DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

MID LA UNION CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
QUEZON AVENUE, SAN FERNANDO CITY, LA UNION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEFC 105 – ADVANCE MATHEMATICS FOR ME

MODULE 1: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

MODULE CONTENTS:
 LESSON 1: MATRICES
 LESSON 2: DETERMINANTS

LEARNING MATERIAL 2: DETERMINANTS

GENERAL DIRECTIONS AND POLICIES

1. There are TWO lessons in this module

a. LESSON 1: MATRICES
b. LESSON 2: DETERMINANTS
Read each lesson carefully then answer the exercises/activities to find out
how much you have benefited from it.
2. Work on the assessment task after each lesson then submit your output to your
instructor via google classroom.
3. Carefully read and follow all the instructions within this module.
4. Finish the lesson as if you are inside the classroom listening to your instructor.
5. In case you have questions and concerns with these lessons, feel free to reach
me at my email ([email protected]) or my Facebook Messenger
account (Ariz Mechanical).

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

a. differentiate the different types of matrices
b. solve problems arising from operations of matrices
c. apply Gauss-Jordan Method in finding the inverse of a matrix
d. operate systems of linear equations using Gauss-Jordan Method and Inverse
Method
e. use Pivotal Element method and Laplace’s Development in solving
determinants
f. solve Inverse of a Matrix Using Adjoint Matrix and Cramer’s Rule .
 LESSON PROPER

WHAT IS A DETERMINANT?

A matrix is often used to represent the coefficients in a system of linear

equations, and the determinant can be used to solve those equations. The use of
determinants in calculus includes the Jacobian determinant in the change of variables
rule for integrals of functions of several variables. Determinants are also used to define
the characteristic polynomial of a matrix, which is essential for eigenvalue problems in
linear algebra. In analytical geometry, determinants express the signed nn-dimensional
volumes of nn-dimensional parallelepipeds. Sometimes, determinants are used merely
as a compact notation for expressions that would otherwise be unwieldy to write down.
It can be proven that any matrix has a unique inverse if its determinant is
nonzero. Various other theorems can be proved as well, including that the determinant
of a product of matrices is always equal to the product of determinants; and, the
determinant of a Hermitian matrix is always real.
The determinant of a matrix [A] is denoted det(A), det a, or |A|. In the case
where the matrix entries are written out in full, the determinant is denoted by
surrounding the matrix entries by vertical bars instead of the brackets or parentheses
of the matrix.

For instance, the determinant of the matrix is written .

DETERMINANT OF A 2-BY-2 MATRIX

In linear algebra, the determinant is a value associated with a square matrix. It
can be computed from the entries of the matrix by a specific arithmetic expression,
shown below:

For a 2×2 matrix, the determinant is defined to be .

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

1. Find the determinant of the following matrix:

SOLUTION:

The determinant is:

2
 6 5 0
2. Evaluate 𝐷 = |−2 3 1|
1 4 3

SOLUTION:

6 5 0
𝐷 = |−2 3 1|
1 4 3

LEADING TERM
𝑫 = 𝟔(𝟑)(𝟑) + 𝟓(𝟏)(𝟏) + 𝟎(−𝟐)(𝟒)

6 5 0
𝐷 = |−2 3 1|
1 4 3

𝐷 = 6(3)(3) + 5(1)(1) + 0(−2)(4) − 𝟏(𝟎)(𝟑) − 𝟏(𝟒)(𝟔) − (𝟑)(𝟓)(−𝟐)

Therefore, 𝐷 = 65

MINORS AND COFACTORS

The minor 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in the ith row and jth column in any
determinant of order m is that new determinant of order (n-1) formed from the
elements remaining after deleting the ith row and jth column. Thus for the determinant

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎
𝐷 = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
two minors are 𝑀21 and 𝑀13

For 𝑀21 , delete row 2 and column 1,

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝐷 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 𝑀21 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎
𝐷 = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑀13 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31

The cofactor 𝐴𝑖𝑗 of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in any determinant of order 𝑚 is that signed
minor determined by
3
 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

Thus for the preceding determinant,

𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = − |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32

𝑎21 𝑎22
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 𝑀13 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31

EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT BY MINORS

Theorem: The value of a determinant is the algebraic sum of the products obtained by
multiplying each element of a column (or row) by its cofactor or signed minor.

