“SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY” – Revolutionized modern Physic with his general

theory of relativity. Won Nobel prize in Physics

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect
SCIENCE which formed basis of Quantum theory.

• Science comes from the Latin word “scientia” meaning 6. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
‘knowledge’.
– Developed theory of evolution (together with Alfred
• It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building Russel Wallace) against a backdrop of disbelief and
and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves skepticism.
through observation, experimentation or both. – Collected evidences over 20 years and published
conclusions in “On the Origin of Species” (1859).
• John Heilbron
7. Otto Hahn (1879-1968)
– He consider science as a discovery of regularity in
nature. – German Chemist who discovered nuclear fission
– He explained that science required invention to (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of
devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses and radiochemistry. Discovered radio-active elements and
organizations to describe the natural regularities and nuclear isomerism (1921).
their law-like description. – Awarded Nobel prize for Chemistry (1944).
– “Modern science is a discovery as well as invention.”
8. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
(2003)
– Work on electro-magnetism and AC current. Credited
FAMOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN
SCIENCE with many patents from electricity to radio
transmission.
1. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
9. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
– Newton was a polymath who made investigations
into a whole range of subjects including mathematics, – Made great strides in understanding
optics, physics and astronomy. In his Principia electromagnetism. His research in electricity and
Matematica, published in 1687, he laid foundation for kinetics, laid foundation for quantum Physics.
classical mechanics explaining law of Gravity and Einstein said of Maxwell, ‘The work of James Clerk
Laws of Motion. Maxwell changed the world forever.’

2. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) 10. Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC)

– Contributed greatly towards the advancement of – Great early Greek scientist who made many
medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax researches in natural sciences including botany,
and other infectious diseases. Also enable process of zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, meteorology
pasteurization to make milk safer to drink. Probably and geometry.
saved more lives than any other person. TECHNOLOGY
3. Galileo (1564-1642) • The word technology comes from two Greek words,
– Creating one of the first modern telescope, Galileo transliterated techne and logos.
revolutionized our understanding of the world • Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means
successfully proving the earth revolved around the by which a thing is gained
sun and not the other way around. His work Two
New Sciences laid ground work for science of • Logos means word, the utterance by which inward thought is
Kinetics and strength of materials. expressed, a saying, or an expression.

4. Marie Curie (1867-1934) • It is the application of scientific knowledge, laws and

principles to produce services, materials, tools and machines
– Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation aimed at solving real world problems.
and helped to apply it in the field of ray. She won
Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics. • All technology exists within a historical context, influenced
by and influencing society and culture.
5. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
• Mark Zuckerberg

1
 – “What defines a technological tool – one historical SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
definition-is something that takes a human’s sense or
It seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive
ability and augments it that makes it more powerful.
cultures- humanities (interpretative) and natural sciences
So for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that
(rational)- so that humans will be able to between confront the
is a technology that enhances my human ability of
moral, ethical and existential dilemmas brought by the
vision and makes it better.”
continued developments in science and technology.
• Lewis Wolpert
10 EMERGING ETHICAL DILLEMAS AND POLICY
– He authored “The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science
1. Helix – a digital app store designed to read genomes.
Dangerous?”
– He explained that reliable scientific knowledge has 2. BlessU-2 and Pepper – first robot priest and monk.
no moral or ethical value.
– “science is not the same as technology” 3. Emotion Sensing Facial Recognition – a software that
uses image processing being developed to access your
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS reactions to anything such as shopping and playing games.
• Nowadays, advancements in Science and Technology have 4. Ransomware – a way of holding data hostage through
become pervasive. They are manifested in the activities that hacking and requiring a ransom to be paid.
humans pursue and the tools they use everyday. The beauty of
this is that an advancement builds upon itself. As such humans 5. Textalyzer – a device that analyzes whether a driver was
today live more productive and more exciting lives than their using his or her phone during an accident.
predecessors.
6. Social Credit System – a system of scoring citizens
• The dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological through their actions by placing them under constant
progress also pose challenges and drawbacks to the way surveillance (which China plays to adopt).
human live.
7. Google chips – a hands-free camera that lets the user
1. Unemployment brought by modernization of capture every moment effortlessly.
technology that replaces human workforce.
8. Sentencing Software – a mysterious algorithm designed to
2. Introduced new strain of bacteria and virus due to
aid courts in sentencing decisions.
creation of cure to previously incurable diseases.
3. The rise of social media drastically change the way 9. Friendbot – an app that stores the deceased’s digital
people communicate, interact and share information. footprint so one can still chat with them.
4. Social media put person’s privacy at risk.
10. Citizen app – an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes
• Carl Sagan or major events in a specific area.
– “We live in a society absolutely dependent on science LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
so that almost no one understands science and
technology : That’s a clear prescription of disaster”. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN S&T

