PRECALCULUS

Learning Worksheet Graph of Circular Functions

2nd Quarter-Module 4
MELC: determine the domain and range of the different circular functions. STEM _PC11T-IIc-1;
Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b)period, (c) phase shift.; STEM_PC11T-IIc-d-1
Objective/s :
1. illustrate domain and range of the different circular functions.
2.Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, (c) phase shift.

KEY CONCEPTS:
The coordinates of trigonometric points on the unit circle are used to define
circular functions. Real numbers, such as 𝜋,𝜋2,𝜋3,𝜋4,𝜋6 or any value of 𝜃 is associated with ordered
pairs (𝑥,𝑦). A function 𝜃 may be defined in terms of x and y. 𝑃: 𝜃 → (𝑥,𝑦) (read as “𝑃 takes into
(𝑥,𝑦)”)

The function's domain is the set of real numbers, and its range is all ordered pairs in which
(𝑥,𝑦)| 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

To make a somewhat difficult approach of associating real numbers with ordered pairs
easier, two circular functions are defined:
cos∶ θ → x
sin∶ θ → y
The circular functions' repeated character must have been observed. Periodic functions
are those whose values are cyclical or repeating. Periodic functions have values that repeat
after a given time interval.

A function 𝑓 is periodic if there is a number 𝑝 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) for all 𝑥 in the domain
of 𝑓. The least positive value of 𝑝 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) is called the period of the function.

Periodic occurrences can be found in real-life circumstances. An electrocardiogram, for

example, can be used to graph a human heartbeat (ECG). The oscillogram's capacity to
express musical tones is another example. Prey-predator interactions are thought to occur on
a regular basis in some animals. Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that follow the 24-hour
day-night cycle. As a result of such situations, jetlag develops. A period is a graphic
representation of one complete cycle. Consider the graph below:

The above graph of a function is periodic. It has a four-year duration. After a four-year
period, the values tend to recur.

Below is an example on how to graph a circular function to determine its domain and range.
Exercises 1. Create a table of values for the function y = cos θ. List the characteristics of the
cosine function.
Solution:
Assigned values of 𝜃 and solve y = cos θ.

Plot the points and connect them from left to right.

Use the approximated value for graphing.

If more points will be plotted in both directions of 𝜃 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the properties of cosine function
will become obvious.

Properties of Cosine Function

1. The domain of cosine function is {{θ|θ}} is a real number}, and the range is {y|−1≤y≤1}.
2. The maximum value of cosine functions is 1 and the minimum value is −1.
3. The maximum value of cosine function occurs when θ =2nπ, where n is an integer: the
minimum value occurs when θ =2nπ + π.
4. The cosine function is a continuous function. It has no break in its graph
5. The cosine function is periodic. Its period is 2π.

Below is an example of graphing the sine function. The same procedure is applied in graphing
the function y = sin θ.

Example 2: Graph the function y = sin θ, construct a table of values. State the properties of
cosine function.
Solution:
Assigned values of θ and solve y = cos θ.

Plot the points and connect them from left to right. Use the approximated value for graphing.
Properties of Sine Function
1. The domain of sine function is{{𝜃|𝜃}} is a real number}, and the range is {𝑦|−1 ≤𝑦 ≤1}
2. The maximum value of sine functions is 1 and the minimum value is −1.
𝜋
3. The maximum value of sine function occurs when 𝜃 =2𝑛𝜋 + , where n is an integer: the
2
3𝜋
minimum value occurs when 𝜃 =2𝑛𝜋 + 2 .
4. The sine function is a continuous function. It has no break in its graph
5. The sine function is periodic. Its period is 2𝜋.

Example 3. Sketch the graph of y = sin θ and y = 2 sin θ on the same Cartesian Coordinate
Plane. State the period, the maximum and minimum values, and the values of θ at which the
maximum and minimum values occur for the function y = 2 sin θ.
Solution:
Prepare a table of values
 • The period of y = 2 sin θ is 2π.
𝜋
• The maximum value is 2 which occurs at θ = 2πn +2 .
3𝜋
• The minimum value is – 2 which occurs at θ = 2πn + 2 .
• When a periodic function is multiplied by a real number a, the amplitude of the graph
is multiplied by a.
• The amplitude a of a periodic function is equal to one-half the difference of the
1
maximum (M) and minimum (m) value of the function. That is, 𝐚 = (M − m)
2
• The maximum value of y = sin θ is 1. Its minimum value is – 1. Thus, its amplitude is
𝟏
𝒂 = [𝟏 − (−𝟏)] = 𝟏
𝟐
The amplitude of y = 2 sin θ is
𝟏
𝒂 = [𝟐 − (−𝟐)] = 𝟐
𝟐