Hence, expanding the given determinant about the second column,

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎
𝐷 = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝐷 = 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎22 𝐴22 + 𝑎32 𝐴32

𝐷 = 𝑎12 (−1)1+2 𝑀12 + 𝑎22 (−1)22 𝑀22 + 𝑎32 (−1)3+2 𝑀32

𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎
22 11
𝑎13 𝑎
3+2 | 11
𝑎13
𝐷 = 𝑎12 (−1)1+2 |𝑎 𝑎33 | + 𝑎22 (−1) |𝑎31 𝑎33 | + 𝑎32 (−1) 𝑎21 𝑎23 |
31

It should be noted that in using the cofactor expansion, a sign convention can be used
directly instead of (−1)𝑖+𝑗 . That is, considering a determinant of order 4, a checkboard
is established

+ − + −
− + − +
| |
+ − + −
− + − +

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

4 0 5
3. Evaluate 𝐷 = |−1 2 3| using cofactor expansion.
3 1 2

SOLUTION:

By expanding about the first row,

4 0 5
𝐷 = |−1 2 3|
3 1 2

Using the checkboard,

+ − +
|− + −|
+ − +
4
 4 0 5 4 0 5 4 0 5
𝐷 = |−1 2 3| 𝐷 = |−1 2 3| 𝐷 = |−1 2 3|
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2

2 3 (−1)(0) |−1 3| −1 2
𝐷 = (+1)(4) | | (+1)(5) | |
1 2 3 2 3 1

𝐷 = 4[2(2) − (1)(3)] − 0[−1(2) − (3)(3)] + 5[−1(1) − (2)(3)]

𝐷 = 4(1) − 0(−11) + 5(−7)

𝐷 = −31

TRY EXPANDING THE SECOND COLUMN IF 𝑫 is ALSO EQUAL TO -31.

EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS BY PIVOTAL ELEMENT METHOD

One of the useful methods in evaluating a determinant is called the pivotal

element method. The steps for this method consists of the following:

1. If the given determinant of order "𝑛" has an element equal to one or unity, choose
this particular element as the pivotal element. Otherwise, choose some
convenient element. Reduce this to unity by dividing either the ith row or the
jth column by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and then balancing by multiplying the determinant also by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
2. Cross out the row and column through 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
3. From each element of the resulting determinant of order (𝑛 − 1), subtract the
product of the elements in which the row and column containing 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are met by
the row and column containing that element.
4. Then the value of the given determinant is (−1)𝑖+𝑗 times the value of the new
determinant.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

2 3 3
4. Evaluate 𝐷 = 0
| 1 5| using the pivotal element method.
−4 −1 9

SOLUTION:

Considering the element (-1) in the second row and second column as pivotal
element, then

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 − (0)(3)
𝐷 = (+1) | |

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 − (0)(3)
𝐷 = (+1) | |
−4 − (0)(−1)
5
 2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 − (0)(3) 3 − (3)(5)
𝐷 = (+1) | |
−4 − (0)(−1)

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 − (0)(3) 3 − (3)(5)
𝐷 = (+1) | |
−4 − (0)(−1) 9 − (−1)(5)

2 −12
𝐷 = (+1) | |
−4 14

𝐷 = 2(14) − (−4)(−12) = 28 − 48 = −20

Therefore, 𝐷 = −20

LAPLACE’S DEVELOPMENT
Let 𝐷 be an nth order determinant, and let 𝑀 be the kth order determi nant (k
n) whose elements are those in any k rows and columns of D. Then M is called a kth
minor of D.
The complementary minor of 𝑀 is the determinant of order (𝑛 − 𝑘) which
results after deleting the rows and columns of 𝑀 from 𝐷.
Consider the fourth-order determinant,

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2
𝐷=| |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3
𝑎4 𝑏4 𝑐4 𝑑4

𝑎 𝑏1
𝑀=| 1 | is a second-order minor
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑐 𝑑3
Complementary minor of 𝑀 = | 3 |
𝑐4 𝑑4

𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑐 𝑑3
Algebraic Complement of 𝑀 = (−1)1+2+1+2 | |=| 3 |
𝑐4 𝑑4 𝑐4 𝑑4

THEOREM ON LAPLACE’S DEVELOPMENT

Choose any k rows (or columns) from a determinant D. Then D is equal to the
sum of the products of all the kth minors of D contained in the chosen rows (or columns)
multiplied by their corresponding algebraic complements.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

2 3 3
5. Evaluate 𝐷 = | 0 1 5| using Laplace’s Development.
−4 −1 9

6
SOLUTION:

Expanding by minors of the first two rows,

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

𝟐 𝟑
𝐷 = (+𝟏)(𝟗) | |
𝟎 𝟏

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 3 𝟐 𝟑
𝐷 = (+1)(9) | | + (−𝟏)(−𝟏) | |
0 1 𝟎 𝟓

