ES106

Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Module No. 1
Topic Computer Organization
Period Week no.__1 and 2__: Date _February 7-19, 2022_

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behavior of digital
computers. The major goal of this course is to learn about the evolution of computer system and
to comprehend the overall basic computer hardware structure, as well as its purpose and
significance.
The aim of the subject is to provide a thorough discussion of the fundamentals of
computer organization and the hardware specification in such a way that knowing what
components and functions need to be considered in building a computer system upon the current
state of technology and the price and performance.

Objective/Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
✓ know the history and generations of computer systems.
✓ identify the components of computer systems and classify the different classifications of
computer according to its size and capacity, purpose, and hardware design and data.
✓ to build a computer system using the knowledge of the hardware specification and
functionalities of the components.

Discussion/Content
1.1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It is a programmable machine
that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Abacus
• a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
• Invented in Babylonia in 500 B.C.

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Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction but it was too expensive.

Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801.
• It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Difference Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

Analytical Engine
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Augusta the Countess of Love Lace/Ada Lovelace) suggests
to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.

Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1937.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all
output was also generated through punch tape.

Colossus
• Alan Turing developed the first electronic computer in 1943.
• computer system was a fixed-program computer and it was not programmable.

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ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946 by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.

UNIVAC 1
• UNIVAC 1 stands for UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 was the first commercial computer.
• Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

IBM 650
• In 1954 the first electronic computer for business was installed

IBM 704
• From 1957-1959 the IBM 704 computer appeared, for which the Fortran language was
developed.
• The state of the art in computers allowed 1 component per chip, that is individual transistors
• From 1958-1962 many programming languages were developed.
o FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
o COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
o LISP (LISt Processor)
o ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
o BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

Apple I and Apple II

• Designed and built by Steve Wozniak in 1976-1977
• Made home computing practicable
• With Steve Jobs, they started Apple Computer in Woz’s garage.

MS-DOS Computer
• In 1981, IBM introduced its first MS-DOS Computer.
• The first Portable Computer

Macintosh 128
• In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.
• This was the first mass-produced, commercially-available computer with a Graphical User
Interface.

Windows 1.0
• In 1989 Windows 1.0 was introduced for the PC.
• It was sort of Mac-like but greatly inferior. Macintosh owners were known to refer to it
sarcastically as AGAM-84 "Almost as Good As Macintosh 84.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. First Generation - 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. - used vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).

2. Second Generation - 1959-1965. Transistor based. - it was invented at Bell Labs in 1948
general-purpose computers using transistors that were faster, smaller in size, weighed less, needed
less power, and were more reliable

3. Third Generation - 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. - an IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.

4. Fourth Generation - 1971-1980. VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) microprocessor based.

- VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation becoming
more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.

5. Fifth Generation - 1980-onwards. ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) microprocessor

based. – it is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is
an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making
computers think like human beings.
.

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
• Hardware – the physical parts or components of a computer
o Input – any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with
and control it.
▪ Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Web cam
o Output – any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into
human-readable form.
▪ Monitor, Headphones, Printer, Speaker, Projector
o Processing – the components responsible for the processing of information within the
computer system.
▪ CPU, GPU, Motherboard, Network card, video card, Soundcard
o Memory/Storage Devices
▪ Primary
➢ RAM (Random Access Memory) – a volatile memory that allows data
items to be read or written in the computer system.
➢ ROM (Read-Only Memory) – it is an essential chip with permanently
written data or programs used in personal computers for storing start-up
instructions provided by the manufacturer for carrying out basic operations such
as bootstrapping in a PC.
▪ Secondary
➢ Hard disk drive, Flash drive, Optical drive, external drive.
▪ Unit of memory – byte

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 • Software – a set of instructions, programs that are used to execute any particular task.
o System Software – a computer software that is designed for running the computer
hardware parts and the application programs.
▪ Windows 10, Linux, MacOS
o Application Software – application software that is designed for the users to perform
some specific tasks like writing a letter, listening to music or seeing any video.
▪ MS Office, Anti-Virus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Filmora
o Programming Languages – programming language is the third category of computer
software which is used by the programmers to write their programs, scripts, and
instructions which can be executed by a computer.
▪ Java, Python, C/C++, C#, PHP, JavaScript

FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
There are three basic functionalities of a Computer System and they are:
1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

Input–Process–Output (IPO) model is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or another process.
A computer system receives inputs from a user or other source, then proceeds to process stage in which it
does some computations on the inputs, and then the output which returns the results of the computations.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computer based on Size and Capacity
1. Super Computer – the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for
processing data. It is made to perform multi-specific tasks. Composed of many CPUs that
work in parallel order called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing. Used for areas that
require massive computation such as weather forecasting, quantum physics, or oil and gas
exploration.

