EXPERIMENT NO: - 05

AIM: To study & Calculate standard time for given job.

OBJECTIVES: After completing this experiment, you will be able to:

• Use a stopwatch
• Break the job into elements.
• Compute the normal/basic time.
• Calculate standard time.
•
Introduction: -
Work Measurement: Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish
the time for a qualified worker to carry out specific job at a defined level of performance.

Standard Time: Standard time is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard
performance.
Standard times for operations are useful for several applications in industry, like
• Estimating material, machinery, and equipment requirements.
• Estimating production cost per unit as an input to
• Preparation of budgets
• Determination of selling price
• Make or buy decision
• Estimating manpower requirements.
• Estimating delivery schedules and planning the work
• Balancing the work of operators working in a group.
• Estimating performance of workers and using that as the basis for incentive payment to those
direct and indirect labor who show greater productivity.

Time Study: Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of
working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions, and for
analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of
performance. This technique is based on measuring the work content of the task when performed
by the prescribed method, with the allowance for fatigue and for personal and unavoidable
delays.

Time Study Procedure:

The procedure for time study can best be described step-wise, which are self-explanatory.
Step 1: Define objective of the study. This involves statement of the use of the result, the
precision desired, and the required level of confidence in the estimated time standards.
Step 2: Verify that the standard method and conditions exist for the operation and the operator is
properly trained. If need is felt for method study or further training of operator, the same may be
completed before starting the time study.
Step 3: Select operator to be studied if there are more than one operator doing the same task.
Step 4: Record information about the standard method, operation, operator, product, equipment,
and conditions on the Time Study observation sheet.
Step 5: Divide the operation into reasonably small elements, and record them on the Time Study
observation sheet.
Step 6: Time the operator for each of the elements. Record the data for a few number of cycles
on the Time Study observation sheet. Use the data to estimate the total number of observations to
be taken.
Step 7: Collect and record the data of required number of cycles by timing and rating the
operator.
Step 8: Calculate the representative watch time for each element of operation. Multiply it by the
rating factor to get normal time.

Basic Time (Normal time) = Observed time x rating factor

Calculate the normal time for the whole operation by adding the normal time of its various
elements.
Step 9: Determine allowances for fatigue and various delays.
Step 10: Determine standard time of operation.
Standard time = Normal time + allowances

Selection of Worker for Time Study

The selection of worker for time study is a very important factor in the success of the study.
If there is only one person on the job, as usually is, then there is no choice. But if more than one
person is performing the same operation, the time study man may time one or more of the
workers. If all the workers are using the same method for doing the job and there is different in
the rate of their doing it, it is necessary to select a suitable worker for the study. The worker on
which time study should be conducted must
• have necessary skill for the job.
• have sufficient experience with the given method on the job (that is, he should have
crossed the learning stage).
• be an ‘average' worker as regards the speed of working.
• be temperamentally suited to the study (those who can't work in normal fashion when
watched,are not suitable for the study).
• have knowledge about the purpose of study.

Time Study Equipment

The following equipment is needed for time study work.
• Timing device
• Time study observation sheet
• Time study observation board
• Other equipment

Time Study Board: It is a light -weight board used for holding the observation sheet and
stopwatch in position. It is of size slightly larger than that of observation sheet used. Generally,
the watch is mounted at the center of the top edge or as shown in Figure3.1 near the upper
righthand corner of the board. The board has a clamp to hold the observation sheet. During the
time study, the board is held against the body and the upper left arm by the time study person in
such a way that the watch could be operated by the thumb/index finger of the left hand. Watch
readings are recorded on the observation sheet by the right hand.
Timing Device: The stop watch (see Figure 3.1) is the most widely used timing device used for
time study, although electronic timer is also sometimes used. The two perform the same function
with the difference that electronic timer can measure time to the second or third decimal of a
second and can keep a large volume of time data in memory.
Figure 5.1: Time Study board and timing device
Time Study Observation Sheet :
It is a printed form with spaces provided for noting down the necessary information about the
operation being studied, like name of operation, drawing number, and name of the worker, name
of time study person, and the date and place of study. Spaces are provided in the form for writing
detailed description of the process (element-wise), recorded time or stop-watch readings for each
element of the process, performance rating(s) of operator, and computation. Figure5.2 shows a
typical time study observation sheet.

