DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

MID LA UNION CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
QUEZON AVENUE, SAN FERNANDO CITY, LA UNION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEFC 105 – ADVANCE MATHEMATICS FOR ME

LEARNING MATERIAL 1: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND COMPLEX

VARIABLES
CONTENTS:
➢ LESSON 1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ LESSON 3: LOGARITHM, EXPONENTIAL, AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS

LESSON 1: COMPLEX NUMBERS

GENERAL DIRECTIONS AND POLICIES

1. There are three lessons in this module

a. LESSON 1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
b. LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
c. LESSON 3: LOGARITHM, EXPONENTIAL, AND TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Read each lesson carefully then answer the exercises/activities to find out
how much you have benefited from it.
2. Work on the assessment task after each lesson then submit your output to your
instructor via google classroom.
3. Carefully read and follow all the instructions within this module.
4. Finish the lesson as if you are inside the classroom listening to your instructor.
5. In case you have questions and concerns with these lessons, feel free to reach
me at my email ([email protected]).

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

a. solve problems arising from operations on complex numbers
b. extract the square roots of complex numbers
c. apply trigonometric or polar form of complex numbers
d. demonstrate how to multiply and divide complex numbers in polar form
e. use De Moivre’s Theorem in solving powers of complex numbers.
 LESSON PROPER

I. INTRODUCTION
Complex numbers dates back to the 1st century, when Heron of Alexandria (about
75 AD) attempted to find the volume of a frustum of a pyramid which required
computing the square root of 81-144 (though negative numbers were not conceived in
the Hellenistic World). We also have the following quotation from Bhaskara Acharya
(working in 746 AD), a Hindu mathematician: “The square of a positive number, also
that of a negative number, is positive: and the square root of a positive number is two-
fold, positive and negative; there’s no square root of a negative number, for a negative
number is not square.” Later, around 850 AD, another Hindu mathematician, Mahavira
Acharya, wrote: "As in the nature of things, a negative (quantity) is not a square
(quantity), it has therefore no square root.” In 1545, the Italian mathematician,
physician, gambler, and philosopher Girolamo Cardano (1501-76) published his Ars
Magna (The Great Art), in which he described algebraic methods for solving cubic and
quartic equations. This book was a great event in mathematics. In fact, it was the first
major achievement in algebra in 3000 years, after the Babylonians showed how to solve
Agarwal, Perera, Pinelas: 2011).

II. SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex Number
By definition, a complex number is any number expressible in the standard for
a+bi or a+jb, the value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number and it is equal to √−1
(Seminiano 2020).

COMPLEX
NUMBERS

IMAGINARY REAL
NUMBERS NUMBERS

RATIONAL IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS NUMBERS

BRANCHES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Imaginary numbers were once thought to be impossible, and so they were called
“Imaginary”. But then people researched those more and discovered they were actually
useful and important because they filled a gap in mathematics. Imaginary numbers
become most useful when combined with real numbers to make complex numbers like
3+5i or 6-4i (Pierce, 2020).

2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Find the value of x in the equation 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0.

Solution:
Simplifying we get 𝑥 = ±√−1, thus, the solutions are i and –i.

Successive integral powers of i or j (Tiong, 2008)

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊(𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝒊(−𝟏) = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝟏
𝒊𝟓 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟑 ) = 𝒊
𝒊𝟔 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟒 ) = −𝟏
𝒊𝟕 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟓 ) = −𝒊
𝒊𝟖 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟔 ) = 𝟏

2. Simplify the expression 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗 , where i is an imaginary number.

Solution:
Note:
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊(𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝒊(−𝟏) = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = (𝒊𝟐 )(𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝟏

If the exponent of “i” is exactly divisible by 4, then the simplified equivalent of

the imaginary number is equal to 1.

Since 1996 is exactly divisible by 4

𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 = 𝒊
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗 = −𝒊
Therefore, 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝒊 + (−𝒊).

−𝟐−𝟑𝒊
3. Simplify using rationalizing
𝟑+𝟒𝒊
3
 Solution:

−𝟐 − 𝟑𝐢 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊 −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 − 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝟐
∙ =
𝟑 + 𝟒𝐢 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒊𝟐

*Substituting i2 = -1

−2 − 3i −6 − i + 12(−1) −𝟏𝟖 − 𝐢
= =
3 + 4i 9 − 16(−1) 𝟐𝟓

III. DIFFERENT FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

A. RECTANGULAR FORM
𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒋𝒃
Where: a is the real part and b is the imaginary part.

B. TRIGONOMETRIC FORM
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Where: r is the radius and 𝜽 is the angle (in degrees).