(Ex: IBM Road burner, IBM Blue Gene, Intel ASI Red. PARAM-1000, and CRAY-XMP-14)

2. Mainframe Computer – multi-programming, high-performance, and multi-user computer.

It can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer. Mainly used by
departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research
centers, and governmental departments like railways.
(Ex: IBM Es000 series, ICL39 Series, and CDC 6600)

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 3. Minicomputer – a digital and multi-user system with the connection of more than one CPU.
Currently used to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry.
Used as real-time applications in Industries, bookings, and Research Centers
(Ex: PDP 11 and IBM 8000 Series)
4. Microcomputers – commonly the Personal Computer widely used today. Typically used for
personal use. Widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education,
entertainment, publishing, etc.
(Ex: Desktops, tablets, smartphones, and Laptops)

Computers based on Purpose

1. General Purpose Computer – these do various everyday tasks such as writing a word
processing letter, document preparation, recording, financial analysis, printing documents. It
has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs at home or in the workplace in the
environment. The size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are mainly less.
(Examples: desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets)
2. Special Purpose Computer – designed to perform a particular or specialized task. The
special computer needs specific processors and input and devices to conduct work efficiently.
The size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers mainly depend on the nature and size
of the work.

(Examples: Automatic teller machines (ATM), Washing machines, Surveillance equipment,

Weather-forecasting simulators, Traffic-control computers)

Computers based on Hardware Design and Data Handling

1. Analog Computer – used only to process analog data. It measures continuous changes in a
physical quantity. Used primarily to measure physical units like voltage, pressure, electric
current, temperature, and convert them into digits. Used in the fields of technology, science,
research, engineering
(Examples: simple clock, vehicle’s speedometer, Voltmeter, thermometer, weighing scale)
2. Digital Computer – represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical values, or any other
special symbols. Can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction,
multiplication, or division and all types of logical (mathematical) operations calculates the
number for processing the data
(Examples: PC, Laptops, Smartphones, Tablets, Accounting machines, Workstations, etc)
3. Hybrid Computer – combined complex computer unit built using both analog and digital
properties and united by a single control system. Designed to provide functions and features
that can be found on both analog and digital devices. It is to solve too complex calculations
or problems, resolves more difficult equations immediately. Used in vast industries, research
centers, organizations, and manufacturing firms. Analog is fast but not really accurate, digital
is accurate but slow, then hybrid overcomes flaws of these computers proving to be much
more detailed, accurate, and useful.

(Examples: Auto Gasoline pump, this is installed on a petrol pump not only to measure the
amount of petrol but also to calculates its value.)

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1.1.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS/OPERATIONS
A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design,
product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard.
There are different types of technical or engineering specifications (specs), and the term is used differently
in different technical contexts. They often refer to particular documents, and/or particular information
within them. The word specification is broadly defined as "to state explicitly or in detail" or "to be specific".
In computer hardware, it includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing
unit (CPU), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and
motherboard.
By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-
termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to
change.
Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of
hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.
Computer hardware, such as a desktop computer, is the most common type of IT hardware purchased.
The cost of hardware depends on its specification, which in turn is determined by some key components.
When you buy PC hardware, you need to decide what the specification of these key components should
be.
❖ WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A COMPUTER?
Before you settle on a computer, think about what you’re going to use it for. How you’re going to
use it will influence what kind of computer you need and how much you need to pay for one!
Once you determine what you’ll be primarily using it for, you’ll know better what kind of computer
specs to look for.
❖ WHY DO YOU NEED A COMPUTER?
If you’re going to be using it for mostly web surfing and email, then you will be OK with a relatively
basic computer. You will want to consider battery life as an important aspect if you’ll be using it
away from home for these purposes.
If you’re going to be using it for online classes, school, or work, you probably want to make sure
it has a mid-range CPU (more about that below) and a certain amount of memory. This will make
sure the computer works fast enough that you don’t lose efficiency.
If you’re doing work like graphic design, coding, or image editing, things like screen size and the
graphics card are going to be important to consider.
If the computer will be used for a lot of gaming, then graphics are obviously important, as is the
CPU.
❖ DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
When you’re shopping online for a computer, you can see a list of the computer’s specifications,
or specs. This means it’s going to tell you a lot of acronyms and numbers about what the computer
can do. If you don’t “speak” computer, this is going to be super confusing, so I’m going to break
down what the different specs mean and why they’re important.
The higher powered your computer is, the more expensive it’s going to be. But many of us do not
need great specs for the kind of stuff we do on our computers.

