm on the right side of the exponential equation to bring down the
exponent c. Then solve for c by dividing both sides of the equation by log n

log n = c ∙ log n

log n $ c ∙ log n
=
log n log n

log n $
c=
log n
Since c = log ‰ $

log n $ ln $
log ‰ $ = =
log n ln

Example:

1. Evaluate: log (1 + )
2. Evaluate: log ( !C) (1 + )

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 09|Complex Power & Roots of
Complex Numbers
Complex Power of Complex Number
If ‹ is a complex number and $ ≠ 0, then the complex
power $ Πis defined by
$ Œ = , Œ •u E
PROOF
PROOF
$ Œ = , Œ •u E

We let
c = $Œ

Then we take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation

ln c = ln $ Œ

Now, apply the Power Rule of Logarithm on the right side of the equation to bring down the exponent $.

ln c = ‹ ln $
Now, to solve for c, we take
, •u b = , Œ •u E
resulting to
c = , Œ •u E

Since c = $ Π,
$ Œ = , Œ •u E

Example:
1. Evaluate
(5 + 13)( !C )

2. Evaluate
9 :
(1 + ) !C

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10|Inverse Trigonometric & Hyperbolic 11|Application of Complex Numbers in
Functions of Complex Numbers AC Circuits
Inverse Trigonometric Function Formula: Complex numbers are utilized in calculations of current,
sin8 $ = − ln Z $ ± 1 − $ \ voltage or resistance in AC circuits (AC stands for
Alternating Current, which is a current that changes
magnitude and direction over time). A common
cos 8 $ = − ln Z $ ± $ − 1\ application of complex numbers is to compute the
potential difference across two or AC power supplies with
+$
tan8 $ = ln } • respect to time.
2 −$
Example:
$+
cot 8
$ = ln } • Find the value of the total voltage, RMS value of the
2 $− terminal voltage Ž• .

1 ± √1 − $
sec 8 $ = − ln w x
$

Ž = 100√2 sin(•‘ + 30°)

± √$ − 1
csc 8
$ = − ln w x
$
Ž•

Ž = 50 sin •‘ 45°
Inverse Hyperbolic Function Formula:
sinh8 $ = ln Z$ ± 1 − $ \

cosh8 $ = ln Z$ ± $ − 1\

1+$
tanh8 $ = ln } •
2 1−$

$+1
coth8 $ = ln } •
2 $−1

1 ± √1 − $
sech8 $ = ln w x
$

1 ± √$ − 1
csch8 $ = ln w x
$

Example:
Evaluate:
sin8 (1 + 2)

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

 2.
Impedance in AC Circuits
Complex numbers are also used to express the magnitude
and phase of impedance in an AC circuit.

Resistors – Resistance in an AC Circuit is considered as

the real part expressed as +.

Inductors – Inductive Reactance in AC Circuits is the

positive imaginary part expressed as ’“ .

’“ = •” = 2~•”

Capacitors – Capacitive Reactance in AC Circuits is the

negative imaginary part ’– .

1 1
’“
•— 2~•—

Impedance of Series RL Circuit:

˜ + ’“ 3.

Impedance of Series RC Circuit:

˜ + ’–

Example:
Find the equivalent impedance of the given circuits below.
Assume frequency equal to 60Hz.
1.

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

4.
2. Find the Real, Reactive and Apparent power of the RL
circuit in Problem No. 1.

Current and Power Calculation

Since voltages and impedances are expressed as
complex numbers, currents and the powers can also be
computed in the same manner, using complex numbers.

Example:
1. An RL circuit has a resistance of 10Ω and inductance
of 0.025H. If the circuit is connected to a 110∠0˚
volts, 60 Hz mains, Find the RMS value of the current
-™ .

-™

110 š

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE

Check Point!
1. Evaluate:
; 3∠60° <∗ l 5 6 C
sin8 › œ
;cos 3 5 < 8C

log 2 2
2. Evaluate:

cosh8 w x
8 8C
tan 4 31

3. Find: ˜™ , +™ , ’™ -™ , •, ž, and Ÿ of the circuit

shown below.

-™

110 š∠35° š

Prepared by: Engr. Ryan A. Ramos EE 402 – Advanced Mathematics for EE