C. POLAR FORM
𝒛=𝒓<𝜽

FIGURE (above): The right triangle in Cartesian coordinate plane

Where:
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑎

D. EXPONENTIAL FORM
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽
Where: 𝜃 is in radians

4
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

4. Write the polar form of the complex number 3 + 𝑗4

Solution:
*The polar form of the complex number “a+jb” is given by 𝒛 = 𝒓 < 𝜽 .
Where:
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑎

But a=3 and b=4, therefore,

𝑟 = √32 + 42 = 𝟓
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏°
3

So, the polar form is 𝒛 = 𝟓 < 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏°

5. Write the trigonometric form of the previous example.

Solution:
*The trigonometric form of the complex number “a+jb” is given by 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 +
𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 where: r is the radius and 𝜽 is the angle (in degrees).

From the solution at example number 1,

ANSWER: 𝒛 = 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏° + 𝒋𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟏°

IV. POWER OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

*Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find 𝑧 𝑛 .

Convert z in polar form:

𝒛𝒏 = (𝒓 < 𝜽)𝒏
𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 < 𝒏𝜽

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) be a complex number and n be any integer. Then

𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽)

5
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

6. Evaluate 𝑧 = (2 − 𝑖√3)6. Convert to polar form.

Solution:

𝑟 = √22 + (√3)2 = √7
√3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (− ) = −40.89°
2
6
𝑧 6 = (√7) < (6)(−40.89°) = 𝟕 < −𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟑𝟒°

ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find 𝑧 𝑛

Convert z in polar form

1 1
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟 < 𝜃)𝑛

1 1 𝜃 + 𝑘(360°)
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 <
𝑛
Where: k = 0,1, 2, … (n-1)

SAMPLE PROBLEM

7. Find the four fourth roots of 𝑧 = −4√3 + 𝑖4. Convert to polar form.

Solution:

𝑛 = 4; 𝑎 = −4√3; 𝑏 = 4

2
𝑟 = √(−4√3) + (4)2 = 8

4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (− ) = −30°
4√3

6
 At k=0,
1 1 −30 + 0(360°)
𝑧 4 = 84 < = 1.68 < −7.5°
4
At k=1,
1 1 −30 + 1(360°)
𝑧 4 = 84 < = 1.68 < 82.5°
4
At k=2,
1 1 −30 + 2(360°)
𝑧 4 = 84 < = 1.68 < 172.5°
4
At k=3,
1 1 −30 + 3(360°)
𝑧 4 = 84 < = 1.68 < 262.5°
4

ASSESSMENT

1. (𝑖 2 )4 − 𝑖 3
1 1
2. 3 + 4
𝑖 𝑖
52
3. 𝑖 + 𝑖 25
4. 𝑖 36 − 𝑖 15
5. 𝑖 73

7
 LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS COMPLEX NUMBERS

LESSON PROPER

INTRODUCTION
Complex numbers are "binomials" of a sort, and are added, subtracted, and multiplied
in a similar way. (Division, which is further down the page, is a bit different.) First, you'll
probably be asked to demonstrate that you understand the definition of complex numbers
(Stapel, 2020).

OPERATIONS IN COMPLEX NUMBERS

➢ OPERATIONS IN RECTANGULAR FORM

1. ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 ) + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )

2. SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 ) − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )

3. MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 ) = (𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 )𝒊

4. DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 ) 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐
= + 𝒊
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐

➢ OPERATIONS IN POLAR FORM

1. MULTIPLICATION IN POLAR FORM
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 < (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

2. DIVISION IF POLAR FORM

𝑧1 𝑟1
= [cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]
𝑧2 𝑟2

𝑧1 𝑟1
= < (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2

➢ OPERATIONS IN EXPONENTIAL FORM

1. MULTIPLICATION IN EXPONENTIAL FORM
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1+𝜃2)

2. DIVISION IN EXPONENTIAL FORM

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑖(𝜃 −𝜃 )
= 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2

8
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

8. If (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖) ∙ (2 − 4𝑖) = 14 − 8𝑖, find x and y.

Solution:
(𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊) ∙ (𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚) + (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙)𝒊
Hence,
(2𝑥 + 4𝑦 ) + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑖 = 14 − 8𝑖 *by substitution
And
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14
2𝑦 − 4𝑥 = −8 *for each a+bi, c+di ∈ C, a+bi=c+di if and only if a=c and b=d
Solving the equations for x and y, gives
𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

𝑧
9. If 𝑧 = 5 + 4𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 3 − 2𝑖, find a) 𝑧𝑤 and b) 𝑤
Solution:
a. 𝑧𝑤 = (5 + 4𝑖) ∙ (3 − 2𝑖) = (15 + 8) + (−10 + 12)𝑖 = 23 + 2𝑖
𝑧 5+4𝑖 15−8 12+10 7 22
b. = 3−2𝑖 = + 𝑖 = 13 + 13
𝑤 9+4 9+4

ASSESSMENT

3−√−4
1.
2+√−9
1
2−(−3)2
2. 1
3+(−2)2
3. (3 − √−2) − (−2 + 3√2𝑖) + (−6 − √−8)
4. 5√−3 + 4) + (√−12 + 2)
5. If z, w, v ∈ C such that z=a+bi, w=c+di, and v=e+fi, show that zw=wz.

