Technical

SPEEDFAXTM 2017

Contents
Types of Power Distribution Systems
Ground Fault Protection
T Section

T-2 – T-4
T-5 – T-10
Overcurrent Protection and Coordination T-11
System Analysis T-12
Current Limiting Circuit Breaker Technology T-13
Series-Connected Combination Ratings T-14
Harmonics / K-factor Ratings T-15 – T-16
Table 1:
Ampacities of Insulated Conductors T-17
Table 2:
Correction Factors for Ambient Temperatures T-17
Table 4A:
Motor Full-Load Currents of
Three Phase AC Induction Type Motors T-18
Table 4B:
Motor Full-Load Currents in Amperes,
Single Phase AC T-18
Table 4C:
Motor Full-Load Currents in Amperes, DC T-18
Table 4D:
Conversion Table of Polyphase Design T-18
Table 5:
Normal-Load and Fault Currents of
Three Phase Transformers T-18
Table 6:
Electrical Formulas for Finding Amperes,
Horsepower Kilowatts, and kVA T-19
Table 7:
Grounding Electrode Conductor for
AC Systems T-19
Table 8:
Minimum Size Grounding Conductors for
Grounding Raceways and Equipment T-19
Capacitor Circuit Conductors T-20
Conversion Table T-21

T
TECHNICAL

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Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-1

 Technical
Types of Power Distribution Systems Selection

There are several basic considerations The low voltage service entrance circuit
which must be included by the system comes into the building through service
design engineer to select and design the entrance equipment and terminates at a
best power distribution system which will main switchgear assembly, switchboard or
supply power to both present and future panelboard. Feeder circuits are pro­vided to
loads most economically. Among these the loads or to other subswitchboards,
are: distribution cabinets, or panelboards.
Figure 1 shows the two forms of radial
b Safety
circuit arrangements most frequently
b Reliability used. Under normal operating conditions,
b Maintenance the entire load is served through the
b Flexibility single incoming supply circuit, and in the
case of high voltage service, through the
b Voltage Regulation transformer. A fault in the supply circuit,
b Initial Investment the transformer, or the main bus will
b Simplicity of Operation cause an interruption of service to all
The characteristics of electrical service loads. A fault on one of the feeder or
available at the building site, the types of branch circuits should be iso­lated from the Figure 3. Expanded Radial Systems
loads, the quality of service required, and rest of the system by the circuit protective individual Primary Feeder Protection
the size and configuration of building are device on that circuit. Under this
also important factors that will influence condition, continuity of service is making it possible to limit outages due to
system design and circuit arrangement. maintained for all loads except those a feeder or transformer fault to the loads
served from the faulted circuit. associated with the faulted equipment. If
Four basic circuit arrangements are used
for the distribution of electric power. They The need for continuity of service often circuit breakers are used for primary
are the radial, primary selective, secondary requires multiple paths of power supply as feeder protection, the cost of this system
selective, and secondary network circuit opposed to the single path of power will be high. Even if fused switches are
arrangements. The following discussion of supply in the radial system. used, the cost of the arrangement of
these circuit arrangements covers both Figure 3 will exceed the cost of the
the high-voltage and low-voltage circuits. arrangement of Figure 2.
The reader should recognize that the high- Primary Selective System
voltage circuits and substations may be
The circuit arrangement of Figure 4
owned by either the utility company or the
provides means of reducing both the
building owner, depending upon the
extent and duration of an outage caused
electric rates, the practice, and
by a primary feeder fault. This operating
requirements of the particular electric
feature is provided through the use of
utility serving the specific building site.
duplicate primary feeder circuits and load
Radial System interrupter switches that permit
If power is brought into a building at connection of each secondary substation
utilization voltage, the simplest and the transformer to either of the two primary
lowest cost means of distributing the feeder circuits. Each primary feeder circuit
power is to use a radial circuit must have sufficient capacity to carry the
arrangement. The radial system is the Figure 2. Expanded Radial System—Single total load in the building.
Primary Feeder
simplest that can be used, and has the
lowest system investment. It is suitable for
smaller installations where continuity of A fault in a primary feeder in the
service is not critical. arrangement shown in Figure 2 will cause
the main protective device to operate and
interrupt service to all loads. If the fault
were in a transformer, service could be
restored to all loads except those served
from that transformer. If the fault were in
a primary feeder, service could not be
restored to any loads until the source of
trouble had been eliminated. Since it is to
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be expected that more faults will occur on

the feeders than in the transformers, it
TECHNICAL

becomes logical to consider providing

individual circuit protection on the pri­mary Figure 4. Primary Selective Systems
feeders as shown in Figure 3. This
arrangement has the advantage of

Figure 1. Radial Systems

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Technical
Types of Power Distribution Systems Selection

Under normal operating conditions, the

appropriate switches are closed in an
attempt to divide the load equally
between the two primary feeder circuits.
Then, should a primary feeder fault occur,
there is an interruption of service to only
half of the load. Service can be restored to
all loads by switching the deenergized
transformers to the other primary feeder
circuit. The primary selective switches are
usually manually oper­ated and outage
time for half the load is determined by the
time it takes to accomplish the necessary
switching. An automatic throwover
switching arrangement could be used to
avoid the interruption of service to half the
load. However, the additional cost of the
automatic feature may not be justified in
many applications. If a fault occurs in a
secondary substation transformer, service Figure 5. Secondary Selective System Figure 6. Secondary Selective System
can be restored to all loads except those Using Close-Coupled Double-Ended Using Two Single-Ended Substations
served from the faulted transformer. Substation With Cable or Bus Tie
The higher degree of service continuity by essential loads that must be served distributed network or a spot network. If
afforded by the primary selective under emergency operating conditions. If the building demand is in the order of 750
arrangement is realized at a cost service is to be provided for all loads kVA or higher, a spot network will often be
somewhat higher than a simple radial under emergency conditions, then each established to serve the building. In
system due to the extra primary cables primary feeder should have sufficient buildings where a high degree of service
and switchgear. capacity to carry the total load, and each reliability is required, and where spot
transformer should be capable of carrying network supply may not be available, the
Secondary Selective System the total load in each substation. distributed secondary network system is
Under normal conditions, the secondary This type of system will be more often used. This is particularly true of
selective arrangement of Figure 5 is expensive than either the radial or primary institutional buildings such as hospitals.
operated as two separate radial systems. selective system, but it makes restoration The network may take the form of several
The secondary tie circuit breaker in each of service to all essential loads possible in secondary substations interconnected by
secondary substation is normally open. the event of either a primary feeder or low voltage circuits. However, the most
The load served from a secondary transformer fault. The higher cost results common practice is to use some form of
selective substation should be divided from the duplication of transformer the spot network circuit arrangement.
equally between the two bus sections. If a capacity in each secondary substation.
fault occurs on a primary feeder or in a This cost may be reduced by shedding
transformer, service is interrupted to all nonessential loads.
loads associated with the faulted feeder or A modification of the secondary selective
transformer. Service may be restored to all circuit arrangement is shown in Figure 6.
secondary buses by first opening the main In this arrangement there is only one
secondary switch or circuit breaker transformer in each secondary substation,
associated with the faulted transformer but adjacent substations are
and primary feeder, and then closing the interconnected in pairs by a normally open
tie breaker. The two transformer low voltage tie circuit. When the primary
secondary circuit breakers in each feeder or transformer supplying one
substation should be interlocked with the secondary substation bus is out of service,
secondary tie breaker in such a manner the essential loads on that substation bus
that all three cannot be in the closed can be supplied over the tie circuit. The
position simultaneously. This prevents operating aspects of this system are
parallel operation of the two transformers somewhat complicated if the two
and thereby minimizes the interrupting substations are separated by distance.
duty imposed on the secondary switching
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The best arrangement is to use close-

devices. It also eliminates the possibility of coupled, double-ended substations.
interrupting service to all loads on the bus
TECHNICAL

when a fault occurs in either a pri­mary Secondary Network System Figure 7. Simple Spot Network System
feeder or a transformer. Many buildings with radial distribution
The cost of the secondary selective systems are served at utilization voltage A simple spot network, such as shown in
system will depend upon the spare from utility secondary network systems. Figure 7, consists of two or more identical
capacity in the transformers and primary The network supply system assures a transformers supplied over separate
feeders. The minimum transformer and relatively high degree of service reliability. primary feeder circuits. The transformers
primary feeder capacity will be determined The utility network may take the form of a are connected to a common low voltage

