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Module 1 - Introduction to Computers

Chapter - 1.3 Operating Systems

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1.3.1 Booting, BIOS & UEFI
1.3.2 Introduction to Operating Systems
1.3.3 Functions of an OS
1.3.4 Windows, MacOS, Linux, Chrome, Android, iOS
1.3.5 Virtualisation Machine - VirtualBox & VMWare Player

13 April 2023
Source: https://www.codecademy.com/courses/fundamentals-of-operating-systems/articles/basics-of-operating-systems-article 1
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1.3.1 Booting, BIOS & UEFI

Booting is basically the process of starting the
computer. When the CPU is first switched on it
has nothing inside the Memory.
In order to start the Computer, load the
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Operating System into the Main Memory and
then Computer is ready to take commands from
the User. Booting can be done either through
hardware (pressing the start button) or by giving
software commands.
The types of booting:
Cold Booting: It is also called a hard boot which
is a process when we first start the computer.
Warm Booting: It is also called soft boot. It refers
to when we restart the computer.

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Power-On Self-Tests (POST)

POST are an essential part of system
troubleshooting because the boot-up can only
proceed if the software is working correctly; if
the software isn't working, the BIOS produces an
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error message. This is important because
numerous essential programs are loaded when
systems boot up.

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BIOS & CMOS

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System
(Software). It helps in the functioning of all the
input/output devices.
Further, it also helps to start and initiate the
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working of all devices during the boot process.

What is CMOS?
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
(CMOS) is a small amount of memory on a
computer motherboard that stores the Basic
Input/Output System (BIOS) settings.

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BIOS & CMOS

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UEFI
UEFI is more than just an expanded
BIOS with graphical elements, a
mouseable UI, and support for 32
and 64-bit code.
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Loading MBR and Running the Bootloader

After running POST, the BIOS proceeds to load

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the MBR (Master Boot Record) from the

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bootable device into RAM.
The MBR consists of 512 or more bytes located

O O
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at the very beginning sector of the bootable

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device (which can be an HDD, an SSD, or a flash

IN
drive).

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After loading the MBR into RAM, the BIOS runs

C O
the first instruction loaded from the MBR. The
first instruction is typically the bootstrap code,
aka the bootloader, which is a program written in
machine code that loads the operating system
into RAM.

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Basic steps are:

1. The start-up

It is the first step that involves switching the power ON.

2. Power On Self Test

It is an initial test performed by the BIOS/UEFI.

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3. Loading OS (MBR + Bootloader+OS)
The operating system is loaded into the main memory.

4. System Configuration
The drivers are loaded into the main memory.

5. Loading system utilities

System utilities are basic functioning programs

6. User authentication
If any password has been set up in the computer system, the system
checks for user authentication.

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1.3.2 Introduction to Operating Systems

● After turning on your computer, then

interacting …
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● From the user's perspective, these tasks
seem simple, but …

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What is an operating system?

An Operating System, or OS, is system software that’s
responsible for handling the basic functionalities of a
computer.
The primary purposes of an OS are to enable applications
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(softwares) to interact with a computer's hardware and to
manage a system's hardware and software resources.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating
System, Windows Operating System, MacOS, Harmony
OS etc…
Today, Operating systems is found almost in every device
like mobile phones, personal computers, cars, TV, toys etc.

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Components of Operating System

The software that contains the core components
of the operating system is called the kernel.
OS has two components:
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● Shell
● Kernel
Shell handles the interactions between user and
operating system ….
Kernel is the core components of the operating
system to interact with hardwares.

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Most Popular Operating Systems

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Which OS is the most popular?

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Operating System Market Share Worldwide

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Functions of an OS
➔ Some of the tasks that an OS is responsible
for are;
◆ process management,
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memory management,

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◆
◆ file system management, and
◆ I/O management.

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Process Management
Our computers run a lot of software. But how
does the software know what to do?

Computer programs!
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Computer programs contain specific instructions
that dictate how a program should work when
they’re run.
When we run a program, operating systems
handle the responsibility of managing active
processes.

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Memory Management
Computers have different types of memory like
primary and secondary.
Permanent data, like pictures, is stored in
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hardware (hard disks), while temporary data
needed for running processes is stored in primary
memory (RAM).
The operating system manages this primary
memory.

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File System Management

The operating system manages information
about individual files as well as the directories
they belong in.
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The OS is also responsible for maintaining file
systems by being able to perform tasks such as
creating, deleting, renaming, and copying files
and/or directories.

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I/O Management

Keyboards and speakers and mice…

I/O stands for Input/Output and represents the
devices used for interaction.
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A mouse is considered an input device, because
we use them to send data to our computer.
A monitor is regarded as an output device since it
is used to communicate data (like an image) to us,
the user.
The operating system plays a large role in
managing I/O by ensuring communication
between I/O hardware and I/O software.

