WEEK # 01

1.1 Review of Functions

1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
1.5 Exponential Functions

Review of Functions

Relations involving real numbers may be represented in four ways:

1) Verbally 2) Graphically 3) Analytically and 4) Numerically.

Ex: 1) Verbal: R consists of all points (x, y) that are (?,?) units from the origin.

2) Graphical: 4) Numerical (a list of ordered pairs) or a table):

y
x y

3) Analytic (i.e., an equation): ex. y=2x+3

1|Page
Function: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element, called
f(x) in a set E.

Domain & Range

x →  f  → f ( x)
Input Output
(DOMAIN) ( RANGE )

Domain: The set of all possible input values (commonly x-variable) which produce a valid output
from a particular function is called a domain. It is the set of all real numbers for which a function is
mathematically defined.

Range: It is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable (usually ‘y’)
after we have substituted domain. The range is the resulting y-values we get after substituting all
the possible x-values.

b
F F(a)

F(b)

c F(c)

DOMAIN Function (F) RANGE

Example: Find domain and range of the relation

{(2,-3), (4,6), (3,-1), (6,6), (2,3), (0,-3)}
Solution:

2|Page
Note: It is important to list these in numerical order, but it is not required. Don’t duplicate
technically.
Example: Find domain and range of the relation
{(-4,4),(-3,4),(-2,4)(-1,4),(0,4),(1,4)}
Solution:

3x 2 + 2 x − 1
Example: Find Domain of y= 2
x − 4x − 5
Solution:

Example : Find Domain and Range of y =− − 4x + 6

Solution :

3|Page
Example : Find Domain and Range of y = − x4 + 4
Solution : There are no denominator and no radicals. These kinds of functions are called GARDEN
VARIETY POLYNOMILAS.

There are no problems/restrictions with a polynomial. There are no values that I can’t plug in for x.
When I have a polynomial, the answer is always “ALL x”.

For Range: It is clear from graph it goes high only as y = 4 but goes low as we like.
So, range “y  4”

4|Page
A few Shortcuts to find domain of different kind of functions.
1) Polynomials function : Domain is :
f ( x)
2) Rational function : provided g ( x)  0
g ( x)

For domain use :

3) Function ' s with square root = H ( x)
For domain use :
4) Function ' s with rational & radical =
f ( x)
Type A) : for domain use :
g ( x)
f ( x)
Type B) : for domain use :
g ( x)

5|Page
6|Page
Example: Find Range of f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 1 without taking help from graph.

Example : Find Range of f ( x) = − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 1 without taking help from graph.

Solution :

7|Page
Example : Find Domain and Range of y = | x| without taking help from graph.

Solution :

Example : Find Domain and Range of f(x)= y = 2| x −1| +3 without taking help from graph.
Solution :

8|Page
Example : Find Range of f(x)= y = − 2| x −1| + 3 without taking help from graph.
Solution :

TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES:

1) f(x) = 2x 2 + 4 x − 19 2) g (x) = − 2x 2 − 4 x + 19
3) h(x) = − 2x 2 − 6 x − 11 4) g (x) = 3x 2 + 9 x − 13
5) f(x) = x 2 + 6 x − 3 6) g(x) = x 2 + 4 x + 4
7) f(x) = x 8) f(x) = − x + x 6
3− x − x + x6
9) f(x) = 2 10) f(x) =
x +5 1 + x2

9|Page
TRY MORE
Find the Domain of the following:

−11x + 6 4x2 + 3
a) b) 3x − 27
2
c)
2ecos x −1 x−6

4 x 2 + 3 −11x + 6
f ( x) = − cos x −1 + 3x 2 − 27
d)
x−6 2e
SOLUTION

−11x + 6
a) f(x) =
2ecos x −1

b) f(x)= 3x2 − 27 is a rational Function and so should be greater or equal to zero.