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 Technical
Types of Power Distribution Systems Selection

bus through network protectors and are selective switching arrangement with
operated in parallel. A network protector each transformer, or by using three or
is an electrically operated power circuit more transformers. If the primary
breaker controlled by network relays in selective switching arrangement is used,
such a way that the circuit breaker the total load can be about 160 percent
automatically opens when power flows of the nameplate rating of one of the
from the low voltage bus toward the transformers. This produces an overload
transformer. When voltages in the on one transformer until such time as
system are such that power would flow the remaining transformer can be
toward the low voltage bus from the switched to the other feeder in the case
transformer, it will close automatically. of a primary feeder fault.
Network protectors are normally The interrupting duty imposed on the
equipped with relays which operate for low voltage protective devices in a spot
faults in the network transformer or high network substation is higher than in
voltage feeder only. The network is often radial, primary selective, or secondary
operated on the assumption that selective substations having the same
network failure will “burn” open. load capability because of the spare
Network protectors without transformer capacity required in the spot
supplementary protection do not meet network substation and because the
transformers are operated in parallel. Figure 9. Primary Selective Secondary
the requirements of the NEC for Network System
overcurrent, ground fault, or short circuit
protection. Protection of the network or various load buses. In normal operation,
collector bus may be added by providing the substations are about equally loaded
sensing devices, including ground fault and the current flowing in the tie circuits
detection, with tripping of the network is relatively small. However, if a network
protectors. The most common use of the protector opens to isolate a transformer
network protector, however, has been by on a primary feeder fault, the load on the
utilities in vaults where failure of the associated bus is then carried by the
network devices could cause damage adjacent network units and is supplied
limited to the vault. High integrity design over the tie circuits. This arrangement
involving wide phase separation and the provides for continuous power supply to
use of “catastrophe” fusing minimize the all low voltage load buses, even though a
danger and extent of a network failure. A primary feeder circuit or a transformer is
conventional circuit breaker with time taken out of service.
overcurrent and instantaneous trip In the network arrangement in Figure 9,
devices plus network relays can meet if there were three incoming primary
the NEC requirements. However, the full feeder circuits and three transformers,
reliability of the network may be the combined capacity of two of the
compromised since selectivity between transformers should be sufficient to carry
these devices is difficult to obtain. the entire load on the three substations
Under normal operating conditions, the Figure 8. Secondary Network System on the basis that only one feeder is out
total load connected to the bus is shared of service at one time. Generally, these
equally by the transformers. Should a The spare transformer capacity, the transformers would all have the same
fault occur in a transformer or on a pri­ network protectors, and the higher ratings. With this arrangement, as with
mary feeder, the network protector interrupting duty will make the secondary the spot network arrangement, a
associated with the faulted transformer network arrangement much more reduction in spare transformer capacity
or feeder will open on reverse power expensive than the other arrangements. can be achieved, if a primary selective
flow to isolate the fault from the low At the same time, these elements make switching arrangement is used at each
voltage bus. The remaining transformer the reliability of the network system substation transformer. However, if three
or transformers in the substation will greater than for the other system or more primary feeder circuits are
continue to carry the load and there will configurations. available, the reduction in transformer
be no interruption of service to the loads, The secondary network may also capacity achieved through the use of a
except for a voltage dip during the time take the form shown in Figure 8. primary selective arrangement may be
that it takes for the protective equipment In this arrangement there is only small.
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to operate. one transformer in each secondary Cable ties or busway ties, as shown in
If only two transformers are used in a substation, and the substations are Figures 8 and 9, will require careful
interconnected by normally closed
TECHNICAL

spot network substation, each consideration of load distribution during

transformer must be capable of carrying low voltage tie circuits. The tie circuits contingencies and of the safety aspects
the total load served from the low permit interchange of power between with regard to backfeeds. Key or other
voltage bus. The amount of spare substations to accommodate unequal mechanical interlocking of switches or
transformer capacity in the substation loading on the sub­stations and to provide circuit breakers may be essential.
can be reduced by using a primary multiple paths of power flow to the

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

The term “low magnitude” arcing ground

fault is a deceptive description of this
type fault. What is meant by this is
that the fault current magnitude is low
compared to that of a bolted fault. Even
so, the arc energy released at the point
of the fault can cause much damage and
may result in a fire. A ground fault is an
insulation failure between an energized
conductor and ground. A phase-to-ground
arcing fault, unlike a phase-to-phase
bolted fault, is a high-impedance type
fault. The factors that contribute to this
high impedance are the resistance of the
arc and the impedance of the return path.
This return path is usually metal conduit,
raceway, busway housing or switchboard
frames. Another contributing factor is the
spasmodic nature of the arc. The circuit
breaker or fuse protecting the circuit
detects the fault current, but the actual
ground fault current magnitude is ever
changing due to arc elongating blowout
effects, self-clearing attempts and arc
reignition.
These current limiting effects make the
circuit breaker or fuse incapable of
detecting the actual damage that is
occurring. This is not to imply that these
devices are inadequate. The problem is
one of system protection because the
circuit breaker must be adjusted (or fuse
size selected) so as to hold without
tripping under momentary overload
conditions, such as motor starting current
or transformer inrush current. Therefore,
the circuit breaker or fuse cannot open
quickly enough under relatively low
magnitude faults to limit the arcing Figure 10. Ground Fault Protection
damage.
Figure 10 illustrates the basic problem.
Shown is a typical distribution system by a traditional overcurrent devices. To no output from the ground sensor to the
with a 1600 ampere main service complete total protection of the system tripping relay because the vector sum of
entrance unit with a circuit breaker against all possible types of faults, other all the currents through the sensor
(single line “a”) or fused service means are utilized to detect ground fault window is zero.
protector (single line “b”). A ground fault currents, including:
(Ia + lb + Ic + In = 0)
of 1500 amperes on the bus would affect b Zero sequence method
but would not open either device. A 4000 If a ground fault occurs on the system,
b Source ground current (or ground there is now an additional current (Ig)
ampere ground fault would be cleared in return) method
approximately 35 seconds by the circuit seen by ground sensor which returns to
breaker and in 230 seconds by the fuse. b Residual connection method the source by a path other than through
To allow a fault of this magnitude to the sensor window. The sensor now
Zero Sequence Method sees an unbalance caused by Ig and
persist for this length of time would This is commonly used when ground
create more than 92,000 kW seconds of operates the ground relay which trips the
fault protection is provided for equipment circuit protector.
arc energy. As a result of tests made, it
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employing electromechanical trip

has been determined that an arc with a devices. The scheme uses a core balance (Ia + lb + lc + In = Ig)
value of 1050 kW seconds of energy type current transformer (ground sensor)
TECHNICAL

would vaporize about 1.0 cubic in. of The ground sensor is located
which encircles all phase conductors (and downstream from the point at which the
copper or 2.5 cubic in. of aluminum. neutral on four wire system) to detect
Obviously a fault of the magnitude system is grounded and can be mounted
ground faults. either on the line side or load side of the
shown in Figure 10 could cause a
considerable amount of damage. The operation of this system is such that main disconnect device. This method can
under normal operating conditions (eg., be used on incoming main disconnect or
The nature of low-level arcing ground no ground fault on the system) there is on feeders.
faults makes impractical their detection

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

Source Ground Current (or Ground

Return) Method
This method of detecting the ground
fault current Ig locates the ground
sensor on the neutral connection to
ground at the service entrance. This
means that the ground sensor only
detects ground fault current. This type of
detection has some limitations because
it is detecting the ground fault return
current. On multiple source systems
with multiple connections to ground, this
ground fault current can return by more
than one path, therefore, some
sensitivity in detecting these faults
Figure 11. Schematic for Zero Sequence
would be lost.

Residual Connection Method

Current sensors, one on each of the
phase conductors and on the neutral
conductors, are connected in common.
This common (or residual connection)
measures the vector summation of the
phase currents and the neutral current.
Under normal conditions, this vector
summation will be zero, and no current
will be applied to the ground relay.
If a fault involving ground occurs, the
current summation is not equal to zero.
Figure 12. Schematic for Source Ground Current
Current flows into common connection
which is applied to the relay. This
method of detecting ground fault current GFS = Ground Fault Sensor
is used in circuit breakers with electronic GFP = Ground Fault Protection
trip device. (Relay or Trip Unit)

Residual Ground Current

Sensing
3-Wire System
This system is used with electronic trip
units, and always includes three current
sensors mounted on the circuit breaker. Figure 13. Schematic for Residual Method
A trip element is connected in series
with each sensor to provide phase
overcurrent protection. By adding a
ground trip element in the residual
(neutral) circuit of the three current
sensors, it will sense ground fault current
only, and not load current. This permits
more sensitive settings to protect
against low magnitude ground faults.
This scheme is shown in Figure 14.
Under normal conditions, the vector sum
of the current in all of the phases equals
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zero. No current would flow in the GND

element, which is also true under the
TECHNICAL

condition of a phase-to-phase fault.

