Chapter 8

Qno1
[org 0x0100]

jmp start
isTSR: dw 0
oldISR: dd 0
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------

myISR: cmp ah, 0x31 ;Agar tw 0x31 wali service call

huwi tw kuch kaam karo, nahi tw humein koi kaam karney ki zaroorat
;hi nahi
because hum ne tw sirf 31h wali service pe kaam karna hai

jnz chain

cmp word [cs:isTSR], 0 ;Agar tw humari myISR TSR ban chuki hai, phir
ab kisi aur naye program ko TSR nahi banney dena
jz makeitTSR ;Lekin agar humari myISR TSR nahi bani, tw pehley
usey TSR banao

mov ah, 0x4c

chain: jmp far [cs:oldISR]

makeitTSR: mov word [cs:isTSR], 1

jmp far [cs:oldISR]

;---------------------------------------------------------------------------

start: xor ax,ax

mov es,ax

;Saving the OLD ISR

mov ax, [es:21h*4]
mov [oldISR], ax

mov ax, [es:21h*4 + 2]

mov [oldISR + 2], ax

;Hooking our ISR

mov word [es:21h*4], myISR
mov word [es:21h*4+2], cs

mov dx, start

add dx, 15
mov cl, 4
shr dx, cl

exit: mov ax, 0x3100

int 21h
qno2
[org 0x0100]

jmp start

address: dd 0

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;Clear Screen
clrscr: push bp
mov bp, sp

pusha
push es

mov ax, 0xb800

mov es, ax
xor di,di
mov ax,0x0720
mov cx,2000

cld
rep stosw

pop es

return: mov ax, 0

mov cx, 0

cmp ax, [bp+4]

jz nearReturn

cmp ax, [bp+6]

jz farReturn

cmp ax, [bp+8]

jz interruptReturn

nearReturn: popa
pop bp
ret 2

farReturn: popa
pop bp
retf 2

interruptReturn: mov ax, [bp + 6]

mov [bp + 8], ax

mov ax, [bp + 4]

mov [bp + 6], ax
 mov ax, [bp + 2]
mov [bp + 4], ax

popa
pop bp

add sp, 2

iret
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

start: xor ax, ax

mov es, ax

;Hooking the interrupt

mov word [es:80h*4], clrscr
mov word [es:80h*4+2], cs

;Saving address for far call

mov word [address], clrscr
mov word [address + 2], cs

push 0
call clrscr ;Near Call

push 0
call far [address] ;Far Call

push 0
int 80h ;Interrupt Call (Extended Far Call)

mov ax, 0x4c00

int 21h

Qno3
[org 0x0100]

jmp start

XISR_Offset: dw 0x0000
XISR_Segment: dw 0x0000
N: dw 0x80

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hooker: push bp
mov bp, sp
 sub sp, 4 ;Making two local variables, one for old
offset and one for old segment of the ISR previously hooked at N

pusha
push es

;bp - 2 ;Old segment

;bp - 4 ;Old offset

;bp + 4 ;XISR Offset

;bp + 6 ;XISR Segment
;bp + 8 ;Interrupt No. 'N'

xor ax, ax
mov es, ax

mov di, [bp + 8] ;Interrupt No. 'N'

;First of all saving the offset, segment of the ISR previously hooked at N

shl di, 2 ;Multiplying by 4

;Saving the offset

mov bx, [es:di]
mov [bp - 4], bx

;Saving the segment

mov bx, [es:di + 2]
mov [bp - 2], bx

;Loading the segment of XISR in es

mov es, [bp + 6]

;Chaining the XISR to the old ISR previously hooked at N

mov bx, [bp + 4] ;Offset of XISR

mov ax, [bp - 4] ;Offset

mov dx, [bp - 2] ;Segment

mov [es:bx + 2], ax

mov [es:bx + 4], dx

;Now hooking XISR at N

mov ax, 0
mov es, ax
 mov di,[bp + 8]

shl di, 2 ;Multiplying by 4

mov ax,[bp + 4] ;Offset of XISR

mov [es:di], ax
mov ax, [bp + 6] ;Segment of XISR
mov [es:di+ 2], ax

return: pop es
popa

add sp, 4

pop bp
ret 6

;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
XISR: pushf
call 0:0

popf
ret

;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

start: push word [N]

mov word [XISR_Offset], XISR

mov word [XISR_Segment], cs

push word [XISR_Segment]

push word [XISR_Offset]

call hooker

mov ax, 0x4c00

int 21h
 CHAPTER NO 9
Qno 3
;Write a program to make an asterisk travel the border of the screen,
;from upper left to upper right to lower right to lower left and back to upper left indefinitely.