NOTE:

1) if x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a  x  [− a , a ]
2) if x 2  a 2  x  a  − a  x  a  x  (−, −a]U [a, )

10 | P a g e
 4x2 + 3
c) f(x) =
x−6

4 x 2 + 3 −11x + 6
f ( x) = − cos x −1 + 3x 2 − 27
d)
x−6 2e

11 | P a g e
TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES:

x2 + 1 4 x + 6
1) f ( x) = − cos x + 2 x 2 − 8
x −5 e

Answer :(−, −2]U [2,5) U (5, )

x 2 + 9 −6 x + 2
2) f ( x) = − s in ( x −1) + 2 x 2 − 32
x−9 3e

Answer :(−, −4]U [4,9) U (9, )

Find the domain of the following:

3sin( x) − 1
1) f ( x) = 2 + x + 2 x(2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x − 2)
5
2) f ( x) =
x 4 + 3x 2

−3cos( x) + 1 3cos x − 1
3) f ( x) = 4) f ( x) =
x 4 + 3x 2 x x2 + 3

12 | P a g e
 f ( x + h) − f ( x )
DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT Formula:
h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Question: If f(x) = 5x − 2 x + 1 Evaluate:
h
Solution:

Try the similar examples:

1) f(x) = 4 x + 3x + 1 2) f(x) = 3x + 2

3) f(x) = 4 − a x − 2x 4) f(x) = 2 x2 − 5x + 1

5) f(x) = 3x 2 − 6 x − 7 6) f(x) = 6x2 − 4x + 4

2x −1 −3x − 1
7) h(x) = 8) g(x) =
x+2 x − 12
2x2 −1 −3x 2 − 4 x − 1
9) g(x) = 10) f(x) =
3 − 2 x2 x − 12 x 2

13 | P a g e
14 | P a g e
SYMMETRY 1) EVEN FUNCTION
2) ODD FUNCTION

1) EVEN FUNCTION: If a function f satisfies f(-x) = f(x) for every number x in its domain, it is
called an even number.

Example: f(x) = x2
AS f(-x) = (− x) = x = f(x)
2 2

−3 x 2 + 7
Also 1− x 4
, x + 7x − 8 ,
4 2
all are examples of Even functions.
−6 − 4 x 2

2) ODD FUNCTION: If a function satisfies f(-x) = - f(x), for every number x in its domain, then f is
called an odd function.

Example: f(x) = x3
As f(-x) = (− x)3 = − x3 = - f(x)

−3x3 + 7 x 5
Also x3 − 3 x , , x − 3 x all are examples of odd functions.
−6 − 4 x 2

NOTE: If f (-x)  f(x) OR If f (-x)  - f(x)

Then f(x) is neither even nor odd function.
GEOMETRICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The graph of an even function is symmetric to y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric to origin.

15 | P a g e
Find Even & Odd Functions of the following:

1) x − 3 x 3) 1 − x4 5) 5 x + x(2 x − 4 x ) + cos( x )
5 2 2

2) x − 3 x − 5 4) x − x 2 6) 8 x + x (2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x )
5 3 3 5 2

3sin( x) − 1
7) 2 + x + 2 x(2 x − 4 x ) + sin( x − 2) 8) f ( x) =
5

x 4 + 3x 2
−3cos( x) + 1 3cos x − 1
9) f ( x) = 10) f ( x) =
x + 3x
4 2
x x2 + 3

16 | P a g e
17 | P a g e
Increasing and decreasing Functions:
A linear function f(x)=mx + c is increasing over its domain if its slope ‘m’ is positive. It is
decreasing over its domain if its slope ‘m’ is negative. It is constant over its domain if its slope is
zero.

Note: Out of the various definitions of increasing and deceasing functions, we will use only the
definition as discussed below:

For x1 , x2  R if x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
 f ( x) is increasing function
For x1 , x2  R if x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
 f ( x) is decreasing function

18 | P a g e
Q.1 Check if f ( x) = 2 x + 1 is increasing or decreasing.
Sol.

Q.2 Check if f ( x) = −2 x + 1 is increasing or decreasing.

Sol.