A phase-to-ground fault would cause a
current to flow in the GND trip element.
If the magnitude of this current exceeds
the pickup setting for the required time,
the trip unit will operate to trip the
Figure 14. Schematic for Ground Protection on 3-Wire Systems, Residual Sensing
breaker.

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

4-Wire System
To avoid false tripping, a fourth current
sensor is connected in the neutral
conductor to sense normal neutral
current. This fourth sensor is connected
so that it cancels the normal neutral
current which is developed in the residual
circuit as shown in Figure 15.
Under normal conditions, the vector sum
of the current in all phases equals the
neutral current. Disregarding the effects
of the neutral sensor connection, the
neutral current would flow through the
GND element. Since this is normal
neutral current, pickup of the GND
element is not desired. Therefore, the
neutral sensor is added to sense the
same neutral current as the GND sensor
— but opposite in polarity. The result is a
circulating current between the phase
sensing current sensors and the neutral
sensor, with no current flowing through
the GND sensor. This is similar to a Figure 15. Schematic for Ground Protection on 4-Wire Systems, Residual Sensing
differential relay circuit. When a phase-to-
ground fault occurs, the vector sum of fault current returns via the ground bus current exceeds the pickup setting of the
the phase currents will no longer equal and bypasses the neutral. If the GND element for the required time, the
the neutral current because the ground magnitude of the phase-to-ground trip unit will operate to open the breaker.

Types Of Coordinated Ground Fault Tripping Systems

There are two types of Coordinated interlocking wiring between the GFP send a restraining signal to the upstream
Ground Fault Systems: devices associated with main feeder and device and transfer that device to a time-
branch disconnecting devices. delay tripping mode. The upstream time-
b Time / Current Selective
Figure 16, on the next page, illustrates delay tripping characteristic selected
b Zone Selective (Zone Interlock) should be such that the downstream
time / current selective coordination in a
system involving a 4000 ampere main disconnect will open and clear the circuit
Time / Current Selective circuit breaker and a 1600 ampere feeder before the upstream disconnect tripping
circuit breaker in an incoming service mechanism is actuated. The time-current
In this system the time / current
switchboard. These feed a distribution characteristic of the upstream device
characteristics of the Ground Fault
switchboard with a 600 ampere sub­ should be such as to offer backup
Protection (GFP) devices used with each
feeder to a 100 ampere branch breaker. protection in the event of malfunction of
disconnect are coordinated so that the
The system is coordinated so that only the downstream equipment.
nearest disconnect supplying the ground
fault location will open. Any upstream the circuit breaker nearest the location of Alternatively, a restraining signal from a
disconnects remain closed and continue the ground fault trips. downstream device may be used to
to supply the remaining load current. Each prevent the tripping of an upstream
set of GFP devices should have a Zone Selective (Zone Interlock) disconnect on ground fault instead of
specified time-current operating In this system each disconnecting means causing it to operate in the time-delay
characteristic. When disconnects are should open as quickly as possible when tripping mode. This may be done where
connected in series, each downstream a ground fault occurs in the zone where backup protection is less important than
device should use a time-current setting this disconnect is the nearest supply continuity of service to critical loads
that will cause it to open and clear the source. supplied by the upstream unit. There are
circuit before any upstream disconnect The GFP device for an upstream very few instances in which this is
tripping mechanism is actuated. The time- disconnecting means should have at least justified, and a careful study of the entire
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current bands of disconnects in series two modes of operation. If a ground fault system should be made before using this
must not overlap and must be separated occurs between it and the nearest type of interlocking.
TECHNICAL

from each other sufficiently to allow for downstream disconnect, it should operate For a zone selective system, the time-
the clearing time of each disconnecting in its fast tripping mode. current bands of disconnects in series,
means used. The time / current selective When a ground fault occurs beyond the although used only for backup protection,
system is recommended for applications downstream disconnect, the downstream should not overlap and should be
where damage levels associated with the GFP device should open in its fast separate from each other sufficiently to
time / current settings used are tolerable. tripping mode and simultaneously allow for the opening time of each
This type of system does not require disconnecting means used.

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

Time/Current Selective Ground Coordination

Figure 17. Zone Interlocking Scheme

Zone Selective Operation (Figure 17):

a) Relay-1 will sense a ground fault at
A when it exceeds 10 amperes. It
will instantly initiate tripping of the
Branch breaker and send restraining
signals (transfer from instantaneous
operation to time-delayed operation)
to Relay-2 and Relay-3 (Relay-2 and
Relay-3 will then back up Relay-1 on
a time coordinated basis). Relay-4
will be restrained by Relay-2 if
ground fault exceeds 100 amperes.
b) Relay-2 will sense a ground fault at
B when it exceeds 100 amperes. It
will instantly initiate tripping of the
Sub-Feeder breaker and send
restraining signals to Relay-3 and
Relay-4.
c) Relay-3 will sense a ground fault at
Figure 16. Fully Coordinated Multizone GFP System
C when it exceeds 400 amperes. It
­ he zone selective or zone interlock
T The zone selective or zone interlock will instantly initiate tripping of the
system provides fast tripping of the scheme is for those few special Feeder breaker and send a
nearest disconnect upstream of the applications where exceptionally fast restraining signal to Relay-4.
ground fault. The damage level is the tripping is necessary for all feeders d) Relay-4 will sense a ground fault at
lowest that is possible because the throughout the entire system to reduce D when it exceeds 800 amperes. It
ground fault is cleared as quickly as the damage. Note that although the relay will instantly initiate tripping of the
protective equipment can respond and time can be reduced appreciably, the Main breaker.
the disconnect can open. Additional circuit breaker mechanism and arcing
interlocking wiring and circuity for time (plus safety margin) will still be
sending and receiving the restraining present.
signals are required.
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TECHNICAL

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

Typical Application Diagrams means can be utilized, providing it is and ground return sensors provide
Figures 18 through 23 on this and the suitable for use with a ground fault protection only on the load side of associ­
facing page show the basic methods of protection system as indicated in the ated disconnects. If a vector summation
applying ground fault protection (GFP). scope of this application guide. The method is used and its sensors are
Other types of distribution systems will examples do not show protection against located on load side of a disconnect, the
require variations of these methods to a ground fault on the supply side of the zone between a source and actual sensor
satisfy other system conditions. main disconnect. location becomes the responsibility of
Sensing device and disconnect locations the next upstream protective device.
These diagrams show circuit breakers as
the disconnects. Any disconnecting define zones of protection. Source side

Table 17.2 Recommendations for Figures 18-23

Ground Additional
Fault Ground Recommended
Protection Figure Sensing Method Points Use Selectivity
On Main
18 Vector Must not be downstream. Limited selectivity depends
Minimum protection only per
Disconnect Only Summation May be upstream on location of fault and rating
Section 230-95 for the of overcurrent devices on the
19 Ground Return None National Electric Code upstream side of fault.
On Main and Must not be downstream of
Feeder Main and Feeders– main ground fault sensor. Main will allow feeder to trip
Disconnects 20 Vector Summation Improved service continuity for faults downstream of
May be upstream.
is required feeder sensors, but main will
Main – Ground Return trip if feeder fails to operate.
21 None
Feeders – Vector
Summation
Main and feeder 1-3 will
On Main, Feeder, provide delayed backup
and Selected Improved service continuity
Main and feeders 1-3 – Must not be downstream of and minimum arcing fault protection if fault is
Branch Vector Summation downstream of MCC branch
Disconnects with 22 main ground fault sensor. damage are required and
MCC branch feeder A – May be upstream. protection is needed on feeder A. Main will provide
Zone Selective Zero Sequence delayed backup protection if
Interlocking branch circuits. fault is downstream of sensors
for feeders 1-3. Main will trip
on fastest curve if fault is
upstream of sensors for
feeders 1-3.
Double-Ended When operating with tie
System with disconnect open, main will
Protection on provide delayed backup
Main and On Tie Double-ended systems with
Main and Tie – Ground ground fault protection on protection if fault is
and Feeder Return downstream from feeder
Disconnects 23 None tie disconnect where
Feeders – Vector maximum continuity of sensors. When operating
Summation service is essential. with the tie disconnect
closed, the tie will trip before
the main, thus sectionalizing
the bus.

