Spring 2022-2023 Term 4

Zabrodin Kirill 5030102/10001 ИКНТ/ИКиЗИ/ФизМех

Active Vocabulary: 27, Grammar Structures: 4, Linkers: 14. Total: 763

Monologue on PROGRAM DESIGN AND COMPUTER LANGUAGES (UNIT 4)

Step 1. Introduction As Bjarne Stroustrup said, there are only two types of
programming languages: those that people swear at all the time,
1. Start with a hook sentence that and those that no one uses. Programming languages are the
will attract the listener’s friends of every programmer. Many people think that the
attention, a quote, a proverb, etc. programming language is something too complicated, and they
2. Lead your speech steadily to
do not want to figure it out. So, is it that difficult?
the main part of your talk.
3. The introduction may consist
of 3-6 sentences.
Step 2. Important traits of a Programming languages have important traits that contribute
programming language to their functionality. They consist of constructs, which are basic
components that make up programs. These constructs allow
2.1. What are the traits important programmers to express their ideas and structure their code. The
for constituting a programming expressive power of programming languages refers to their
language?
ability to effectively convey complex concepts and solve various
problems. A Turing complete language can perform any
2.2. What are the contexts in
which programming languages computation that a Turing machine can, making it versatile and
are used? powerful. A formal grammar establishes the rules for writing
valid code, ensuring proper syntax and structure. If a
programming language does not have a proper grammar, it can
result in syntax errors and make it harder to understand the code.
Programming languages enable developers to perform
computations, control external devices, and communicate
instructions to machines. They also provide tools for defining
and manipulating data structures, organizing and managing
information efficiently. Controlling the flow of execution allows
programmers to determine the order in which instructions are
executed.
Programming languages are used in a variety of contexts to
solve different problems. They are widely employed in software
development, enabling the creation of desktop applications,
websites, and mobile apps. Scientific research and computational
modeling rely on programming languages to simulate and
analyze complex phenomena. Data analysis and machine
learning utilize programming languages to process and derive
insights from large datasets. In system programming, languages
are utilized to develop operating systems, drivers, and firmware,
enabling communication with hardware components.
Programming languages also play a role in embedded systems
and controlling external devices. Additionally, domain-specific
programming languages are designed for specific tasks such as
game development, automation, and mathematical computations.
Step 3. Program design Programming languages differ from natural languages in
several ways. Firstly, programming languages are designed with
3.1. How are programming a greater degree of precision and completeness, allowing for
languages different from natural unambiguous instructions and strict syntax rules. Unlike natural
languages? languages, programming languages are executed in a batch
process without human interaction, following a predetermined
3.2. Speak about the trends in the set of instructions.
development of programming
Trends in the development of programming languages may
languages
indicate that developers are constantly adapting to new
 requirements and taking advantage of technological
advancements. Languages are continually altered to meet new
needs and leverage advancements in technology. There is a
growing emphasis on the diversity of contexts, with domain-
specific languages catering to specific application areas.
Additionally, languages are designed to be combined with other
languages, enabling developers to leverage different strengths
and create integrated solutions. Some languages fall into disuse
as newer ones gain popularity, while others continue to range in
expertise, serving various levels of programming skills.
Languages undergo modification to enhance performance,
security, and usability. Furthermore, modern languages
encourage problem solving using a higher level of abstraction,
allowing developers to focus on concepts rather than intricate
details. Nevertheless, programming languages remain tied to the
underlying hardware to ensure efficient execution and utilization
of computational resources.
Step 4. History of The predecessors of programming languages were low-level
programming languages languages like machine code, which directly represented
instructions in binary form for an electrically powered digital
4.1. The predecessors of computer. Machine code required manual encoding of data and
programming languages. What provided instructions to directly control the mechanical
were they?
processing of the computer. However, it was complex and lacked
human readability.
4.2. Speak about the generations
of programming languages. Programming languages have evolved through different
generations. The first generation consisted of low-level
languages like assembly language and machine code. Second-
generation languages introduced high-level programming
languages that used forms resembling English, making
programming more accessible and readable. These languages
allowed for the encoding of data and the direct manipulation of
hardware. The third generation saw the emergence of domain-
specific programming languages, designed for specific
applications or industries. These languages provided specialized
features to address particular problems efficiently. Fourth-
generation languages incorporated a formal system in
mathematical logic and aimed to extract the underlying essence
of mathematical concepts, removing dependencies on hardware
and operating systems. These languages provided a higher level
of abstraction and facilitated problem solving. Each generation
of programming languages has built upon the previous ones,
increasing their expressive power and abstraction levels, making
software development more efficient and accessible to a wider
range of users.
Step 6. Conclusion To sum up, programming languages are really very useful
and necessary for a programmer. They have their own history,
Summarise the ideas of steps their own rules, and their own terms. I believe that a programmer
2,3,4,5. should know the basic concepts and how languages work in
order to write cool code.