19 | P a g e
TRY the following for Increasing and decreasing nature of given functions/curves

1) 3x + 3 2) − 3 + x
3) 2 x 2 + 5 4) − 4 x 2 + 1

20 | P a g e
COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
If f and g are two functions then f g is called composite function
and is given by : (f g ) x = f ( g ( x) )
Note :This is also called composition of f and g.

Beside this f and g can be combined to form new functions as :

f + g , f − g , fg & f / g in a manner similar to the way add , subtract,
multiply and divide.
( f + g ) x = f ( x) + g ( x) , ( f − g ) x = f ( x) – g ( x)
( f . g ) x = f ( x)  g ( x) , ( f / g ) x = f ( x) / g ( x)

Example : If f ( x) = 3x 2 and g ( x) = 3 − 2 x
Find (f g ) x and (g f )x ?
Sol.

21 | P a g e
Example: If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3. Find fog and gof ?

Example: If f(x) = x and g(x) = 2 − x .

Find a) fog b) gof c) fof d) gog ?

3x
Example : Find (f g h ) , if f ( x) = , g ( x) = x 5 , h( x) = 3 − x.
x+2
Sol.

22 | P a g e
TRY FEW:

x−4 x+2
1) Consider the function f ( x) = and g ( x) =
x+7 x −3
Find the following.
a) fog b) gof c) fof d) gog

2) For the given functions f and g find :

a) f o g b) g o f c) f o f d) g o g
Also find the domain in each case.

a ) f ( x) = 2 x + 3 ; g ( x) = 3 x
b) f ( x ) = − x ; g ( x ) = 2 x − 4
j ) f ( x) = x − 2 ; g ( x) =1 − 2 x
c) f ( x) = 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2
k ) f ( x) = x 2 + 1 ; g ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3
3 2
d ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 1 1
x −1 x l ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x x
x −4
e) f ( x ) = ; g ( x) = m) f ( x ) = x + 5 ; g ( x) = x − 5
x −1 x
n) f ( x ) = x 3 ; g ( x) = 3
x
f ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 2 x + 3
( x + 6)
g ) f ( x) = x 2 + 1 ; g ( x) = x − 1 o) f ( x ) = 2 x − 6 ; g ( x) =
2
x−5 x+2
h) f ( x ) = ; g ( x) = 1
x +1 x − 3 p) f ( x) = ax + b ; g ( x ) = ( x − b)
a
2x −1 x+4
i ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x−2 2x − 5

23 | P a g e
3) For the given functions f and g find:
a) f o g (4) b) g o f (2) c) f o f (1) d) g o g (0)

1
a ) f ( x) = 2 x 2 ; g ( x) = 1 − 3 x 2 f ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) =
x +1
2

b) f ( x ) = 3 x + 2 ; g ( x) = 2 x 2 − 1 3
g ) f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3 x
c) f ( x) = x + 1 ; g ( x) = 3 x x +1
d ) f ( x) = 2 x g ( x) = 3 x 2 + 1 h) f ( x) = x3/ 2 2
; ; g ( x) =
1 x +1
e) f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 3 ; g ( x) = 3 − x 2 i ) f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 2 x
2

4) Find the functions f and g so that fog = H.

a ) H ( x) = ( 2 x + 9 ) e) H ( x) = (1 + x 2 )
6 3

b) H ( x ) = ( x 2 + 9 )
3
f ) H ( x) = 1 − x5
c) H ( x) = 2 x − 7 2 − x2
g ) H ( x) =
d ) H ( x) = x3 −  5
x −1
h) H ( x ) =
3

24 | P a g e
SOME DIFFERENT EXAMPLES

If f(x) = -2x+1 and h(x) = 4 x − 4 x − 1 .Find a function g such that (fog)x = h(x).
2

Solution: fog(x) = f(g(x)) = -2 g(x) + 1

But given (fog)x = h(x).