Ground Fault Protection on Main Disconnects Only

Figure 18 Figure 19
TECHNICAL

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 Technical
Ground Fault Protection Selection

Ground Fault Protection on Main and Feeder Disconnects

Figure 20 Figure 21

Ground Fault Protection on Main, Feeder and Selected Double-Ended System with Ground Fault Protection on
Branch Disconnects with Zone Selective Interlocking Main and on Tie and Feeder Disconnects

Note: Interlocking
Supplementary interlocking is
required but will vary depending
on equipment used.

Figure 22 Figure 23
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TECHNICAL

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 Technical
Overcurrent Protection and Coordination Selection

Coordination of a power distribution plotted on standard log-log coordination where possible. Selective coordination is
system requires that circuit protective paper to facilitate the coordination study. usually obtained in low voltage systems
devices be selected and set so that when the log-log plot of time / current
electrical disturbances, such as over-loads Mechanics Of Achieving Coordination: characteristics displays a clear space
or short circuits, will be cleared promptly The process of achieving coordination between the characteristics of the
by isolating the faulted equipment with among protective devices in series is protective devices operating in series,
minimum service disruption of the essentially one of selecting individual units that is, no overlap should exist between
distribution system. Time / Current to match particular circuit or equipment any two time/current characteristics if
Characteristic Curves are available for protection requirements, and of plotting full selective coordination is to be
circuit protective devices, such as circuit the time/current characteristic curves of obtained. Allow­ance must be made for
breakers and fuses, which show how these devices on a single overlay sheet of relay overtravel and for relay and fuse
quickly they will operate at various values log-log coordination paper. curve accuracy. Quite often the
of overload and short circuit current. The achievement of coordination is a trial- coordination study will stop at a point
Coordination can be obtained by and-error routine in which the various short of complete selective coordination
comparing these curves for each device in time / current characteristic curves of the because a compromise must be made
series in the system. series array of devices are matched one between the competing objectives of
In developing the system, it will be noted against another on the graph plot. maximum protection and maximum
that many compromises must be made service continuity.
When selecting protective devices one
between the various objectives: must recognize ANSI and NEC Computer Aided Coordination:
1. System reliability. requirements and adhere to the limiting The philosophy discussed above applies
2. Continuity of service. factors of coordination such as load to the “classical” practice of performing
3. Equipment and system protection. current, short-circuit current, and motor coordination studies manually. Today,
4. Coordination of protective devices. starting. The protective devices selected however, there are numerous personal
5. System cost. must operate within these boundaries computer software programs available
Preliminary steps in Coordination study: while providing selective coordination for performing coordination studies.
A) One-line diagram: used as a base on
which to record pertinent data and
information regarding relays, circuit
breakers, fuses, current transformers, and
operating equipment while at the same
time, providing a convenient
representation of the relationship of circuit
protective devices with one another.
B) Short-circuit study: record all applicable
impedances and ratings; using these
values, a short-circuit study is made to
determine currents available at any
particular point in the system.
C) Determine maximum load currents
which will exist under normal operating
conditions in each of the power-system
circuits, the transformer magnetizing
inrush currents, and times, and the
starting currents, and accelerating times of
large motors. These values will determine
the maximum currents which circuit
protective devices must carry without
operating. The upper boundary of current
sensitivity will be determined by the
smallest values resulting from the
following considerations:
1) Maximum available short-circuit
current obtained by calculation.
T

2) Requirements of applicable codes

and standards for the protection of
equipment such as cable, motors,
TECHNICAL

and transformers.
3) Thermal and mechanical limitations
of equipment.
D) Time / current characteristic curves of
all the protective devices to be coordi­
nated must be obtained. These should be Figure 24. Coordination of Example System

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-11

 Technical
System Analysis Selection

General 4. Load Flow Studies: calculate volt- component. Hence, the total fault current
Proper system design requires that the ages, phase angles, real and reactive is asymmetric with respect to the current
system be coordinated so the interrupting power, line and transformer loadings axis. The value of the DC component
capacity and / or short circuit withstand under simulated conditions to aid in depends on the point of the voltage wave
capabilities of the various components in determining the performance of a at which the fault was initiated. For
the system are not exceeded for any new or revamped system during the system studies, it is assumed that the
operating situation. Good practice also planning stage. fault is initiated at the worst point, to
requires that the system be selective, that 5. Motor Starting Studies: determine produce a “fully offset” fault current. This
is, that the minimum portion of the severity of voltage dips and adequacy is illustrated in Figure 25.
system be inter­rupted on occurrence of a of load accelerating torque when start- Short circuit currents are determined by
fault. The need for selectivity must always ing large motors on a weak system. the system impedance, including both
be balanced against the requirements of reactance and resistance. The effect of
Today, most studies are performed using
economics and coordination with the the reactance is to cause the initial fault
computers. Some specialized studies
overall process needs. current to be high, with the fault current
require large computing resources, but
At the conceptual phase of a project, many studies can now be performed on declining as time proceeds. This is
several distribution system alternatives personal computers. A wide variety of represented as the summation of a DC
should be considered, and examined both software packages are available. In component which decays relatively
technically and economically. This study addition, many specialty firms exist which rapidly over time, and an AC component,
should include sufficient detail for a provide engineering service to perform which decays at a slower rate. The rate of
thorough understanding of the system such studies. decay of the components depends on the
alternatives. The conceptual study should system X / R ratio.
determine the optimal distribution system Short Circuit Calculations Since the reactance of rotating machines
configuration for the project, on which The single-line diagram serves as the varies with the time from fault initiation,
definitive design can proceed. starting point for the system study and the short circuit calculations must use the
At all stages of design, the principal selection of equipment ratings. The appropriate machine reactance values.
objectives of personnel safety, equipment single-line must be modified to show all Subtransient reactance (X”d) governs
protection, process continuity, fault power sources and capacities, and current flow for approximately the first 6
clearing, and service continuity should be system impedances. Sources of short cycles of a fault. Then, transient
considered. circuit current include utility connections, reactance (X’d) determines current flow
local generation, and all rotating machines up to around 30-120 cycles, depending on
In designing a new or modified
connected to the system at the instant the machine. After this, synchronous
distribution system, the following types of
the fault occurs. The system study should reactance (Xd) applies, but studies
system studies may be needed:
consider various fault types (line-to-line seldom use this value as faults are not
1. Short Circuit Studies: three phase, and line-to-ground) and fault locations. usually allowed to persist for this length
line-to-line, and line-to-ground faults of time.
The value of normal load current in a
can be calculated for both close-and-
circuit depends on the load connected, For transformers, the actual tested value
latch and interrupting conditions,
and is essentially independent of the of the transformer impedance is used. If
necessary for checking interrupting
capacity of the power system. On the this is not available, use design
device and related equipment ratings,
other hand, the short circuit current impedance adjusted to the minimum
and setting protective devices.
depends almost entirely on the capacity value allowed by manufacturing tolerance
2. Circuit Breaker Application Studies: of the power system, not the size of the of +– 7.5%. For example, a 5.75% design
consider the AC and DC decrements load. unit has a tolerance range of 5.32-6.18%,
in the fault current, and the speed of and 5.32% would be used in a system
The total fault current consists of a
the various medium voltage circuit study prior to manufacture.
symmetrical AC component,
breakers, to determine close-and-latch
superimposed on a DC (offset)
and interrupting duties.
3. Protective Device Coordination
Studies: determine characteristics
and settings of protective devices,
e.g., relays, trip devices, fuses, etc.
The coordination study should provide
a balance between protection of
system equipment and continuity
of service.
T
TECHNICAL

Figure 25. Structure of Asymmetrical Current Wave (Fully Offset)

