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CS Fundamental Interview Questions

The document provides 20 interview questions for computer science freshers covering fundamental CS topics like data structures, algorithms, OOP concepts, operating systems, computer networks, and more. Sample questions include differences between array and linked list, explaining time/space complexity, implementing sorting algorithms, describing OOP principles, and explaining search algorithms like BFS and DFS. The document concludes by noting these answers provide a foundation for CS fundamentals and further study is needed to gain a deeper understanding.

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Shubham Mishra
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

CS Fundamental Interview Questions

The document provides 20 interview questions for computer science freshers covering fundamental CS topics like data structures, algorithms, OOP concepts, operating systems, computer networks, and more. Sample questions include differences between array and linked list, explaining time/space complexity, implementing sorting algorithms, describing OOP principles, and explaining search algorithms like BFS and DFS. The document concludes by noting these answers provide a foundation for CS fundamentals and further study is needed to gain a deeper understanding.

Uploaded by

Shubham Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interview Questions

For Freshers
Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]
1. What is the difference between an array and a linked list?
- An array is a contiguous block of memory that stores
elements of the same data type, accessed using an index. In
contrast, a linked list is a data structure where elements,
called nodes, are linked using pointers, and each node
contains both the data and the address of the next node.

2. Explain the concept of time and space complexity in


algorithms.
- Time complexity measures the amount of time an
algorithm takes to run as a function of the input size. Space
complexity measures the amount of memory space an
algorithm uses as a function of the input size.

3. Implement a binary search algorithm for a sorted array.

4. Define and compare the terms "stack" and "queue."

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


- A stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure, where
elements are added and removed from the same end (top). A
queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure, where
elements are added at the rear and removed from the front.

5. What is recursion, and why is it useful in programming?


- Recursion is a programming technique where a function
calls itself to solve smaller subproblems. It is useful for
solving problems that can be broken down into similar
subproblems, such as traversing trees or searching in sorted
arrays.

6. Describe the process of traversing a binary tree in-order.


- In in-order traversal, the left subtree is visited first, then
the root node, and finally the right subtree. This traversal
results in elements being visited in ascending order in a
binary search tree.

7. How does a hash table work, and what are its


advantages?
- A hash table is a data structure that stores key-value pairs
and uses a hash function to convert keys into array indices.
This allows for efficient insertion, deletion, and retrieval of
elements with average constant-time complexity.

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


8. Implement a basic sorting algorithm like bubble sort or
insertion sort.
- Here's an example of bubble sort in Python:

9. What is object-oriented programming (OOP), and why is it


essential?
- OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of
objects that encapsulate data and behavior. It helps organize
code, promotes reusability, and enhances maintainability.

10. Explain the concepts of inheritance, encapsulation, and


polymorphism.
- Inheritance allows a class (subclass) to inherit properties
and methods from another class (superclass).
- Encapsulation is the concept of hiding internal
implementation details of an object and providing access only
through methods.
- Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of
their superclass, enabling multiple classes to be treated as
instances of a common interface.

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


11. What is the difference between an abstract class and an
interface?
- An abstract class may have both abstract and concrete
methods, and it cannot be instantiated. An interface, on the
other hand, only contains abstract method signatures and
cannot have any method implementations. A class can
implement multiple interfaces, but it can only inherit from
one abstract class.

12. How do you handle exceptions in programming?


- Exceptions are handled using try-except blocks. Code that
might raise an exception is placed inside the try block, and
the exception is caught and handled in the except block.

13. Explain the principles of dynamic programming and


provide an example.
- Dynamic programming is an optimization technique that
solves complex problems by breaking them down into
overlapping subproblems and caching their solutions.
Example: Fibonacci sequence calculation using memoization.

14. What is the difference between a breadth-first search


(BFS) and a depth-first search (DFS)?
- BFS explores all neighbor nodes at the current depth
before moving to the next level. DFS explores as far as
possible along each branch before backtracking.

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


15. Implement a basic data structure like a linked list or a
binary tree.
- Here's a simple implementation of a singly linked list in
Python:

16. Describe the concept of Big O notation and its


significance.
- Big O notation is used to describe the upper bound of an
algorithm's time or space complexity as the input size grows.
It helps analyze and compare algorithm efficiency.

17. What are the key components of an operating system?

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


- Key components include the kernel, process
management, memory management, file system, device
drivers, and user interface.

18. Explain the difference between process and thread in


the context of an operating system.
- A process is an independent unit of execution with its
own memory space, whereas a thread is a lightweight unit of
execution that shares the same memory space as other
threads within the same process.

19. Discuss the basics of computer networking and the OSI


model.
- The OSI model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or
computing system into seven distinct layers, from physical
transmission to application.

20. How does the internet work, and what are HTTP and
HTTPS?
- The internet is a global network of interconnected devices
that communicate using the TCP/IP protocol suite. HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for transmitting data
over the web, while HTTPS (HTTP Secure) encrypts the data
for secure communication.

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]


These answers should give you a solid foundation for your CS
fundamentals interview preparation.
Make sure to study and practice further to gain a deeper
understanding of these concepts and how they apply to real-
world problem-solving.
Good luck!

Credits – Manthan Godha [Linkedin]

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