-2 g(x) +1 = 4 x2 − 4 x −1
-2 g( x ) = 4 x2 − 4 x − 2
g(x) = −2 x2 + 2 x + 1

TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES: Find g(x) in the following cases:

1) f(x) = - x +4 and h(x) = 3x2 − 6 x − 5

2) f(x) = 2x+4 and h(x) = 4 x2 + 2 x − 2

3) f(x) = - 5x -6 and h(x) = 3x2 + 6 x + 5

4) f(x) = 2x+4 and h(x) = 7 x2 + 7 x − 1

25 | P a g e
Question:Given F(x) = cos2 ( x + 9) . Find functions f, g and h such that F(x) =fogoh(x)
Solution:

26 | P a g e
TRY SIMILAR EXAMPLES: Find f, g and h if fogoh = H(x) and

1) H(X) = x −1

2) H(X) = 8 2+ x

3) H(X) = Sec 4 ( x )

27 | P a g e
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

In general, an exponential function is a function of the form.

f(x) = a x , where a is a constant and positive.

If x=n, a +ve integer

Then an = a.a.a.a.a.a........a
n − factors

1) If x= 0 , then f(0) = a0 = 1

2) If x= -n, f(-n) = a−n = 1

an
p
3) If x is a rational number x= ,
q

ax = a p/q = ( a p ) = ( a ) p
q q
Then

LAWS OF EXPONENTS

If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are real numbers, then
x+ y x− y ax
1) a = a .a
x y
2) a = y
a
3) ( a x ) = a xy 4) ( ab ) = a xb x
y x

Also a 0 = 1

28 | P a g e
 x
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF y= 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8 16

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF y = 2− x

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16

29 | P a g e
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 5 - 2 x and find its domain & Range.

Solution: First we reflect the graph of y = 2 x to get y = - 2 x , then we will shift graph of y = - 2 x
upward 5 units to obtain graph of y = 5 - 2 x .
From Graph we found that
DOMAIN = (-  ,  )
RANGE =(-  ,3)

GRAPH OF y = 2 x

x
GRAPH OF y = - 2

30 | P a g e
GRAPH OF y = 5 - 2 x

31 | P a g e
 Helping Table for Graphing Techniques

To Graph Draw the Graph of f and : Functional Change to

f(x)

VERTICAL SHIFTs:
y = f(x) + c , c>0 Raise the graph of f by c units Add c to f(x).

y = f(x) – c , c>0 Lower the graph of f by c units Subtract c from f(x)

HORIZONTAL SHIFTs:
y = f( x + c) , c > 0 Shift the graph of f to left c units Replace x by x + c

y = f (x - c) , c>0 Shift the graph of f to right c units Replace x by x - c

COMPRESSING OR
STRETCHING
y = k f(x), k>0 Multiply each y-coordinate of y = f(x) by k. Multiply f(x) by k
Stretch the graph of f vertically if k > 1
Compress the graph of f vertically if 0 < k < 1

y = f (kx), k>0 Replace x by kx

Multiply each x-coordinate of y = f(x) by 1/k.
Stretch the graph of f horizontally if 0<k<1
Compress the graph of f horizontally if k>1

REFLECTION ABOUT X-
AXIS
y=-f(x) Reflect the graph of f about the x-axis Multiply f(x) by -1

REFLECTION ABOUT Y-
AXIS
y=f(-x) Reflect the graph of f about the y-axis Replace x by –x

(Pearson: ISBN-13 978-00321-97907-0)

32 | P a g e
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 5 - 3x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 2 - 2− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= -2 + 2− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= 2 + e− x and find its domain & Range.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the Function y= -1 - e− x and find its domain & Range

33 | P a g e
 Note: Your instructor owns the copyright to recorded and streamed lessons, which are provided to
you for your personal study only. Recordings and streams may not be reproduced or distributed
further without permission from the copyright owner.

References:

Stewart, J. (2016). Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th ed.). Australia: Cengage
Learning, ISBN: 0176824480.
Sullivan, M.(2016). Precalculus(10th ed.). Boston: Pearson
Openstax.org Calculus : licensed under an Attribution-Non Commercial-Share alike 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC-SA)

34 | P a g e
35 | P a g e