T-12 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog

 Technical
Current Limiting Circuit Breaker Technology Selection

Fuseless Current Limiting The Sentron circuit breakers use the

Circuit Breakers “blow-apart” contact principle to
The technology of Siemens Sentron® accomplish current limitation. This
fuseless current limiting circuit breakers principle is based on the electro-magnetic
was developed to meet the demands of repulsion of adjacent conductors which
modern distribution systems. It is carry current in opposite directions.
not uncommon for today’s systems to The contact arms are arranged to create
have prospective short circuit currents opposing magnetic fields. As fault current
approaching 200,000 amperes. Users rises, magnetic repulsion forces the
demanded the protection and flexibility contacts to separate completely. The
afforded by circuit breakers, without higher the fault current, the faster this
the nuisance and expense of fuse “blow-apart” action occurs.
replacement.
As figure 27 illustrates, the energy let-
Underwriters Laboratories, in UL489- through with the current limiting Sentron
2.4A, defines a fuseless current limiting circuit breaker is decreased significantly.
circuit breaker as one that “does not This provides better protection for
employ a fusible element, and that when downstream equipment, and reduces
operating within its current-limiting range, damage.
limits the let-through l2t to a value less
than the l2t of a half-cycle wave of the Figure 26. Reduction of l2t Let-Through Applications and Ratings
symmetrical prospective current.” with Current-Limiting Technology Sentron current limiting circuit breakers
l2t is an expression which allows are designed for use in load centers,
comparison of the energy available as a power panelboards, distribution
result of fault current flow. As used in switchboards, secondary unit
current limiting discussions, l 2t refers to substations, and all types of individual
the energy released between the initiation enclosures where the available fault
of the fault current and the clearing of the currents exceed the interrupting ratings
circuit. of heavy duty and extra-heavy duty
Figure 26 relates the “prospective l2t” to molded case circuit breakers.
the energy allowed by a Sentron current Sentron circuit breakers have ratings of
limiting circuit breaker, or “let-through 15 through 1600 amperes, 240 through
l2t”. The upper curve represents the 600 volts AC, with up to 200,000
maximum I2 the circuit can produce, symmetrical amperes interrupting rating.
unaltered by the presence of any
protective device. The lower curve
illustrates the reduction in energy
allowed when Sentron current limiting
circuit breakers are used. Figure 27. Current Limitation

Figure 27 illustrates how the Sentron

circuit breaker limits the energy under
fault conditions. The upper curve
illustrates the first half-cycle wave of
prospective fault current. To qualify as
truly current limiting, the circuit breaker
must prevent the current value from
reaching the maximum value that it
would reach if the circuit breaker were
not connected in the circuit.
T
TECHNICAL

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-13

 Technical
Series-Connected Combination Ratings Selection

Series-Connected Rating In a series-connected system, however, With the advent of fuseless current
A series-connected rating can be assigned the individual components (or circuit limiting circuit breakers such as Sentron,
to a combination of compo­nents — breakers) have already been tested in another important development in series-
typically circuit breakers — which has series and the combination has been connected combinations has emerged.
been tested in combination to a higher given an interrupting rating equal to or Because of the fuseless current limiting
interrupting rating than that of the lowest greater than various prospective fault circuit breaker’s extremely fast interrupting
rated protective device of the currents which are available. The capability, this device provides more
combination. These ratings must be combination, therefore, acts as a single control over high prospective fault
substantiated by extensive UL testing. entity, and performs the same protective currents than traditional series-connected
function as individual circuit breakers in systems.
General the traditional method. The difference is The concept behind using fuseless current
Article 110.9 of the 2011 National that combinations in series-connected limiting circuit breakers as a component in
Electrical Code states the following: systems contain devices with lower a series-connected system is twofold: (1)
“Equipment intended to interrupt current interrupting ratings. higher interrupting ratings, and (2)
at fault levels shall have an interrupting Siemens circuit breakers used in series increased control over peak current (ip) and
rating not less than the nominal circuit combinations which have passed energy let-through (I2t).
voltage and the current that is available extensive tests required by Underwriters
at the line terminals of the equipment. For example, a current limiting circuit
Laboratories are listed in the UL breaker is placed at the side closest to the
Equipment intended to interrupt current Recognized Component Directory
at other than fault levels shall have an source of power and rated according to
according to manufacturer’s name and the prospective fault current available at
interrupting rating at nominal circuit type. The listing means that such circuit
voltage not less than the current that the line-side terminals. In effect, doing this
breakers are UL Recognized for the series places a “shroud of protection” over the
must be interrupted.” interrupting ratings as noted in the downstream components. Because of the
The difference between the phrases “at Directory, and that they can be used as an inherent high interrupting capability of the
fault levels” and “at other than fault entity to meet Article 110.9 of the NEC. current limiting circuit breaker, the breaker
levels” is the part of the Code which Using the previous example, if the itself meets or exceeds the prospective
makes series-connected systems prospective fault current at the line short circuit current. Because of its current
possible. For example, the traditional terminals of the panelboard is 100,000 limiting action the prospective I2t never
method of satisfying the Code was to amperes RMS symmetrical, the series- reaches downstream components. This is
select each breaker in the series with an connected method would involve illustrated in Figure 29.
interrupting rating equal to or greater than selecting a specific combination from the
the prospective fault current. The It is important to recognize that the
UL Recognized Component Directory with current limiting circuit breaker be an
interrupting rating of a circuit breaker — a rating of 100,000 amperes RMS
stated in RMS symmetrical amperes — is individual component in a UL tested
symmetrical or greater interrupting combination, and that it is the combination
the amount of short circuit current the capacity. That combination might include
device can safely interrupt and continue to itself — current limiting circuit breaker
individual components which have lower plus other circuit breakers — that forms
function as a circuit breaker. individual interrupting ratings than 100,000 entity specified in day-to-day applications.
Thus, if the prospective fault current at the amperes RMS symmetrical.
line terminals of a panelboard is 100,000A For specific series-connected
However, all the components in the combinations that have met UL
RMS symmetrical, this traditional method combination have been tested together
would require that all the circuit breakers requirements and are listed in the UL
and form an entity that will safety interrupt Recognized Component Directory, check
within the panelboard be rated at the prospective fault current of the
100,000A RMS symmetrical or greater with your local Siemens sales office listed
particular situation being examined as long on the back cover. Since the Directory is
interrupting capacity. This is illustrated in as the interrupting rating listed matches
Figure 28. In the traditional system, both updated every six months, please check
the prospective fault current. for additional combinations which may
the main and the feeder breaker are
subjected to several short circuit peaks. have been tested and approved.
T
TECHNICAL

Figure 28 — Without Current Limiting Figure 29 — Series-Connected Protective Scheme With Current
Limiting Main Circuit Breaker

T-14 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog

 Technical
Harmonics / K-factor Ratings Selection

Non-Linear Loads
Voltage of Current Waveform for Linear Loads (Sine Wave)
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a
linear load, the resultant current
waveform takes on the shape of a sine
wave as well. Typical linear loads are
resistive heating and induction motors.
In contrast, a non-linear load either:
b Draws current during only part of the
cycle and acts as an open circuit for
the balance of the cycle,
or
b Changes the impedance during the
cycle, hence the resultant waveform is
distorted and no longer conforms to a Typical Current Waveform of Switching Power Supply
pure sine wave shape
In recent years, the use of electronic
equipment has mushroomed in both
offices and industrial plants. These
electronic devices are powered by
switching power supplies or some type
of rectifier circuit. Examples of these
devices used in offices are: computers,
fax machines, copiers, printers, cash
registers, UPS systems, and solid-state
ballasts. In indus­trial plants, one will find
other electronic devices such as variable
speed drives, HID lighting, solid-state A Non-Linear Current and Its Fundamental, Plus 3rd and 5th Harmonic Components
starters and solid-state instruments. They
all contribute to the distortion of the
current waveform and the generation of
harmonics. As the use of electronic
equipment increases and it makes up a
larger portion of the electrical load, many
concerns are raised about its impact on
the electrical power supply system.

Harmonics
As defined by ANSI / IEEE Std. 519-1992,
harmonic components are represented
by a periodic wave or quantity having a
frequency that is an integral multiple of
the fundamental frequency. Harmonics
are voltages or currents at frequencies
that are integer multiples of the
fundamental (60 Hz) frequency: 120 Hz,
180 Hz, 240 Hz, 300 Hz, etc. Harmonics
are designated by their harmonic number, Figure 30 — Effect of Harmonics on Current Waveform
or multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Thus, a harmonic with a frequency of 180 gen­erated by the non-linear load. Total Therefore, it is the percentage amount of
Hz (three times the 60 Hz fundamental Harmonic Distortion (THD) is calculated odd harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th ,..., 25th,...)
frequency) is called the 3rd harmonic. as the square root of the sum of the present in the load which can affect the
Harmonics superimpose themselves on squares of all harmonics divided by the transformer, and this condition is called a
the fundamental waveform, distorting it normal 60 Hz value. “Non-Linear Load” or “Non-Sinusoidal
and changing its magnitude. For instance, Load”. To determine what amount of
T

when a sine wave voltage source is harmonic content is present, a K-Factor

applied to a non-linear load connected calculation is made instead of using the
TECHNICAL

from a phase-leg to neutral on a 3-phase, THD formula. The total amount of

4-wire branch circuit, the load itself will harmonics will determine the percentage
draw a current wave made up of the of non-linear load, which can be specified
60 Hz fundamental frequency of the with the appropriate K-Factor rating.
voltage source, plus 3rd and higher order This yields an RMS value of distortion as
odd harmonic (multiples of the 60 Hz a percentage of the fundamental 60 Hz
fundamental frequency), which are all waveform.