• Various aspects of human life that we need to pay attention • The history of Science and Technology focuses on how
to with the rise of observable problems in science and science and technology have changed across time.
technology: • It explores the impacts of scientific and technological
 Social innovations on the prevailing social, cultural political and
 Political economic context throughout the history.
 Economic • Antecedent – is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or
DEVELOPMENTS THROUGH SCIENCE AND existence of something.
TECHNOLOGY • Precursor – one that precedes and indicates the approach of
 Agricultural Development another.
 Weapons Development • By understanding how previous generations influenced and
 Industrial Revolution were influenced by developments in science and technology,
 The Environment today’s generation can come up with informed decisions on
 Communication the proper application of science and technology to daily life.
 Transportation
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 ANCIENT PERIOD constructed using sunbaked bricks. The ziggurat
served as the sacred place of their chief god, where
• The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances
only their priests were allowed to enter. As such,
in science and technology. These advances during the Ancient
even today, people still enjoy and marvel at the
Period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways
preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.
of communication, transportation and of living in general.
• Irrigation and Dikes
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
– As population increased, so did the demand for food.
The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce
food items but the elements in the environment
seemed uncooperative.
– The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the
floods from their fields and cut canals to channel
river water to the fields. The use of levees and canals
is called irrigation.

• Sailboats

– Another challenge to the Sumerians was

• Located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet
invented; the main mode of transportation was
• Known for their high degree of cooperation with one another
through waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats
and their desire for great things.
were used to carry large quantities of products and
• Not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This were able to cover large distances.
desire pushed them to develop many things connected with
• Wheel
science and technology.
– In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were
able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools
• Cuneiform needed to create it were already available. The first
wheels were not made for transportation but for farm
– It is the first writing system known as cuneiform. work and food processes. With the use of the wheel
– It is system that utilizes word pictures and triangular and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers
symbols which are curved on clay wedge instruments were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
and then left to dry.
• Plow
• Uruk City
– Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm
– Another important contribution of the Sumerians is cultivators. However, farmers needed a technology
the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only which would enable them to dig the ground where the
because it is considered to be the first true city of the seeds would be planted. The plow was invented to
world but also for the way it was erected. dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the
– One of the major problem that the Sumerians ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and
encountered was the lack of materials. There were no farm work would already be done. With this tool,
building stones in the location of this city and lumber farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster,
was limited, making the construction a big challenge. enabling them to mass produce food without taking
The Sumerians were able to build the city using only so much effort and time.
mud or clay from the river, which they mixed the
reeds, producing sunbaked bricks- a true engineering • Roads
feat.
– In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
• The Great Ziggurat of Ur Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work,
the flow of traffic become faster and more organized.
– Another engineering and architectural feat of the They made the roads with the same technology they
Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat, used in making the sunbaked bricks that they laid
also called the mountain of god, was built in the down on the ground.
same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk,
Without much building materials, the structure was • Ancient Wheel

3
 – The Sumerians invented the wheel shortly after 3500 language that tells the modern world of the history
BC. They were able to invent the it since the and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records
specialized tools needed to create it were already were well-preserved since they were carved at the
available. The first wheels were not made for walls of pyramids and other important Egyptians
transportation but for farm work and food processes. structures.
With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production
was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains
with less effort in less time.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION • Cosmetics

• Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the – Cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve
Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many stories and highlight the facial features of a person, but, their
tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially function in ancient Egypt was for both health and
regarding about the infrastructures established by the aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the
pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was
have contributed other practical things that the world now created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral
considers as essentials. It is thus safe to say that the pyramids galena. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing
are not the only contribution of the Egyptians civilization to make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was
the modern world. a sign of holiness.
• Paper of Papyrus • Wig
– One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian – The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of
civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the
Egypt was not the first to develop a system of sun. Wearing a wig was better than putting on a scarf
writing, they were able to make writing easier for the or any other head cover since wig allowed heat to
world. Before the Egyptian innovation, clay tablets escape. Moreover, it was considered cleaner than
were used. However, safe-keeping and transporting natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of
them were a major problem. Clay tablets were very head lice.
fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. So, bringing
them to places was a major challenge. • Water Clock / Clepsydra

• Ink – This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of

water from one vessel to the other. The amount of
– When the Egyptians invented the papyrus of the water (or its height, depending on the method used)
paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a remaining in the device determines how much time
result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot has elapsed since its full. In the process, time is
with different chemicals to produce inks of different measured. The water clock was widely used as a
colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature timekeeping device during the ancient times.
since it was used to record history, culture, and
codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that GREEK CIVILIZATION
people could not simply tinker with those written
• Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of the
down by authorities.
Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some
• Shadoof of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth
works on philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums
– Early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much
irrigate the land. Among Egyptians who lived near to the world especially in the fields of science and technology.
the Nile River, irrigation was necessary to water their
crops. • Alarm Clock

• Hieroglyphics – One of the most utilized gadgets today that was

invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock.
– Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a Although the alarm clock during that time did not
system of writing using symbols, known as resemble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose
hieroglyphics. This form of writing can still be seen was just the same- to tell an individual when to stop
today and remains to be a famous as the pyramids or when to start. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks
where they were found. Hieroglyphics was the used large complicated mechanisms to time the
4
 alarm. They made use of water that dropped into • Paper Money
drums which sounded the alarm.
– First known paper money was tracked back to the
• Antikythera Mechanism Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the
invention of block printing. However, the idea of
– Even before the invention of the antecedents of the assigning value to the marked piece of paper was not
modern computer, the Greeks had already invented immediately become popular.
the ancient world’s Analog computer orrery. – Advantage of using paper money: It is easier to
– It is similar to a mantel clock. transport around compared to the previous forms of
– Used to believed that it was used to predict currencies.
astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar.
• Mechanical Clock
• Aeolipile
– The development of mechanical clocks paved the
– Also known as “Hero’s Engine” way for accurately keeping track of time. The
– Hero of Alexandria is credited for the demonstration sophistication of clockwork technology of the
of the use of aeolipile mechanical clock drastically changed the way days
– Believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam were spent and work patterns were established,
engine. particularly in more advanced Middle Age cities.
– Aeolipile is a steam powered turbine which spun
when the water container at its center is heated. • Spinning Wheel

• Water Mill – A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or

yearn and eventually woven into cloth on loam.
– Watermills were also considered as one of the most – The invention of the spinning wheel sped up the rae
important contributions of the Greek civilization to at which fiber could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100
the world. They were commonly used in agricultural times.
processes like milling of grains which was a
necessary form of food processing during that time. MODERN AGES

MIDDLE AGES • As the world population steadily increased, people of

Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the
• Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th efficiency of transportation, communication and production.
Century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in
the late 15th century AD • Industrialization took place with greater risks in human
health, food safety and environment which had to be
• There was a steady increase of new inventions, introduction addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at
of innovations and emergence of scientific thinking method. an unimaginable speed.
• Medieval Period or Dark Ages • Compound Microscope
– Other term for Middle Ages. – A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is
• Heavy Plough credited for the invention o the first compound
microscope in 1590.
– Clay soil, despite being more fertile than lighter types – It is capable of magnifying objects three times their
of soil was not cultivated because of its heavy size when fully closed and up to ten times when
weight. Through this invention, it became possible to extended to maximum.
harness clay soil.
– The heavy plough turned European agriculture and • Telescope
economy on its head. – Invented by Galileo Galilei
• Gun Powder (850 AD) – This invention could magnify objects 20 times larger
than the Dutch perspective.
– Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black – It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward
powder gunpowder. and made important astronomical discoveries and
– Gunpowder might have been an unintended identified the presence of craters ad mountains on the
byproduct of attempts to create elixir of life which moon.
they called “huoyao”, roughly translated as “fire
potion”. • Jacquard Loom