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COMPONENTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS THAT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED:

CPU (central processing unit)

The CPU contributes to speed and performance. Think of it like the brain of the computer. It’s
what allows you to do things like opening a program or making changes to a file. But while the brain of
the computer is important, you don’t necessarily need the most expensive computer, especially if you’re
just a casual user. Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers of processors. Right now, Intel currently
has these processors: i3, i5, i7, i9, and x-series. The i7 is even more than most casual users need. On the
other hand, if you’re a gamer, some games are more CPU-intensive than others, so consider that when
choosing your computer.

Processor GHz Speed

Behind the CPU Type you’ll see a set of numbers that the processor speed. The higher the number
the better. They tend to look like… 2.30 GHz etc. This is the “clock speed” of the processor and basically
the faster (higher the number) your GHz speed the faster the computer can do what you ask it to do.
Note: If you are web surfing this doesn’t mean that websites load faster, that is almost entirely based on
your internet speed. What your GHz speed does mean is that how fast a program opens, and how fast the
computer can handle multiple programs running at the same time.

Solid State Drive – SSD

The solid-state drive helps take care of your data, can replace a hard drive, and uses less of the
CPU. It is more stable long term in terms of not breaking down. They also tend to be smaller in size and
capacity, and are perfect for slim-line computers. For most people it’s not a deal breaker either way, but
solid-state drives do tend to have less data recovery issues, hold up longer and make for a lighter laptop.

GPU (graphics processing unit)

Most computers come with a GPU, or graphics card, already installed. These are known as
integrated graphics cards. If you need something more powerful, then you can get a dedicated graphics
card and purchase it separately. This may be important if you’re going to be doing photo or image editing,
graphic design, or gaming.

Battery life
Laptop computer specs will include the approximate battery life of the computer. If you’re
normally using your computer at home, then battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But if it’s for a
student who will be sitting in a classroom not necessarily near a plug, or if you plan to work at a coffee
shop where sometimes all the plugs are taken, battery life might be important.

RAM (random access memory)

The memory is what enables you to easily open lots of browser tabs and always you to easily have
lots of programs or applications open at once. This may be an important part of your work or school life,
so think about the RAM when buying a computer. RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB). A casual, normal
user wants at least 4 GB. If you are a gamer, you want at least 8 GB. If you are a graphic developer or
image editor, you want at least 16 GB.

Weight
This may not seem that important, but if you’re going to be carrying your laptop around, it’s
something to think about!

Peripherals
The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a bundle, but you may be able to select wireless
devices that make desktops neater.

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Screen size
If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or work, you will probably want at least 15” for an
adult, but smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger child. If you’re using it for visually-heavy things like
graphics or photo editing, then you might want one of the biggest size screens available.

Tip: Many laptops have a external video port that lets you hook them up to a second monitor.
Remember, the more you add on to a computer, the more they cost, so think about the features you really
need and what features you might never use. Try to find the perfect fit without paying for things you won’t
need.

SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS:

For Web Surfing & Email

Technically you can do this with a tablet (and that would be the cheapest option) but if having an actual
computer makes you happy then I would look for:

CPU Processor: Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3

Memory: 2GB or greater
Hard drive: 128 GB +
Screen Size: your choice
Example: HP NOTEBOOK COMPUTER
Intel i3, 3.4 GHz, 8GB Memory, 128 SSD Hard Drive, 15.6″ Screen

For Virtual School or Work

CPU Processor: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5

Memory: 4GB to 8GB
Hard Drive: 256 GB +
Screen Size: 14 inch +
Example: HP LAPTOP
Intel i5, 3.6 GHz, 8 GB Memory, 1 TB Hard Drive, 17.3″ Screen

For Graphics & Gaming

CPU Processor: Intel i7 or Ryzen 7

Memory: 8GB to 32GB
Hard Drive: 500 GB + or adding on external hard drives just to have enough
Screen Size: 17 inch + (also make sure it can handle second monitors)

Note: There are faster Intel i9 and Ryzen 9 CPU but at this time they really aren’t great for laptops. They
all take a lot to cool and would be much more practical in a desktop computer.