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-15

 Technical
Harmonics / K-factor Ratings Selection

Typical Symptoms of Harmonic Sizing Transformers for Non-Linear

Problems Loads 2. Multiply the kVA of each load or load
b Distribution / lighting transformers ANSI / IEEE C57.110-2008 has a category times the Index of Load
overheating even when measured load procedure for de-rating standard K-rating (ILK) that corresponds to the
current is within transformer rating distribution transformers for non-linear assigned K-factor rating. This result is
Neutral cable / bus overheating even loading. However this is not the only an indexed kVA-ILK value.
b
with balanced load approach. A transformer with the KVA x ILK = kVA-ILK.
appropriate K-Factor specifically designed
b Fuses blowing and circuit breakers for non-linear loads can be specified. 3. Tabulate the total connected load kVA
tripping at currents within rating for all load categories to be supplied.
K-Factors 4. Next, add-up the kVA-ILK values for all
Effect Of Harmonics On Transformers
K-Factor is a ratio between the additional loads or load categories to be supplied
Non-sinusoidal current generates extra losses due to harmonics and the eddy by the transformer.
losses and heating of transformer coils losses at 60 Hz. It is used to specify
thus reducing efficiency and shortening 5. Divide the grand total kVA-ILK value by
transformers for non-linear loads. Note the total kVA load to be supplied. This
the life expectancy of the transformer. that K-Factor transformers do not
Coil losses increase with the higher will give an average ILK for that combi-
eliminate harmonic distortion; they nation of loads. Total kVA-ILK/ Total
harmonic frequencies due to higher eddy withstand the non-linear load condition
current loss in the conductors. kVA = average ILK.
without overheating.
Furthermore, on a balanced linear power 6. From Table 17.7 find the K-factor rating
system, the phase currents are 120 Calculating K-Factor Loads whose ILK is equal to or greater than
degrees out of phase and offset one 1. List the kVA value for each load the calculated ILK.
another in the neutral conductor. But with category to be supplied. Next, assign a
the “Triplen” harmonics (multiple of 3) K-factor designation that corresponds
the phase currents are in phase and they to the relative level of harmonics
are additive in this neutral conductor. This drawn by each type of load. Refer to
may cause installations with non-linear Table 17.7.
loads to double either the size or number
of neutral conductors.
Table 17.7 Estimating K-Factor Loads
Table 17.5 K-Factor Ratings Description K-Factor ILK
Non- Total K- Incandescent Lighting
Type Linear Linear Factor
Load Electric Resistance Heating
Load Load Valve Motors (without solid state drives)
Control Transformers / Electromagnetic Control Devices K1 0.00
K4 100% 50% 4.0
Motor-Generators (without solid state drives)
K13 100% 100% 13.0 Standard Distribution Transformers

K20 100% 125% 20.0 Electric Discharge Lighting (HID)

UPS with Optional Input Filter
K30 100% 150% 30.0 Welders K4 25.82
Induction Heating Equipment
PLCs and Solid State Controls
Measurement of Harmonics
For existing installations, the extent of Telecommunications Equipment (PBX)
UPS without Input Filtering K13 57.74
the harmonics can be measured with Multiwire Receptacle Circuits in General Care Areas of Health Care Facilities,
appropriate instruments commonly Schools, etc.
Multiwire Receptacle Circuits Supplying Testing Equipment on an Assembly Line
referred to as “Power Harmonic
Main-Frame Computer Loads
Analyzers”. This service is offered by Solid State Motor Drives (variable speed drives) K20 80.94
many consulting service organizations. Multiwire Receptacle Circuits in Critical Care Areas in Hospitals
For new construction, such information Multiwire Receptacle Circuits in Industrial, Medical and Educational Laboratories
may not be obtainable. For such Multiwire Receptacle Circuits in Commercial Office Spaces K30 123.54
Small Main-Frames (mini and micro)
situations, it is best to assume the worse
Typical loads and K-Factor values for estimating purposes only.
case condition based on experience with
the type and mix of loads.
T
TECHNICAL

T-16 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog

 Technical
General

Table 1
NEC Table 310.15(B)(16) (formerly Table 310.16) Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors Rated Up to and Including
2000 Volts, 60°C Through 90°C (140°F Through 194°F), Not More Than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in Raceway,
Cable, or Earth (Directly Buried), Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C (86°F)a
Aluminum Conductors
Copper Conductors Copper-Clad Aluminum Conductors
60°C 75°C 90°C 60°C 75°C 90°C
Size (140°F) (167°F) (194°F) (140°F) (167°F) (194°F) Size
Types Types Types Types Types Types
TBS TBS,
SA SA, SIS,
SIS THHN
AWG RHW FEP RHW THHW AWG
Kcmil THW FEPB THHW THW-2, THWN-2, Kcmil
THWN RHH THW RHH, RHW-2
XHHW THHN THWN USE-2
TW USE THHW TW XHHW XHH, XHHW
UF ZW XHHW UF USE XHHW-2, ZW-2
0018 — — 014 — — — —
0016 — — 018 — — — —
0014 b
015 020 025 — — — —
0012 b
020 025 030 015 020 a
025 12
a

0010 b 030 035 040 025 030 a 035 a 10

0008 040 050 055 035 040 045 8
0006 055 065 075 040 050 055 6
0004 070 085 095 055 065 075 4
0003 085 100 115 065 075 085 3
0002 095 115 130 075 090 100 2
0001 110 130 145 085 100 115 1
00001⁄0 125 150 170 100 120 135 00001⁄0
00002⁄0 145 175 195 115 135 150 00002⁄0
00003⁄0 165 200 225 130 155 175 00003⁄0
00004⁄0 195 230 260 150 180 205 00004⁄0
250 215 255 290 170 205 230 250
300 240 285 320 195 230 260 300
350 260 310 350 210 250 280 350
400 280 335 380 225 270 305 400
500 320 380 430 260 310 350 500
600 350 420 475 285 340 385 600
700 385 460 520 315 375 425 700
750 400 475 535 320 385 435 750
800 410 490 555 330 395 440 800
900 435 520 585 355 425 480 900
1000 455 545 615 375 445 500 1000
1250 495 590 665 405 485 545 1250
1500 525 625 705 435 520 585 1500
1750 545 650 735 455 545 615 1750
2000 555 665 750 470 560 630 2000

Table 2
Correction Factors for Ambient Temperature Over 30°C (86°F) Based on NEC Table 310.15(B)(2)(A)
Ambient For ambient temperature over 30°C, (86°F) multiply the ampacities shown above by the appropriate factor Ambient
Temperature°C shown below. Temperature°F
10 or less 1.29 1.20 1.15 1.29 1.20 1.15 50 or less
11-15 1.22 1.15 1.12 1.22 1.15 1.12 51-59
16-20 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.15 1.11 1.08 60-68
21–25 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.04 69–77
26–30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 78–86
31–35 .91 .94 .96 .91 .94 .96 87–95
36–40 .82 .88 .91 .82 .88 .91 96–104
41–45 .71 .82 .87 .71 .82 .87 105–113
46–50 .58 .75 .82 .58 .75 .82 114–122
T

51–55 .41 .67 .76 .41 .67 .76 123–131

56–60 — 0.58 .71 — 0.58 .71 132–140
61-65 — 0.47 0.65 — 0.47 0.65 141-149
TECHNICAL

66-70 — 0.33 0.58 — 0.33 0.58 150-158

71-75 — — 0.50 — — 0.50 159-167
76-80 — — 0.41 — — 0.41 168-176
81-85 — — 0.29 — — 0.29 177-185

aRefer
to 310.15(B)(2) for the ampacity correction factors bReferto 240.4(D) for conductor overcurrent protection
where the ambient temperature is other than 30°C (86°F) limitations.