[org 0x0100]

jmp start

start: call clrscr

call borderAsterisk

mov ax, 0x4c00

int 21h

;Clear Screen
clrscr: mov ax, 0xb800
mov es, ax
xor di,di
mov ax,0x0720
mov cx,2000

cld
rep stosw

ret

;Delay
delay: pusha
mov cx, 0xFFFF

b1: loop b1

popa
ret

borderAsterisk: push bp
mov bp, sp
pusha

;Loading the video memory

mov ax, 0xb800
mov es, ax

mov di, 0

mov ah, 01110000b

 mov al, '*'

mov bh, 0x07

mov bl, 0x20

LefttoRight: mov cx, 80

l1: mov [es:di], ax

call delay

mov [es:di], bx

call delay

add di, 2

loop l1

sub di, 2

RightToBottom: mov cx, 25

l2: mov [es:di], ax

call delay

mov [es:di], bx

call delay

add di, 160

loop l2

sub di, 160

BottomToLeft: mov cx, 80

l3: mov [es:di], ax

call delay

mov [es:di], bx

call delay

sub di, 2

loop l3

add di, 2
LefttoTop: mov cx, 25

l4: mov [es:di], ax

call delay

mov [es:di], bx

call delay

sub di, 160

loop l4

add di, 160

;Then repeat the whole process again resulting in an infinite loop

jmp LefttoRight

return: popa
pop bp
ret

;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ALTERNATE SOLUTION
; Solution to this problem was developed by https://github.com/farhana1i
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

; ; to display asterick movement every after 1 second

; [org 0x0100]

; jmp main

; seconds: dw 0 ; number of seconds

; ticks: dw 0 ; count of ticks
; isLeft: db 0 ; left movement flag
; isRight: db 0 ; right movement flag
; isTop: db 0 ; up movement flag
; isBottom: db 0 ; down movement flag
; col: db 0 ; current row number
; row: db 0 ; current column number

; ; to clear video screen

; clrscr:
; push es
; push ax
; push di

; mov ax, 0xb800

; mov es, ax
; mov di, 0
; nextchar:
; mov word [es:di], 0x720
; add di, 2
; cmp di, 4000
; jne nextchar

; pop di
; pop ax
; pop es
; ret

; ; to print asteric
; ; DI == position
; printAsterick:
; push ax
; push es

; mov ax, 0xb800

; mov es, ax ; points to video memory

; mov word [es: di], 0x0720 ; clear previous location

; cmp byte [col], 0

; JNE nextCmp

; cmp byte [row], 0

; JNE checkUp
; mov byte [isLeft], 1
; mov byte [isRight], 0
; mov byte [isTop], 0
; mov byte [isBottom], 0
; jmp update

; checkUp:
; cmp byte [row], 24
; JNE nextCmp
; mov byte [isLeft], 0
; mov byte [isRight], 0
; mov byte [isTop], 1
; mov byte [isBottom], 0
; jmp update

; nextCmp:
; cmp byte [col], 158
; JNE update

; cmp byte [row], 0

; JNE checkRight
; mov byte [isLeft], 0
; mov byte [isRight], 0
; mov byte [isTop], 0
; mov byte [isBottom], 1
; jmp update

; checkRight:
; cmp byte [row], 24
; JNE update
; mov byte [isLeft], 0
; mov byte [isRight], 1
; mov byte [isTop], 0
; mov byte [isBottom], 0
; jmp update