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The normal operating system is divided into two types:

A graphical user interface (GUI): The interface graphical

mode is a mouse-based functional system where a user
carries out tasks or operations without typing the keyboard
commands.
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A command-line interface (CLI): A text-based OS that is
used to communicate with programs or files by typing
commands to perform certain tasks CLI operating systems.

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Links
https://www.toppr.com/guides/computer-science/computer-fundamentals/classification-of-
computers/concept-of-booting/
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Your System Device Specifications?

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Booting, BIOS and UEFI

After running POST, the BIOS proceeds to
load the MBR (Master Boot Record) from
the bootable device into RAM.
The MBR or EFI Bootloader located at the
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very beginning sector of the bootable
device (which can be an HDD, an SSD, or a
flash drive).
After loading the MBR into RAM, the BIOS
runs the first instruction loaded from the
MBR. The first instruction is typically the
bootstrap code, aka the bootloader, which
is a program written in machine code that
loads the operating system into RAM.

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The operating system’s job

● User interfaces with the System & Application
software.
● The System & Application software interfaces with the
Operating System.
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● The Operating system interfaces with the Hardware.

Each of these interfaces are two way transactions with each

sending and receiving data.

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Chrome OS
Google's desktop operating system started out by providing
a web browser. The idea was for it to be an entirely
cloud-powered app running only web apps and using Google
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Drive to store all your data.

● One of the biggest benefits this operating system has

to offer is its simplicity, clear and minimal. Easy to use.
● It is also incredibly fast to boot.
● It renders web pages quickly, opens web apps in a
blink and even runs Android and Linux apps at
near-native speeds.

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LAB: Chrome OS or Flex

Google is offering Chrome OS Flex to Education
and Enterprise users for free.
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Linux OS
Linux is completely free and open-source, unlike
other operating systems made by large tech
companies with profit motives.
Ubuntu Linux can be installed on any hardware
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that can run Windows, and can even be run from
a live USB stick.
Linux requires more tech-savvy than other OS
options and has less support for hardware
peripherals and some major apps like Photoshop
and Microsoft Office.
Ubuntu is known for being a secure and stable
operating system, with built-in security
protections and regular updates provided by
Canonical.

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LAB - Installing Ubuntu

● Ubuntu is one of the popular Linux distributions
developed on the Debian Linux platform. Ubuntu is
a full operating system available in multiple
editions: Desktop edition, Servers edition, IoT, and
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Cloud. These editions can run on either a computer
or virtual machines.

Module 4 : Linux OS
● How to run any Linux distro alongside Windows 11

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Mac Operating System

● Apple's macOS is a polished, capable, and reliable desktop
operating system.
● It gets big updates every year, with Ventura being the latest.
● Options range from the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro to the
Apple Mac Studio.
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● Macs are currently transitioning from Intel CPUs to Apple
Silicon.
● The new processors rival the top Intel chips in performance,
reduce power consumption, and add even more compatibility
with Apple's mobile platforms.
● The interface of macOS is slick, consistent, and ties in well
with iPhones and other Apple devices.
● Macs come with excellent media apps, including Apple
Photos, iMovie, and GarageBand, as well as Maps, Podcasts,
Mail, Calendar, Notes, Reminders, and Safari.

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From DOS to Windows

MS-DOS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating
System is an operating system for x86-based
personal computers mostly developed by
Microsoft.
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MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM
PC compatibles during the 1980s, from which
point it was gradually superseded by operating
systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI),
in various generations of the graphical Microsoft
Windows operating system.

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Windows operating system

● Windows comes preloaded on most new personal
computers (PCs).
● Windows enables users to complete all types of everyday
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tasks on a computer.
● Windows is used in many offices for productivity tools.
● Recent versions of Windows include Windows 10,
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.
● It features the first graphical user interface (GUI) for
IBM-compatible PCs and dominates the PC market with
approximately 90% of PCs running some version of
Windows

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Editions of Windows operating system

Windows Home
Windows Home is the most basic version of the OS. It includes
all of Windows’ essential features, such as web surfing, Internet
connection, video game play, office software use, and video
viewing. It’s also less priced and comes pre-installed on a lot of
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new laptops.
Windows Professional
Windows Professional (also known as Window Pro or Win Pro)
is a version of Windows that runs on a PC. It’s a more powerful
version of Windows that’s ideal for power users and small to
medium-sized companies. It includes all of the features of
Windows Home plus the following:
● Remote Desktop
● Hyper – V
● Bitlocker
● Trusted Boot

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Windows 95
Windows 95 was a tremendous overhaul to
the operating system, and had a ton of hype
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leading up to its August 24, 1995 release.

The commercials features the Rolling Stones'

"Start Me Up" to highlight the new operating
system's t “Start” button.