5
 – Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard. – In 2000, a local invention had the ability to easily
– It simplifies textile manufacturing. remove moles and warts on the skin without the need
for surgical procedure shot to fame.
• Engine powered airplane – It is through the use of extracts of cashew nuts. The
– Orville Weight and Wilbur Wright are credited for indigenous formula easily caught on for its
designing and successfully operating the first engine accessibility, affordability and painless and scarless
powered aircraft. procedure.
– They proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil- • Banana Ketchup
shaped wings.
– Invented by Maria Orosa.
• Television – Her invention appeals particularly to the Filipinos
– John Logie Baird was credited for the invention of who love using condiments to go along with their
the modern television food.
– Baird successfully televised objects in outline in – Orosa developed a variety of that made use of
1924, recognizable human faces in 1925 and moving mashed banana, sugar, vinegar and spices.
objects in 1926 and projected colored images in LESSON 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
1928. – COPERNICAN, DARWINIAN, FREUDIAN
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND THEIR INVENTIONS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• Electronic Jeepney • The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to
– Jeepneys were designed and improvised from scratch Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before
out of military jeeps that the Americans left in the Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE). ... First, the world is a
country after World War II. natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things
– E-jeepneys are designed to be environment friendly, 'happen'). Second, there is a natural 'order' (that is, there are
eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on 'laws of nature').
electricity. I. Copernican Revolution
• Erythromycin • This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were
– Invented by Ilonggo scientist, Abelardo Aguilar. placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected
– This antibiotic was invented out of a strain of Ptolemic's model (earth is the center of the solar system) and
bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus. proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar
– As with the case of several local scientist, Aguilar system having earth revolving around it).
was not credited for the discovery by Eli Lilli Co., • In the early times, people questioned what created days and
Aguilar’s US employer, to whom he sent the strain nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like
for separation. The US company eventually owned stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the
the merits for this discovery.
telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space,
but more importantly, it is also intrigued them to know what
• Medical Incubator was actually out there.

– Invented by Fe Del Mundo. Claudius Ptolemy (100CE-170CE)

– Warmth is generated by bottles with hot water placed – Egyptian astronomer, mathematician and geographer.
around the baskets. A makeshift hood over the – In several fields his writings represent the
baskets allow oxygen to circulate inside the culminating achievement of Greco-Roman science,
incubator. particularly his geocentric model of the universe now
– It was addressed to the rural communities with no known as the Ptolemaic system.
electricity or aid the regulation of body temperatures Ptolemy’s Model:
of newborn babies.

• Mole Remover

– Invented by Rolando dela Cruz.

6
 II. Darwinian Revolution

• The Darwinian Revolution was considered to be one of the

most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.

• This has brought a great impact on how people approach

Biology. This revolution provided a different idea about the
"theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when
Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species"
that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.

• Evolution – means change over time. A scientific theory is

NOT just a belief, it is a supported tested explanation.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
– Polish Catholic Cleric. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
– Observe night sky from an observation tower – English naturalist.
– Trying to solve calendar problem – His scientific theory of evolution by natural selection
– Suggested a Sun centered. became the foundation of modern evolutionary
– Universe in a book titles De Revolutionibus, which studies.
was not published until the year he died – In 1831, Darwin sets sail on the HMS Beagle.
– NOTE: He was well educated and had read Greek – In 1844, he writes his theory on the origin of species.
astronomy. – In 1858, Darwin and Wallace publish their theories
on evolution.
Copernican Model:
History of Darwin's Studies:

 Darwin went on an around the-world trip on the HMS

Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos Islands.
 He particularly liked and observed the tortoises on
different islands.
 He observed each group had its own niche.
 He studied 13 different species and saw how they
adapted to their environment.

What influenced Darwin's ideas about species?