; update:
; cmp byte [isLeft], 1
; JNE checkRightFlag
; add di, 2
; add byte [col], 2
; jmp printScreen

; checkRightFlag:
; cmp byte [isRight], 1
; JNE checkUpFlag
; sub di, 2
; sub byte [col], 2
; jmp printScreen

; checkUpFlag:
; cmp byte [isTop], 1
; JNE checkDownFlag
; sub di, 160
; sub byte [row], 1
; jmp printScreen

; checkDownFlag:
; cmp byte [isBottom], 1
; JNE printScreen
; add di, 160
; add byte [row], 1
; jmp printScreen

; printScreen:
; mov ah, 0x07 ; attribute
; mov al, '*'
; mov word [es: di], ax

; pop es
; pop ax
; ret

; ; hook timer interrupt service routine

; timer:
; push ax

; inc word [cs: ticks]

; cmp word [cs: ticks], 18 ; 18.2 ticks per second
; jne exitTimer
; inc word [cs: seconds] ; increase total seconds by 1
; mov word [cs: ticks], 0
; CALL printAsterick

; exitTimer:
; mov al, 0x20 ; send EOI
; out 0x20, al
; pop ax
; iret

; main:
; ;call clrscr ; to clear screen
; mov di, 0
; xor ax, ax
; mov es, ax

; ; hook interrupt
; cli
; mov word [es: 8*4], timer
; mov [es: 8*4+2], cs
; sti

; ; to make program TSR

; mov dx, main
; add dx, 15
; mov cl, 4
; shr dx, cl
; mov ax, 0x3100
; INT 0x21

—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Qno 8
; Solution to this problem was developed by https://github.com/farhana1i

[org 0x0100]

jmp main

oldisr: dd 0 ; old isr offset and segment

buffer: times 2000 dw 0 ; buffer to save video memory

; to clear video screen

clrscr:
push es
push ax
push di

mov ax, 0xb800

mov es, ax
mov di, 0
nextchar:
mov word [es:di], 0x720
add di, 2
cmp di, 4000
jne nextchar

pop di
pop ax
pop es
ret

; to add some delay

delay:
push cx
push di

mov cx, 0xFF

delay1:
mov di, 0xFFF
delay2:
dec di
jnz delay2
loop delay1

pop di
pop cx
ret

; to store video memory in buffer

store_buffer:
push bp
mov bp, sp
push ax
push cx
push si
push di
push es
push ds

mov ax, 0xb800 ; points to video memory

mov ds, ax
mov si, 0
mov ax, cs
mov es, ax
mov di, buffer
mov cx, 2000

cld
rep movsw ; move data from video memory to buffer

pop ds
pop es
pop di
pop si
pop cx
pop ax
pop bp
ret
; load buffer
load_buffer:
push bp
mov bp, sp
push ax
push cx
push si
push di
push es
push ds

mov ax, 0xb800 ; points to video memory

mov es, ax
mov di, 0
; points to buffer
mov ax, cs
mov ds, ax
mov si, buffer
mov cx, 2000

cld
rep movsw ; load buffer in video memory

pop ds
pop es
pop di
pop si
pop cx
pop ax
pop bp
ret

; hook key board interrupt with interrupt chaining

kbISR:
push ax
in al, 0x60 ; read a char from keyboard

cmp al, 00011101b ; snap code of ctrl == 29

JNE nextCmp

CALL store_buffer ; store video memory in a buffer

CALL clrscr ; clear screen
jmp exit

nextCmp:
cmp al, 10011101b ; snap code of ctrl == 29
JNE noMatch

CALL delay ; add some delay

CALL load_buffer ; load buffer in video memory
jmp exit

noMatch:
pop ax
jmp far [cs:oldisr] ; CALL the original ISR
exit:
mov al, 0x20 ; send EOI
out 0x20, al
pop ax
iret

main:
xor ax, ax
mov es, ax
; save old keyboard isr
mov ax, [es:9*4]
mov [oldisr], ax
mov ax, [es:9*4+2]
mov [oldisr+2], ax

; hook keyboard interrupt

cli
mov word [es:9*4], kbISR
mov [es:9*4+2], cs
sti

; to make program TSR

mov dx, main
add dx, 15
mov cl, 4
shr dx, cl
mov ax, 0x3100
INT 0x21

Qno11
;Write a TSR to calculate the current typing speed of the user.
;Current typing speed is the number of characters typed by the user in the last five seconds.
;The speed should be represented by printing asterisks at the right border (80th column) of the screen
;starting from the upper right to the lower right corner (growing downwards).
;Draw n asterisks if the user typed n characters in the last five seconds. The count should be updated
every second.