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-17

 Technical
General

Table 4A Table 4B Table 4C

Motor Full-Load Currents of Three Motor Full-Load Currents Motor Full-Load Currents
Phase AC Induction Type Motors a In Amperes, Single Phase, AC In Amperes, DC
Motor Horsepower 115V 230V Horsepower 120V 240V
Rating Current in Amperes
001⁄6 4.4 2.2 001⁄4 3.1 1.6
Horsepower 208V 230V 460V 575V 001⁄4 5.8 2.9 001⁄3 4.1 2.0
0001⁄4 1.11 .96 .48 .38 001⁄3 7.2 3.6 001⁄2 5.4 2.7
001⁄2 9.8 4.9 003⁄4 7.6 3.8
0001⁄3 1.34 1.18 .59 .47 003⁄4 13.8 6.9
0001⁄2 2.4 2.2 1.1 .9 01 9.5 4.7
01 16 8 011⁄2 13.2 6.6
0003⁄4 3.5 3.2 1.6 1.3 011⁄2 20 10
02 17 8.5
02 24 12
001 4.6 4.2 2.1 1.7 03 25 12.2
03 34 17
0011⁄2 6.6 6 3 2.4 05 56 28 05 40 20
002 7.5 6.8 3.4 2.7 071⁄2 80 40 071⁄2 58 29
10 100 50 10 76 38
003 10.6 9.6 4.8 3.9
005 16.7 15.2 7.6 6.1
0071⁄2 24.2 22.0 11.0 9.0
Table 4D
010 30.8 28.0 14.0 11.0 Conversion Table of Polyphase Design B, C, D, and E Maximum Locked-Rotor
015 46.2 42.0 21.0 17.0 Currents for Selection of Disconnecting Means and Controllers as Determined
020 59.4 54 27 22 from Horsepower and Voltage Rating and Design Letter For use only with
025 74.8 68 34 27
Sections 430-110, 440-12, 440-41, and 455-8(c) of the National Electric Code.
030 88 80 40 32 Maximum Motor Locked-Rotor Current Amperes
Two and Three Phase Design B, C, D, and E
040 114 104 52 41
Rated 115 Volts 200 Volts 208 Volts 230 Volts 460 Volts 575 Volts
050 143 130 65 52 HP B, C, D E B, C, D E B, C, D E B, C, D E B, C, D E B, C, D E
060 169 154 77 62 000 ⁄2
1
40 40 23 23 22.1 22.1 20 20 10 10 8 8
075 211 192 96 77 0003⁄4 50 50 28.8 28.8 27.6 27.6 25 25 12.5 12.5 10 10
001 60 60 34.5 34.5 33 33 30 30 15 15 12 12
100 273 248 124 99 001 ⁄2
1
80 80 46 46 44 44 40 40 20 20 16 16
125 343 312 156 125 002 100 100 57.5 57.5 55 55 50 50 25 25 20 20
150 396 360 180 144 003 —0 —0 73.6 84 71 81 64 73 32 36.5 25.6 29.2
200 528 480 240 192 005 —0 —0 105.8 140 102 135 92 122 46 61 36.8 48.8
007 ⁄2
1
—0 —0 146 210 140 202 127 183 63.5 91.5 50.8 73.2
250 —0 —0 302 242
010 —0 —0 186.3 259 179 249 162 225 81 113 64.8 90
300 —0 —0 361 289 015 —0 —0 267 388 257 373 232 337 116 169 93 135
350 —0 —0 414 336 020 —0 —0 334 516 321 497 290 449 145 225 116 180
025 —0 —0 420 646 404 621 365 562 183 281 146 225
400 —0 —0 477 382
030 —0 —0 500 775 481 745 435 674 218 337 174 270
450 —0 —0 515 412 040 —0 —0 667 948 641 911 580 824 290 412 232 330
500 —0 —0 590 472 050 —0 —0 834 1185 802 1139 725 1030 363 515 290 412
060 —0 —0 1001 1421 962 1367 870 1236 435 618 348 494
075 —0 —0 1248 1777 1200 1708 1085 1545 543 773 434 618
100 —0 —0 1668 2154 1603 2071 1450 1873 725 937 580 749
125 —0 —0 2087 2692 2007 2589 1815 2341 908 1171 726 936
150 —0 —0 2496 3230 2400 3106 2170 2809 1085 1405 868 1124
200 —0 —0 3335 4307 3207 4141 2900 3745 1450 1873 1160 1498
250 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 1825 2344 1460 1875
300 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 2200 2809 1760 2247
350 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 2550 3277 2040 2622
400 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 2900 3745 2320 2996
450 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 3250 4214 2600 3371
500 —0 —0 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 —00 3625 4682 2900 3746

Table 5
Normal-Load and Fault Currents of Three Phase Transformers
Transformer
Characteristics AC Voltage 3-Phase
3-Phase 208V 240V 480V
a Valuesmay vary depending on manufacturer, Normal Load Short Normal Load Short Normal Load Short
type of motor and NEMA design. kVA % Continuous Circuit Continuous Circuit Continuous Circuit
For full load currents of 200 volt motors, increase the Rating Impedance Amperes Current Amperes Current Amperes Current
T

corresponding 230 volt motor full-load current by 112.5 3.90 312 8,007 271 6,940 135 3,470
15 percent. 150 3.70 416 11,253 361 9,753 180 4,876
Table 5 Notes: 225 4.70 625 13,288 541 11,517 271 5,758
TECHNICAL

1. Primary source available is assumed as 500 MVA at the 300 4.50 834 18,505 722 16,038 361 8,019
primary of the transformer with a source circuit X/R
ratio of 12.
500 4.50 1388 30,842 1203 26,730 601 13,365
2. Motor contribution is included in the table at twice the 750 5.75 2080 36,206 1804 31,379 902 15,689
full-load current for 208 volt transformers and at 4 1000 5.75 2780 48,275 2406 41,838 1203 20,919
times the full-load current for 240 volt and 480 volt 1500 5.75 4162 72,412 3610 62,575 1805 31,379
transformers. These values are derived from the 2000 5.75 —00 —0 0 0 4812 83,676 2406 41,838
assumption that 208 volt systems are 50% motor load 2500 5.75 —00 —0 0 0 6010 104,596 3008 52,298
and 240 and 480 volt systems are 100% motor load.
3. All short circuit current values are in symmetrical
RMS amperes.

T-18 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog

 Technical
General

Table 6
Electrical Formulas for Finding Amperes, Horsepower, Kilowatts and kVA
Alternating Current
To Find Single Phase Two Phase a, Four Wire Three Phase Direct Current
I x E x pf I x E x 2 x pf I x E x 1.73 x pf IxE
Kilowatts
1000 1000 1000 1000
IxE IxEx2 I x E x 1.73
kVA
1000 1000 1000
Horsepower I x E x % EFF x pf I x E x 2 x % EFF x pf I x E x 1.73 x % EFF x pf I x E x % EFF
(Output) 746 746 746 746
Amperes when
HP x 746 HP x 746 HP x 746 HP x 746
Horsepower
E x % EFF x pf 2 x E x % EFF x pf 1.73 x E x % EFF x pf E x % EFF
is Known
Amperes when
KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000
Kilowatts
E x pf 2 x E x pf 1.73 x E x pf E
is Known
Amperes when kVA x 1000 kVA x 1000 kVA x 1000
kVA is Known E 2xE 1.73 x E

Average Efficiency and Power Factor Fault-Current Calculation on Low- Table 8 b

Values of Motors Voltage AC Systems
Minimum Size Grounding Conductors
When the actual efficiencies and power In order to determine the maximum for Grounding Raceways and
factors of the motors to be controlled are interrupting rate of the circuit breakers in Equipment (From NEC Table 250–122)
not known, the following approximations a distribution system it is necessary to
Size
may be used. calculate the current which could flow Rating or Setting of
under a three phase bolted short circuit Automatic Overcurrent Aluminum or
Efficiencies: Device in Circuit Ahead Copper
DC motors, 35 horsepower condition. For a three phase system the of Equipment, Conduit Copper Clad
and less 80% to 85% maximum available fault current at the etc., Not Exceeding Wire Aluminum
DC motors, above secondary side of the transformer can be (Amperes) Number Wire Number