 During the 5-year surveying mission in which

Darwin served aboard the Royal Navy Brig HMS
Beagle as a naturalist, he became intrigued by
– Heliocentric Universe. Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology.
– De Revolutionibus Orbiun Celestium ( On the  In Principles of Geology, Lyell presents arguments in
Revolutions of the Heaveanly Spheres). support of uniformitarianism, the theory that
– Idea was opposed by the Catholic Church. observable processes occurring in the present are
– Earth rotation caused daily motion from east to west. sufficient to explain the formation of all geological
– Mercury and Venus are inferior planets, which features over great time periods.
explained why they are always seen near the Sun.  Darwin eventually applied the idea that ongoing,
– Sun's annual motion along the ecliptic (Zodiac) was observable processes can account for the variety of
cause by Earth’s orbital motion (this one was difficult features in the natural world to living systems.
to accept).  Departing the coast of South America, the Beagle
– Retrograde motion was a natural phenomenon of one arrived at the Galapagos Islands, where Darwin
planet passing another planet as the orbited the sun. would make his most famous observations of species,
– Although heliocentric theories had been considered including the 14 or so closely related species of
by philosophers as early as Philolaus in the 5th finches now commonly referred to as Darwin's
century BCE, and while there had been earlier finches.
discussions of the possibility of Earth’s motion,  Just four of the Galapagos Islands finch species that
Copernicus was the first to propound a Darwin observed, described and drew. He pondered
comprehensive heliocentric theory equal in scope and the great range in bill type among these species.
predictive capability to Ptolemy’s geocentric system.
7
 – He asked the question: “What makes people do
things?” ANSWER: Motivation
– Needs motivate human behavior (food, shelter,
clothing).

Maslow's hierarchy of human needs:

Darwin's hypothesis described the evolutionary

relationships between taxonomic groups:

 Darwin's idea of descent with modification explained

how species change slowly over time as they adapt to
environments.
 Darwin proposed that all species descended step by
step from a single common ancestor by adapting to What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
changing environments or to new environments
arrived at by migration. – Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of
 Darwin's work explained taxonomic relationships psychology explaining human motivation based on
between groups of organisms, which were related by the pursuit of different levels of needs. The theory
common ancestry and not necessarily by outward states that humans are motivated to fulfill their needs
form. in a hierarchical order. This order begins with the
 Gaps between forms signaled the importance of most basic needs before moving on to more advanced
extinction. Before Darwin's work, most scientists had needs. The ultimate goal, according to this theory, is
not appreciated the phenomenon's relevance, in part to reach the fifth level of the hierarchy: self-
because it was not supported by theology. actualization.
– Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called
III. Freudian Revolution DRIVE or DESIRE. Animals respond instinctively,
humans learn various ways to respond.
• In the past, the field of psychology was classified under
– Human motivation explains the reason why people
philosophy. Psychology was considered more an art rather
behave the way they do.
than a science.
– People have DRIVES or DESIRES in the back of
• In the later 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to their minds. For example, Will to live or will to die.
change people's perception of psychology with his Some of these desire cause people to behave
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. irrationally.
– People are born with a certain number of instincts or
• This theory has started to revolutionized Psychiatry with DRIVES (human instinctive behavior).
Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the human development The human mind has 3 aspects which influence
contributes to his/her personality and also his behavior:
"psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper
1. Ego – Conscious part of mind (Rational Self).
functioning if a human does not complete his/her
Decides what action to take for positive means and
developmental stage.
what to do based on what is believed is the right thing
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) to do. Aware of reality
– Austrian Psychology doctor. 2. Superego – unconscious part of mind that acts as our
– Father of Psychoanalysis. conscience. Reminds us of what we should do.
– One of the First Psychologists to study human 3. Id – unconscious part of mind this part of mind seeks
motivation. to bring us pleasure. Primitive parts of our
– Freud-believed that mental illness is the result of personality including aggression and sexual drives.
nurture, not nature.

8
• The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict. Your  Building Houses
drive tells you to do one thing, while society tells you to do  Irrigation
something else.  Developing tools
 Musical Instrument
• The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict. Your
drive tells you to do one thing, while society tells you to do • The different archaeological artifacts discovered in different
something else. parts of the country also prove that the Metal Age also had
significant influences on the lives of early Filipinos.