;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;CTS - Current Typing Speed

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[org 0x0100]

jmp start

ms: dw 0 ;Milli seconds

count: dw 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ;Count of the characters typed

tCount: dw -1 ;Note: The tCount of first second is initialized to -1 for one time because
when you type the command and press ENTER
; then the program gets loaded. And it takes you
a few milliseconds to release the ENTER key
; and since the program was loaded before, it
counts this release of ENTER key as one. So this release count
; is ignored by initializing the count to -1

iNo : dw 0

location: db 0 ;Location where the next star is to be printed

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;Clear Screen
clrscr: pusha
push es

mov ax, 0xb800

mov es, ax
xor di,di
mov ax,0x0720
mov cx,2000

cld
rep stosw

pop es
popa
ret
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;Program to print the stars

printStars: pusha
push es

mov ax, 0xb800

mov es, ax

mov al, 80
mul byte [cs:location]
add ax, 159
shl ax, 1

mov di, ax

mov cx, [cs:tCount]

cmp cx, 0
jle return
l1: mov byte [es:di], '*'
inc byte [cs:location]
add di, 160
loop l1

return: pop es
popa
ret

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CTS: pusha

;These lines will execute for the very first five seconds
cmp word [cs:iNo], 10
jz l2

add word [cs:ms], 55

cmp word [cs:ms], 1000
jl EOI2

mov word [cs:ms], 0 ;Resetting the MilliSeconds to

zero
call printStars ;Because the count is to be
updated every second i.e
;the
stars are to be printed after every second

mov ax, [cs:tCount]

mov bx, [cs:iNo]

mov word [cs:count + bx], ax

mov word [cs:tCount], 0

add word [cs:iNo], 2

jmp EOI2

l2: add word [cs:ms], 55

cmp word [cs:ms], 1000
jl EOI2

mov word [cs:ms], 0 ;Resetting the MilliSeconds to

zero

;Shifting the counts towards the right, to create a space for this current
second

mov dx, 0
 mov ax, [cs:count + 2]
add dx, ax
mov [cs:count], ax

mov ax, [cs:count + 4]

add dx, ax
mov [cs:count + 2], ax

mov ax, [cs:count + 6]

add dx, ax
mov [cs:count + 4], ax

mov ax, [cs:count + 8]

add dx, ax
mov [cs:count + 6], ax

mov ax, [cs:tCount]

add dx, ax
mov [cs:count + 8], ax

jmp a1

EOI2: jmp EOI

;Intermediate Jump

;Now dx contains the count of the last five seconds

a1: mov [cs:tCount], dx

call clrscr

mov byte [cs:location], 0

call printStars

mov word [cs:tCount], 0

EOI: mov al, 0x20

out 0x20, al

exit: popa
iret

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;Keyboard ISR

kbisr: push ax
 in al, 0x60

shl al, 1
jnc EOI1

inc word [cs:tCount] ;If a key is released, only then increase the count

EOI1: mov al, 0x20

out 0x20, al

pop ax

iret

;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

start: mov ax, 0

mov es, ax

mov bx, 0

call clrscr

;Hooking the interrupts

cli

mov word [es: 9*4], kbisr

mov [es:9*4+2], cs

mov word [es:8*4], CTS

mov [es:8*4+2], cs

sti

;Code for making it TSR

mov dx, start ;End of resident portion
add dx, 15 ;round up to
next para
mov cl, 4
shr dx, cl ;number of
paras

end: mov ax, 0x3100 ;terminate and stay resident

int 21h