2 3 3
𝐷=| 0 1 5|
−4 −1 9

2 3 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝐷 = (+1)(9) | | + (−𝟏)(−𝟏) | | + (+𝟏)(−𝟒) | |
0 1 𝟎 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓

𝐷 = 9[(2)(1) − (0)(3)] + 1[2(5) − (0)(3)] − 4[3(5) − (1)(3)]

𝐷 = 9(2 − 0) + 1(10 − 0) − 4(15 − 3)

𝐷 = 9(2) + 1(10) − 4(12)

𝐷 = −20

INVERSE OF A MATRIX USING ADJOINT MATRIX

The inverse of a matrix can be determined by using the determinant of the given
matrix. In this method, we can directly determine if the matrix is invertible or not. If
the value of the determinant is zero, the matrix is sin gular or no inverse. Otherwise,
the matrix is invertible.
The following are the steps in finding the inverse of a matrix using an adjoint
matrix:
1. Find the determinant of the given matrix 𝐴. If the value of the determinant is
zero, there is no inverse. If it is not equal to zero, continue to apply the following
steps.
2. Form the transposed matrix 𝐴𝑇 .
3. Replace each element of AT by its corresponding cofactor. The resulting matrix
is called the adjoint matrix.
4. Divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant of 𝐴 and the result
is 𝐴−1 .

Hence,

[𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴]
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴 |

7
SAMPLE ROBLEM:

2 3
6. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = [ ] using the adjoint matrix.
2 2

SOLUTION:

|𝐴| = |2 3| = 2(2) − 2(3) = −2

2 2

2 2
𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
3 2
2 −3
Adj. 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 2

So that,

[𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴] 1 2 −3
𝐴−1 = =− [ ]
|𝐴 | 2 −2 2

3
𝐴−1 = [−1 2 ]
1 −1

1 2 2
7. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = |1 3 1| using the adjoint matrix.
1 3 2

SOLUTION:

[𝐴𝐷𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐴]
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴 |

|𝐴| = 1(3)(2) + 2(1)(1) + 2(3)(1) − 1(3)(2) − 3(1)(1) − 2(2)(1)

|𝐴 | = 1

1 1 1
𝐴𝑇 = | 2 3 3|
2 1 2

3 3 2 3 2 3
| | −| | | |
1 2 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Adj. 𝐴 = −| | | | −| |
1 2 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
[ |3 3
| −|
2 3
| |
2 3]
|

(6 − 3) −(4 − 6) (2 − 6)
Adj. 𝐴 = [−(2 − 1) (2 − 2) −1(1 − 2)]
(3 − 3) −(3 − 2) (3 − 2)

3 2 −4
Adj. 𝐴 = [−1 0 1]
0 −1 1

8
So that,

3 2 −4
[−1 0 1]
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟒
𝐴−1 = 0 −1 1 = [−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏]
1
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏

ASSESSMENT

1. Find all the values of 𝑥 which satisfy the equation

𝑥 (3 + 𝑥) −10
|(1 − 𝑥) (2 − 𝑥) 5 | = 48
2 (4 + 𝑥) −𝑥
1 2 −1 2
3 0 1 5
2. Evaluate 𝐷 = | | using
1 −2 0 3
−2 −4 1 6
a. cofactor expansion
b. pivotal element method
c. Laplace Development Method
d. Find the inverse matrix using the adjoint matrix

RESOURCES & MATERIALS

BOOKS:
1. Tolentino, Romeo. (2015). Worktext in Advance Engineering Mathematics.
Booklore Publishing.

eBooks:
1. Chasnov, Jeffrey R. (2019). Differential Equations.
2. Nagy, Gabriel. (2019). Ordinary Differential Equations.
3. Said-Houari, Belkasem. (2015). Differential Equations: Methods and
Applications.
4. Gillesania, D. I. T. (2014). Engineering Mathematics – Volume 1 (3rd ed.).
Cebu, Philippines: Cebu DGPrint, Inc.
5. O’Neil, Peter V. (2012). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (7th ed).
6. Wolfgang Ertel. (2012). Advanced Mathematics for Engineers.
7. Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th ed.). Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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8. Kreyszig, E. (2006). Instructor’s Manual for Advanced Engineering
Mathematics (9th ed.)

ONLINE RESOURCES:
1. https://mathalino.com/reviewer/advance-engineering
mathematics/advance-engineering-mathematics
2. https://www.scribd.com/document/207295404/Advanced-Engineering-
Mathematics-Kreyszig-Instructor-s-Manul
3. https://www.scribd.com/document/413837122/Advanced-Engineering-
Mathematics-2nd-Edition-Michael-D-Greenberg

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