Figure 5.2: Time Study Observation Sheet

Time Study Allowance:
The normal time for an operation does not contain any allowances for the worker. It is
impossible to work throughout the day even though the most practicable, effective method has
been developed.
Even under the best working method situation, the job will still demand the expenditure of
human effort and some allowance must therefore be made for recovery from fatigue and for
relaxation. Allowances must also be made to enable the worker to attend to his personal needs.
The allowances are categorized as:
1. Relaxation allowance,
2. Interference allowance, and
3. Contingency allowance.

RELAXATION ALLOWANCE:
Relaxation allowances are calculated so as to allow the worker to recover from fatigue.
Relaxation allowance is a addition to the basic time intended to provide the worker with the
opportunity to recover from the physiological and psychological effects of carrying out specified
work under specified conditions and to allow attention to personal needs. The amount of
allowance will depend on nature of the job. Relaxation allowances are of two types: fixed
allowances and variable allowances.

Fixed allowances constitute:

a. Personal needs allowance: It is intended to compensate the operator for the time necessary to
leave, the workplace to attend to personal needs like drinking water, smoking, washing hands.
Women require longer personal allowance than men. A fair personal allowance is 5% for men,
and 7% for women.
b. Allowances for basic fatigue: This allowance is given to compensate for energy expended
during working. A common figure considered as allowance is 4% of the basic time.

VARIABLE ALLOWANCE:
Variable allowance is allowed to an operator who is working under poor environmental
conditions that cannot be improved, added stress and strain in performing the job. The variable
fatigue allowance is added to the fixed allowance to an operator who is engaged on medium and
heavy work and working under abnormal conditions. The amount of variable fatigue allowance
varies from organization to organization.

INTERFERENCE ALLOWANCE:
It is an allowance of time included into the work content of the job to compensate the operator
for the unavoidable loss of production due to simultaneous stoppage of two or more machines
being operated by him. This allowance is applicable for machine or process controlled jobs.
Interference allowance varies in proportion to number of machines assigned to the operator. The
interference of the machine increases the work content.

CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCE:
A contingency allowance is a small allowance of time which may be included in a standard time
to meet legitimate and expected items of work or delays. The precise measurement of which is
uneconomical because of their infrequent or irregular occurrence. This allowance provides for
small unavoidable delays as well as for occasional minor extra work: Some of the examples
calling for contingency allowance are:
• Tool breakage involving removal of tool from the holder and all other activities to insert
new tool into the tool holder.
 • Power failures of small duration.
• Obtaining the necessary tools and gauges from central tool store. Contingency allowance
should not exceed 5%.

POLICY ALLOWANCE:
Policy allowances are not the genuine part of the time study and should be used with utmost care
and only in clearly defined circumstances. The usual reason for making the policy allowance is
to line up standard times with requirements of wage agreement between employers and trade
unions.

The policy allowance is an increment, other than bonus increment, applied to a standard time (or
to some constituent part of it, e.g., work content) to provide a satisfactory level of earnings for a
specified level of performance under exceptional circumstances. Policy allowances are
sometimes made as imperfect functioning of a division or part of a plant.
Exercise

1. Calculate the standard time for given Assembly

Calculations:

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

Work Content= Basic time + Relaxation & Incidental Allowances

Standard Time= Work Content + Other Allowances

Sr Name of Time in seconds Avg. Rating Basic RA CA

no. Elements T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Time Time
(sec) (sec)
1

Calculations:

For Basic Time:

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
For Actual Rating: 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
2. A stop watch time study was conducted for machining shaft on a lathe machine and following
data were collected:
Loading Time - 1.80 minute
Machining Time - 6.75 minute
Unloading Time - 1.05 minute
Inspection Time - 0.40 minute
Over all cycle rating - 92 %
Allowance for fatigue, etc. - 12 %
Find out the standard time for machining work and calculate that how many shafts will be
manufactured in 8 hours shift?

3. During the production of a machine component the average observed time of four elements are
0.8 min, 0.6 min, 1.2 min, and 1.5 min. Rating for respective elements are 80 %, 100%, 90%,
and 110%. If the allowances are 20% find out standard time and also find out production per
hour
.
4. A work has its true standard time as 2.4 min. During stop watch study its observed time is
noted as 2.5 min and 90% rating is given for work. If total allowance to be provided is 20%
determine that given rating is tight or loose. Calculate the difference between true standard time
and calculated standard time. Also state its effect of this difference on workers.