Amplitude of Sine and Cosine Functions

The amplitude of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠 |𝑎|

Example 4. Give the amplitude of each function

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3

Solution:
a. The amplitude of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 |4| = 4
b. The amplitude of 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 | − 2 | = 2
3 3

Generalization 1:
Domain and Range of the Circular Functions

Example 5. Find the domain and range of the following sine and cosine functions:
1. 𝒚=𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
2. 𝒚=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
3. 𝒚=𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
4. 𝒚=𝟏.𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
Solutions:

1. Identify the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 in the equation. Here, 𝒂=𝟏 and 𝒃=𝟏. Substituting it to the domain and range
of the sine functions we get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range: {𝑦| − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

2. Again, 𝒂=𝟏 and 𝒃=𝟏. Substitute it to the domain and range of the cosine functions we get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range: {𝑦| − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}

3. Here, the value of 𝒂=𝟐. Looking back at the table above for the range of 𝒚=𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒙, we substitute 𝒂=𝟐
to {𝒚|−𝒂≤𝒚 ≤𝒂}. We get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range: {𝑦| − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2} 4

4. We identify the value of 𝒂. In this case, 𝒂=𝟏.𝟓. Looking back at the table above for the range of 𝒚=𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝒃𝒙, we substitute 𝒂=𝟏.𝟓 to {𝒚|−𝒂≤𝒚 ≤𝒂}. We get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range: {𝑦| − 1.5 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.5}

Example 6. Find the domain and range of the following secant and cosecant functions:
1. 𝒚=𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
2. 𝒚=𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙
3. 𝒚=𝟐.𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝒙
4. 𝒚=𝟏.𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝟒𝒙

Solutions:
1. Identify the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 in the equation. Here, 𝒂=𝟏 and 𝒃=𝟏. Substituting it to the domain and
range of the secant functions we get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ Range: {𝑦|𝑦 ≤ −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≥ 1}

𝑘𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟}
2

2. Again, 𝒂=𝟏 and 𝒃=𝟏. Substitute it to the domain and range of the cosecant functions we get,

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ Range: {𝑦|𝑦≤−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦≥1}

𝑘𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟}
2

3. Here, the value of 𝒂=𝟐.𝟑 and 𝒃=𝟐. The domain can be found by substituting 𝒃 to the domain of
the secant functions. Since 𝒃= 𝟐, 𝒙 ≠ becomes 𝒙 ≠ or 𝒙 ≠ . To get the range, substitute 𝒂 to
𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅

𝟐𝒃 𝟐(𝟐) 𝟒

{𝒚|𝒚 ≤ −𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 ≥ 𝒂}.

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ Range: {𝑦| − 2.3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.3}

𝒌𝝅
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟}
𝟐(𝟐)

4. The value of 𝒂=𝟏.𝟕𝟓 and 𝒃=𝟒. The domain can be found by substituting 𝒃 to the domain of the
cosecant functions. Since 𝒃=𝟒, 𝒙 ≠ becomes 𝒙 ≠ . To get the range, substitute 𝒂 to
𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅

𝒃 𝟒

{𝒚|𝒚 ≤ −𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 ≥ 𝒂}.

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} Range: {𝑦| − 1.75 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.75}
𝒌𝝅

Example 7. Find the domain and range of the following tangent and cotangent functions:
3
1. 𝒚=𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 3. 𝒚=𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
4
3
2. 𝒚=𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 4. 𝒚=𝟏.𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙
4
Generalization 2:
A Periodic function is a trigonometric function which repeats patterns of y-values at regular
intervals. One complete repetition of the pattern is called a cycle. The period of a function is the
horizontal length of one complete cycle. The amplitude (a) is the height of the graph from the
middle to the top. The distance from the middle to the top is the same as the distance from the
middle to the bottom. The Phase Shift is the movement of the graph from its standard position, the
movements to the left and right is called horizontal shift while the movement upward and
downward is called Vertical Shift.
 GRAPHS OF SECANT AND COSECANT FUNCTIONS
The sine and cosecant are reciprocal functions, as are the cosine and secant functions. Use
these relationships to evaluate specific values of the cosecant and secant.

Example 8. Determine the period, amplitude, horizontal and vertical shifts, and sketch the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − ) + 1 on the interval [0, 2𝜋]
𝜋

Solutions:

The graph shows one cycle on the interval [0, 2𝜋].

Example 9: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥— 𝜋) + 1
Do the following:
a.) Determine the Period
b.) Determine the horizontal and vertical shift
c.) Sketch the graph on the interval [0,2𝜋].