9
 LESSON 3: LOGARITHM, EXPONENTIAL, AND
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

LESSON PROPER

I. INTRODUCTION

A complex number is a number which can be expressed as a + bi, where a and b

are real numbers, and I satisfy the equation 12 = -1. Since no real number satisfies this
equation, an imaginary number is named i. It is called the real part for the complex
number a + bi, and b is called the imaginary part. This can be added, subtracted,
multiplied and divided in complex number. Other mathematical operations of complex
numbers are solving logarithm, exponential, and trigonometric function. (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007)

II. LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Rule: Use the trigonometric form

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑟 < 𝜃
𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑟 + 𝐼𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

10. Find the principal value of 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 (1 − 𝑖√3).

Solution:
*Convert the given to Polar form, and review the angles in unit circle.
a=1 and b=−√3
𝑟 = √12 + (−√3)2 = 2

√3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (− ) = −60°
1

*𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃, 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.

5𝜋
𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛2 + 𝑖
3
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝒊𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟔 Ans.
10
 11. Determine the principal value of 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑗 (1 + √3)

Solution:

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝑴𝑰𝒏𝒙
From: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = = 𝑴𝑰𝒏𝒚 *Use the property of logarithm
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚
Where M is the modulus of logarithm

Convert given to polar form and review angles in unit circle.

𝐼𝑛 (1+𝑖√3)
Then, 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑗 (1 + √3) =
𝐼𝑛 (1−𝑖)

*𝐼𝑛 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃, 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

For 𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑖√3), a=1 and b=√3;
𝑟 = √12 + (√3)2 = 2;
√3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) = 60° 𝑜𝑟 1.05 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1

For 𝐼𝑛 (1 − 𝑖), a=1 and b=-1

𝑟 = √12 + (−1)2 = √2
1
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (− ) = 315° 𝑜𝑟 5.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1

𝐼𝑛 (1+𝑖√3) 𝐼𝑛2+1.05𝑖 0.693+1.05𝑖

𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑗 (1 + √3) = = =
𝐼𝑛 (1−𝑖) 𝐼𝑛 √2+5.5𝑖 0.347+5.5𝑖
𝐳 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝐢 Ans.

III. EXPONENTIAL AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between Cartesian coordinates

and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used in
multiplication or powers of complex numbers. (Pierce, 2020). Any complex number z =
x + iy, and its complex conjugate, z = x-iy, can be written as (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

EULER’S FORMULA
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION TO EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
sin 𝜃 =
𝑖2
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
2

DERIVED FORMULAS FROM TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
cot 𝜃 =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
2
sec 𝜃 = 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
11
 2
csc 𝜃 =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

𝜋
12. Evaluate cos (𝑖 4 ).
Cos 𝜃 to exponential form of complex numbers
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
2

Substitute the values

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑒 𝑖 4 + 𝑒 −𝑖4
cos =
4 2
𝜋 180° 𝜋 𝜋
2(cos ∗ ) = 𝑒 𝑖4 + 𝑒 −𝑖 4
4 𝜋

Remember Euler’s equation,

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑗2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From,
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑒 𝑖4 + 𝑒 −𝑖4 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 1.4142
4
Therefore,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 −𝑖 4
𝜋 𝑒 4 +𝑒 1.4142
cos 4 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 Ans.
2 2

ASSESSMENT

1. Evaluate 𝐼𝑛 (2 + 𝑖3).
2. Find the principal value of 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑗 (2 + √6).
𝜋
3. Evaluate tan(𝑖 3 ).

12
 RESOURCES & MATERIALS

BOOKS:
1. Tolentino, Romeo. (2015). Worktext in Advance Engineering Mathematics.
Booklore Publishing.

eBooks:
1. Chasnov, Jeffrey R. (2019). Differential Equations.
2. Nagy, Gabriel. (2019). Ordinary Differential Equations.
3. Said-Houari, Belkasem. (2015). Differential Equations: Methods and
Applications.
4. Gillesania, D. I. T. (2014). Engineering Mathematics – Volume 1 (3rd ed.).
Cebu, Philippines: Cebu DGPrint, Inc.
5. O’Neil, Peter V. (2012). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (7th ed).
6. Wolfgang Ertel. (2012). Advanced Mathematics for Engineers.
7. Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th ed.). Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8. Kreyszig, E. (2006). Instructor’s Manual for Advanced Engineering
Mathematics (9th ed.)

ONLINE RESOURCES:
1. https://mathalino.com/reviewer/advance-engineering
mathematics/advance-engineering-mathematics
2. https://www.scribd.com/document/207295404/Advanced-Engineering-
Mathematics-Kreyszig-Instructor-s-Manul
3. https://www.scribd.com/document/413837122/Advanced-Engineering-
Mathematics-2nd-Edition-Michael-D-Greenberg

13