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Android OS
● The Android operating system is a mobile
operating system developed by Google for
touchscreen devices like phones, tablets,
cars, and TVs.
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● Android was first developed by Android Inc.
in Silicon Valley before Google acquired it in
2005, and its first commercially available
device was released in 2008.
● Android technology allows developers to
create mobile apps, which are sold through
app stores like Google Play.
● Android source code is open-source, but it is
still packaged with proprietary software on
handset devices.
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Apple iOS
● iOS is Apple's mobile operating system for
iPhone and iPod Touch
● An operating system manages all aspects of
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a device, providing a platform for hardware
and software interaction
● iOS was originally called "iPhone OS" when
it was introduced in 2007
● "i" prefix stands for individual, instruct,
inform, and inspire, according to Apple.

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A hypervisor, also known as a virtual
machine monitor, is software that creates
and runs virtual machines (VMs).
A hypervisor allows one host computer
to support multiple guest VMs by
virtually sharing its resources, such as
memory and processing.

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Networking Modes
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VM snapshots
● With snapshots, you can save a particular
state of a virtual machine for later use.
● At any later time, you can revert to that
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state, even though you may have
changed the VM considerably since then.
● A snapshot of a virtual machine is thus
similar to a machine in Saved state, but
there can be many of them, and these
saved states are preserved.

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Cloning Virtual Machines

You can create a full copy or a linked
copy of an existing VM. This copy is
called a clone.
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You might use a cloned VM to
experiment with a VM configuration, to
test different guest OS levels, or to
backup a VM.

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Supported Host Operating Systems

Windows hosts (64-bit): Linux hosts (64-bit):
● Windows 8.1 ● Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, 20.04 LTS and 22.04
● Windows 10 ● Debian GNU/Linux 10 ("Buster") and 11 ("Bullseye")
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Windows 11 21H2

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●
● Oracle Linux 7, 8 and 9
● Windows Server 2012
● CentOS/Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, 8 and 9
● Windows Server 2012 R2
● Windows Server 2016 ● Fedora 35 and 36
● Windows Server 2019 ● Gentoo Linux
● Windows Server 2022 ● SUSE Linux Enterprise server 12 and 15
● openSUSE Leap 15.3
macOS hosts (64-bit):
● 10.15 (Catalina)
● 11 (Big Sur)
● 12 (Monterey)

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Some VM Software
VM Software
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CPU-z
CPU-Z is a freeware that gathers information on
some of the main devices of your system :
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Description of Control Panel (.cpl) Files

Each tool in Control Panel is represented by a .cpl file
in the Windows\ System folder. The .cpl files in the
Windows\System folder are loaded automatically
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when you start Control Panel. Note that Control
Panel files are sometimes loaded using entries in the
[MMCPL] section of the Control.ini file.

Microsoft Management Console

Control panel short command list 46

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Create a local user or administrator account in Windows

You can create a local user account (an offline

account) for anyone who will frequently use your
PC.
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Caution: A user with an administrator account can access anything on the system, and any malware they
encounter can use the administrator permissions to potentially infect or damage any files on the system. 47
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Creating a user in Windows Command Prompt

1. Open the Windows Command Prompt with elevated
permissions.
2. At the command prompt, type:
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net user /add <username> <password>

3. The new account is created with standard permissions.

4. To change the account to have administrator privileges,
type:

net localgroup administrators <username> /add

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What is System Restore?

System Restore is a Microsoft Windows tool
designed to protect and repair the computer
software.
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System Restore takes a "snapshot" of the some

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system files and the Windows registry and
saves them as Restore Points.
When an install failure or data corruption occurs,
System Restore can return a system to working
condition without you having to reinstall the
operating system.
It repairs the Windows environment by reverting
back to the files and settings that were saved in
the restore point.

Note: It does not affect your personal data files on the computer. 49
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Create Restore Points

The utility creates restore points once a day by
default. It continually monitors system activity
and creates a restore point when particular
activities occur. Types of activities that trigger
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automatic creation of restore points include:

● installing software
● updating hardware drivers
● installing new hardware drivers
● manual creations of restore points

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VMware Workstation Player

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ownload?download_frd=1
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VMware Compatibility Guide

VMWare Compatibility Link
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1.
2. GPEDIT
a.
@echo off
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pushd "%~dp0"

dir /b
%SystemRoot%\servicing\Packages\Microsoft-Wi
GroupPolicy-ClientExtensions-Package~3*.mum >
dir /b
%SystemRoot%\servicing\Packages\Microsoft-Wi
GroupPolicy-ClientTools-Package~3*.mum >>List

for /f %%i in ('findstr /i . List.txt 2^>nul') do dism /o

/norestart
/add-package:"%SystemRoot%\servicing\Package
pause

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