35 horsepower 85% to 90% obtained by use of the formula: 15 14 12

20 12 10
Synchronous motors 30 10 8
(at 100% power factor) 92% to 95% kVA x 100 40 10 8
ISC = 60 10 8
“Apparent” Efficiencies KV x √3 x % Z
( = Efficiency x Power Factor); 100 8 6
Three phase induction motors, where: 200 6 4
300 4 2
25 horsepower and less 70% ISC = Symmetrical RMS amperes of 400 3 1
Three phase induction motors fault current. 500 2 1/0
above 25 horsepower 80% kVA = Kilovolt-ampere rating of 600 1 2/0
800 1/0 3/0
These figures may be decreased transformers.
1000 2/0 4/0
slightly for single phase and two phase KV = Secondary voltage in kilovolts. 1200 3/0 250 kcmil
induction motors. % Z = Percent impedance of primary line 1600 4/0 350 kcmil
and transformer. 2000 250 kcmil 400 kcmil
2500 350 kcmil 600 kcmil
Table 5 on page T-18 has been prepared to
3000 400 kcmil 600 kcmil
list the symmetrical RMS fault current 4000 500 kcmil 750 kcmil
which is available at the secondary 5000 700 kcmil 1200 kcmil
terminals of the transformer. 6000 800 kcmil 1200 kcmil
Note: Where necessary to comply with 250.4(A)(5) or (B)
Table 7 b (4), the equipment grounding conductor shall be sized
larger than given in this table.
Grounding Electrode Conductor for AC Systems (From NEC Table 250–66)
Size of Largest Service Entrance Conductor or Equivalent Area Size of Grounding
for Parallel Conductors Electrode Conductor
Aluminum or
Aluminum or Copper Copper Clad
Copper Clad Aluminum Copper Aluminum
2 or smaller 1/0 or smaller 8 6
T

1 or 1/0 2/0 or 3/0 6 4

2/0 or 3/0 4/0 or 250 kcmil 4 2
Over 3/0 to 350 kcmil Over 250 kcmil to 500 kcmil 2 1/0
TECHNICAL

Over 350 kcmil to 600 kcmil Over 500 kcmil to 900 kcmil 1/0 3/0
Over 600 kcmil to 1100 kcmil Over 900 kcmil to 1750 kcmil 2/0 4/0
Over 1100 kcmil Over 1750 kcmil 3/0 250 kcmil
a In
three wire, two phase circuits the current in b Additionalinformation and exceptions are stated in
the common conductor is 1.41 times that in either Article 250 — Grounding, National Electrical Code.
other conductor.

E = Volts I = Amperes
% EFF = Per Cent Efficiency pf = Power Factor

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-19

 Molded Case Circuit Breakers
Capacitor Circuit Conductors Application

Article 460.8 (NEC)

The ampacity of capacitor circuit
conductors shall not be less than 135%
of the rated current of the capacitor. The
ampacity of conductors that connect a
capacitor to the terminals of a motor or
to motor circuit conductors shall not be
less than one-third the ampacity of the
motor circuit conductors and in no case
less than 135% of the rated current of
the capacitor.
Application
Circuit breakers and switches for use
with capacitors must have a current
rating in excess of rated capacitor current
to provide for overcurrent from
overvoltages at fundamental frequency
and harmonic currents. Use the following
percent of capacitor current rating to size
circuit breaker or fused and non-fused
switches.
b Enclosed Circuit Breakers 150%
(Includes derating factor for enclosure)
b Fused and non-fused 165%
switches
Due to switching surges, and possible
overcurrent related to overvoltage and
harmonics, Siemens recommends using
150% of the capacitor current rating to
size a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker
for overload protection.
If the circuit breaker is to be applied in an
ambient greater than the marked rated
ambient, it may be necessary to derate
the continuous current rating. This is also
true for applications where harmonic
components are present. A basic formula
to use for calculation of the capacitor
current rating is as follows (assuming
three phase application):
Capacitor (Kvar) x 1000
(Voltage / 1.732) x 3
The interrupting rating of the circuit
breaker or fuse must be selected to
match the system fault current available
at the point of the capacitor application.
T
TECHNICAL

T-20 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog

 Technical
Fraction, Decimal, and Millimeter Equivalents Conversion Tables

Fractions to Decimals to Millimeters Millimeters to Inches a

Fractions Decimals Millimeters Millimeters Inches Millimeters Inches
1/64 0.015625 0.397 0.1 0.0039 46 1.8110
1/32 0.03125 0.794 0.2 0.0079 47 1.8504
3/64 0.046875 1.191 0.3 0.0118 48 1.8898
1/16 0.0625 1.588 0.4 0.0157 49 1.9291
5/64 0.078125 1.984 0.5 0.0197 50 1.9685
3/32 0.09375 2.381 0.6 0.0236 51 2.0079
7/64 0.109375 2.778 0.7 0.0276 52 2.0472
1/8 0.1250 3.175 0.8 0.0315 53 2.0866
9/64 0.140625 3.572 0.9 0.0354 54 2.1260
5/32 0.15625 3.969 55 2.1654
11/64 0.171875 4.366 1 0.0394 56 2.2047
3/16 0.1875 4.763 2 0.0787 57 2.2441
13/64 0.203125 5.159 3 0.1181 58 2.2835
7/32 0.21875 5.556 4 0.1575 59 2.3228
15/64 0.234375 5.953 5 0.1969 60 2.3622
1/4 0.2500 6.350 6 0.2362 61 2.4016
17/64 0.265625 6.747 7 0.2756 62 2.4409
9/32 0.28125 7.144 8 0.3150 63 2.4803
19/64 0.296875 7.541 9 0.3543 64 2.5197
5/16 0.3125 7.938 10 0.3937 65 2.5591
21/64 0.328125 8.334 11 0.4331 66 2.5984
11/32 0.34375 8.731 12 0.4724 67 2.6378
23/64 0.359375 9.128 13 0.5118 68 2.6772
3/8 0.3750 9.525 14 0.5512 69 2.7165
15 0.5906 70 2.7559
25/64 0.390625 9.922
13/32 0.40625 10.319 16 0.6299 71 2.7953
27/64 0.421875 10.716 17 0.6693 72 2.8346
7/16 0.4375 11.113 18 0.7087 73 2.8740
19 0.7480 74 2.9134
29/64 0.453125 11.509 20 0.7874 75 2.9528
15/32 0.46875 11.906
31/64 0.484375 12.303 21 0.8268 76 2.9921
1/2 0.500 12.700 22 0.8661 77 3.0315
23 0.9055 78 3.0709
33/64 0.515625 13.097 24 0.9449 79 3.1102
17/32 0.53125 13.494 25 0.9843 80 3.1496
35/64 0.546875 13.891
9/16 0.5625 14.288 26 1.0236 81 3.1890
27 1.0630 82 3.2283
37/64 0.578125 14.684 28 1.1024 83 3.2677
19/32 0.59375 15.081 29 1.1417 84 3.3071
39/64 0.609375 15.478 30 1.1811 85 3.3465
5/8 0.6250 15.875
31 1.2205 86 3.3858
41/64 0.640625 16.272 32 1.2598 87 3.4252
21/32 0.65625 16.669 33 1.2992 88 3.4646
43/64 0.671875 17.066 34 1.3386 89 3.5039
11/16 0.6875 17.463 35 1.3780 90 3.5433
45/64 0.703125 17.859 36 1.4173 91 3.5827
23/32 0.71875 18.256 37 1.4567 92 3.6220
47/64 0.734375 18.653 38 1.4961 93 3.6614
3/4 0.7500 19.050 39 1.5354 94 3.7008
49/64 0.765625 19.447 40 1.5748 95 3.7402
25/32 0.78125 19.844 41 1.6142 96 3.7795
51/64 0.796875 20.241 42 1.6535 97 3.8189
13/16 0.8125 20.638 43 1.6929 98 3.8583
53/64 0.828125 21.034 44 1.7323 99 3.8976
27/32 0.84375 21.431 45 1.7717 100 3.9370
55/64 0.859375 21.828
7/8 0.8750 22.225
57/64 0.890625 22.622
29/32 0.90625 23.019
59/64 0.921875 23.416
15/16 0.9375 23.813
61/64 0.953125 24.209
31/32 0.96875 24.606
T

63/64 0.984375 25.003

1 1.000 25.400
TECHNICAL

a 0.001"
= 0.0254 mm
1 mm = 0.03937"

Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog T-21

 Technical
Notes
T
TECHNICAL

T-22 Siemens Industry, Inc. SPEEDFAX™ 2017 Product Catalog