Metal Age influence

– Gold and silver Jewelry

– Trading with other countries
– Indigenous or Folk Science

Jewelry
• If you don't resolve this conflict between ID and EGO, you – Used by the people belong in upper class or royal
may experience unhappiness or mental distress family.
• Thus, in order to understand motivation, you must II. Spanish Colonial Era
understand what is in your unconscious memory. This is the
basis of PSYCHOANALYSIS. • When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with
them their own culture and practices.
• Psychoanalysis – has as its core the idea that each of us has
an unconscious part whose existence, activities and thoughts • They established schools for girls and boys and introduced
are hidden behind a mental barrier that we cannot voluntarily the concept of subjects and discipline.
remove. Behind this barrier are repressed and psychologically
• It was the beginning of the formal science and technology in
dangerous thoughts that give rise to unconscious conflicts,
the country, known now as school of science and technology.
which in turn, can result to psychological and physical
symptoms (Plotnik). • Life during the Spanish Era slowly became modernized.
LESSON 4: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION- • The galleon trade has brought additional technology and
BUILDING development in the Philippines.
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE III. American Colonial Era
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The Americans have more influence in the development of
• The history of science and technology in the Philippines
Science and Technology in the Philippines compared to the
started way back before the country gained its independence
Spaniards.
from the American colonizers.
They established the following:
I. Pre-Spanish Philippines
 Public education system
• Science in Pre-Spanish Philippines is embedded in the way
 Improved the Engineering works
of life of the people.
 Improved health conditions of the people.
• It is observed in the way they plant their crops that provide  Established a modern research university, University
them food. of the Philippines.
 Created more hospitals than the former colonial
• In taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks. master.
• For food production. • Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines.
• Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements • They recognized the learning of science and introduced it in
of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates. public and private schools.
• They use science in preparing the soil for agricultural • The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources
purposes; they discovered the medicinal use of plants. of the Philippines is somehow, beneficial in the country.
• Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, Health and Sanitation
and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life.

9
 – Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper 3. Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct
hygiene and healthy practices evidence- based research as pool of information
– Hospitals, clinics and health centers were established 4. Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
including public hospitals for lepers. 5. Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
– Since the establishment of the new republic, the
whole BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURAL, AND
FORESTRY
– nation has been focusing on using its limited
resources in 1. Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
– improving its science and technological capabilities. implementation of existing laws
– It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas 2. Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
Development Allocations to help the country countries
improved its scientific productivity. 3. Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and
– Introduced and implemented several programs, indigenous people's conservation
projects, and policies to boost the area of science and 4. Formulation of common food and safety standards
technology.
– GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
meet the demands of a technologically driven world TECHNOLOGY
and capacitate people to live in a world driven by • There are also other existing programs supported by the
Science. Philippine government through the DOST. Some of these
CLUSTERS OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES projects are the following:
ACCORDING TO NRCP  Providing funds for basic research related to science
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International and technology.
Policies and Governance.  Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth graduate studies of students in field of Science and
and Space Sciences, and Mathematics. Technology.
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.  Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry. High School System
 Creating a Science and technology parks
SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,  Balik Scientist Program
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES, AND GOVERNANCE  Developing science and technology parks
1. Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education  Establishment of the National Science Complex.
without adding to the curriculum FAMOUS FILIPINO IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
2. Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
3. Developing school infrastructure and providing for 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba
ICT broadband
– Ramon Barba is a well-known Filipino scientist,
4. Local food security.
especially to agriculturally involved individuals in
PHYSICS, ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRIAL the Philippines for contributing towards
RESEARCH, EARTH, AND SPACE SCIENCES, AND advancements in the mango industry. He developed a
MATHEMATHICS process that caused the flowering and fruiting of
mango trees three times a year, instead on once a
1. Emphasizing degrees, licenses and employment
year, so dramatically improving yields.
opportunities.
2. Outright grants for peer monitoring 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso
3. Review of RA 9184.
4. Harnessing science and technology as an independent – For his works on observing the characteristics of
mover of development. Antartica by using satellite images.

MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL 3. Jose Bejar Cruz

SCIENCES
– Known internationally in the field of electrical
1. Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms engineering
with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
implementation of the FDA
2. Creating an education council dedicated to – Notable for her research on sea snail venom.
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
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5. Fabian Millar Dayrit

– For his research herbal medicine.

6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III

– for his research on tilapia culture.

7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.

– for inventing the meconium drugs testing.

8. Lilian Formalejo Patena

– for doing research on plant biotechnology.

9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz

– for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.

10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan

– for his research in the field of communications

technology.

• There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are

recognized here and abroad;

 Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowed

physicist.
 Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine
science
 William Padolina – chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)-Philippines
 Angel Alcala – Marine science

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