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Laptop Computers - Recommended Configurations

Recommend systems that meet or exceed the following specifications:

Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent

Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 500 GB internal storage drive
Monitor/Display: 14" LCD monitor, resolution of 1600 x 900 or better.
Network Adapter: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Internal or external Webcam, lock, carrying case, external hard drive for backups

Desktop Computers - Recommended Configurations

Recommend systems that meet or exceed the following specifications:

Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent

Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 512 GB internal Solid-State Drive (SSD) or 1 TB internal HDD
Sustainability: EPEAT Silver rating (preferably EPEAT Gold)
Monitor/Display: 24" LCD monitor
Network Adaptor: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Webcam, lock, external drive for backups

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Activity No. ___1.1___
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
• Create a table of item specification for the high spec computer that you are planning to purchase
and assemble. Please follow example format attached in this module file. (See Page 12)
• Save the table of item specification as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pdf
• Using the data you gathered, present your activity in class with a PowerPoint presentation.
• Each student will be given a maximum of 5 mins for class presentation during class schedule.
• Save the PowerPoint presentation with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pptx
• After presentation, submit your PowerPoint presentation and the Table of Item specification
document to Google classroom.

RUBRICS
Table of Item Specification Content 40%
Activity Presentation 35%
Design/PowerPoint Aesthetic 25%

INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
Assume that you are in your office. You were task by the management to search, purchase, and assemble
a high spec computer with its price ranging from 60-100k pesos. Create a table of item specification for
the high spec computer that you are planning to purchase and assemble. Below are the following
requirements compiled according to the requirements needed by the office.

System Unit Peripherals and Devices

1. Tower Case
2. Motherboard
3. Hard Drive
4. Network Extension adapter (WLAN card) or CD-ROM if available in the motherboard.
5. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
6. GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) – is to handle graphics/video data/processes.
7. Power Supply
8. RAM (Random Access Memory)
9. Heat Sink/Fans/Air Decompressor/Water cooling-system (any devices used for ventilation)

Other Devices.
1. Monitor
2. Mouse
3. Keyboard
4. Headset
5. Camera.
REMINDER!
PleaseTABLE OF the
do submit ITEM SPECIFICATION
activity on or before EXAMPLE
February 19,FORMAT
2022, Saturday .
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TABLE OF ITEM SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE FORMAT
Devices Specification Purpose Quantity Price
CPU Specifications
• # of Cores2 I choose this because I
• # of Threads2 think that in order to
1. CPU • Processor Base have a smooth and
Intel® Frequency1.20 GHz efficient computer,
Celeron® • Burst Frequency3.00 Intel should be used. 1 Php 2,500
Processor N GHz According to
Series • Cache1.5 MB L2 Wikipedia, it offers
Cache multicore threading to
• TDP6.5 W
deal with multiple task

2. Hard Drive (Insert your

(Put
(Put hard (Put Specification) explanation why you (Put Price)
Quantity)
drive product) choose it.)
3.
4.
5.

MORE
THAN
60K,
TOTAL:
LESS
THAN
100K

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Assignment No. ___1.1___
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
• Answer the following questions and write it legibly on a sheet of paper. Handwritten answers only.
• Capture or scan your answer and save it as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Assignment1.1.pdf
• Submit through Google classroom.

Questions:
1. Is a computer necessary for civil engineers? Why?

2. Being a civil engineering student, how will you build and choose your own computer. Explain
each component or hardware specifications on why you selected those components.

REMINDER!
Please do submit the assignment on or before February 14, 2022, Monday .

References

• https://sites.google.com/site/uopcog/
• http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html
• https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/infographics/a_history_of_computer_science/
• http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
• https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer
• https://btob.co.nz/business-news/five-generations-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/classification-of-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/hybrid-computer-uses-examples/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/computer-hardware-components-and-specifications
• https://www.southernsavers.com/what-to-look-for-in-a-computer-specs-terms-examples/

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