Experiment 1
Name – Akshay Deolasi
MIS – 112107011
Batch – A
Subject – Digital Signal Processing
1) Sine Wave
Code -
N = 1024;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = sin(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,x);
Output –
2) Cosine Wave
Code -
N = 1024;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = cos(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,x);
Output –
3) Discrete Cosine Wave
Code -
N = 1024;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = cos(2*pi*f*t);
stem(t,x);
Output –
Code -
N = 100;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = cos(2*pi*f*t);
stem(t,x);
Output –
4) Discrete Sine Wave
Code –
N = 1024;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = sin(2*pi*f*t);
stem(t,x);
Output –
Code –
N = 100;
fs = 200;
f = 1;
ts = 1/fs;
t = ts*(0:N-1);
x = sin(2*pi*f*t);
stem(t,x);
Output –
5) Impulse Function
Code -
t=(-1:1:1)';
impulse=t==0;
unistep=t>=0;
ramp=t.*unistep;
quad=t.^2.*unistep;
plot(t,[impulse])
Output –
6) Unit Step Function
Code -
t=(-1:1:1)';
impulse=t==0;
unistep=t>=0;
ramp=t.*unistep;
quad=t.^2.*unistep;
stem(t,[impulse])
Output –
7) Ramp Function
Code -
t=(-1:1:1)';
impulse=t==0;
unistep=t>=0;
ramp=t.*unistep;
quad=t.^2.*unistep;
plot(t,[ramp])
Output –
8) Quadratic Function
Code –
t=(-1:01:1)';
impulse=t==0;
unistep=t>=0;
ramp=t.*unistep;
quad=t.^2.*unistep;
plot(t,[quad])
Output –
Codes in Python :-
1) Sine Wave
i) Frequency = 1Hz
Code –
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Sine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
ii) Frequency = 10 Hz
Code –
N = 1024
fs = 200
f = 10
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Sine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
iii) Frequency = 100 Hz
Code –
N = 1024
fs = 200
f = 100
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Sine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
2) Cosine Wave
i) Frequency = 1Hz
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Cosine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
ii) Frequency = 10 Hz
Code –
N = 1024
fs = 200
f = 10
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Cosine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
iii) Frequency = 100 Hz
Code –
N = 100
fs = 200
f = 100
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Cosine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
3) Discrete Cosine Wave
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.stem(t, x, use_line_collection=True)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Discrete Cosine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.cos(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.stem(t, x, use_line_collection=True)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Discrete Cosine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
4) Discrete Sine Wave
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.stem(t, x, use_line_collection=True)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Discrete Sine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
fs = 200
f=1
ts = 1 / fs
t = ts * np.arange(0, N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * t)
plt.stem(t, x, use_line_collection=True)
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Discrete Sine Wave Signal')
plt.show()
Output –
5) Impulse Function, Unit Step Signal, Ramp Signal and Quadratic Function
Code –
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
t = np.arange(-1, 2, 1)
impulse = t == 0
unistep = t >= 0
ramp = t * unistep
quad = t**2 * unistep
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
plt.plot(t, impulse)
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Impulse Signal')
plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
plt.plot(t, unistep)
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Unit Step Signal')
plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
plt.plot(t, ramp)
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Ramp Signal')
plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
plt.plot(t, quad)
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.title('Quadratic Signal')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Output –
CODE1:Sampling theorem
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.clf()
T = 0.04
t = np.arange(0, 0.02, 0.0005)
f=1/T
nl = np.arange(0, 41)
print(np.size(nl))
xa_t = np.sin(2 * np.pi * 2 * t / T)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
plt.plot(200 * t, xa_t)
plt.title('Verification of sampling theorem')
plt.title('Continuous signal')
plt.xlabel('t')
plt.ylabel('x(t)')
ts1 = 0.002
ts2 = 0.01
ts3 = 0.1
n = np.arange(0, 21)
x_ts1 = 2 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * n * ts1 / T)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
plt.stem(n, x_ts1)
plt.title('Greater than Nyquist rate')
plt.xlabel('n')
plt.ylabel('x(n)')
n = np.arange(0, 5)
x_ts2 = 2 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * n * ts2 / T)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
plt.stem(n, x_ts2)
plt.title('Equal to Nyquist rate')
plt.xlabel('n')
plt.ylabel('x(n)')
n = np.arange(0, 11)
x_ts3 = 2 * np.sin(2 * np.pi * n * ts3 / T)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
plt.stem(n, x_ts3)
plt.title('Less than Nyquist rate')
plt.xlabel('n')
plt.ylabel('x(n)')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
CODE2:Sine wave
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.clf()
plt.close('all')
Fs = 150
f=5
t = np.arange(0, 1, 1/Fs)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * t * f)
nfft = 1024
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
X = X[:nfft//2]
mx = np.abs(X)
frequencies = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Sine Wave Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(frequencies, mx)
plt.title('Power Spectrum of a Sine Wave')
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
CODE3:Cosine wave
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.clf()
plt.close('all')
Fs = 150
f=5
t = np.arange(0, 1, 1/Fs)
nfft = 1024
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * t * f)
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
X = X[:nfft//2]
mx = np.abs(X)
frequencies = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Sine Wave Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(frequencies, mx)
plt.title('Power Spectrum of a Sine Wave')
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
CODE4:Square wave
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Fs = 150
t = np.arange(0, 1, 1/Fs)
f=5
x = np.square(2 * np.pi * t * f)
nfft = 1024
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
X = X[:nfft//2]
mx = np.abs(X)
frequencies = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Square Wave Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.title('Power Spectrum of a Square Wave')
plt.plot(frequencies, mx)
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
CODE5:Guassian pulse
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Fs = 60
t = np.arange(-5, 0.51, 1/Fs)
sigma = 0.1
x = 1 / (np.sqrt(2 * np.pi * sigma**2)) * np.exp(-t**2 / (2 * sigma**2))
nfft = 1024
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
mx = np.abs(X)
f = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Gaussian Pulse Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(f, mx[:nfft//2])
plt.title('Power Spectrum of a Gaussian Pulse')
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
CODE6:Exponential decay
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Fs = 150
t = np.arange(0, 1.001, 1/Fs)
x = 2 * np.exp(-5 * t)
nfft = 1024
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
X = X[:nfft//2] # FFT is symmetric, take only the first half
mx = np.abs(X)
f = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Exponential Decay Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(f, mx)
plt.title('Power Spectrum of an Exponential Decay')
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
CODE7:Chirp signal
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.signal import chirp
Fs = 150
t = np.arange(0, 1.001, 1/Fs)
x = chirp(t, f0=0, f1=1, t1=1, f0_mode='logarithmic')
nfft = 1024
X = np.fft.fft(x, nfft)
X = X[:nfft//2] # FFT is symmetric, take only the first half
mx = np.abs(X)
f = np.arange(0, nfft//2) * Fs / nfft
plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Chirp Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(f, mx)
plt.title('Power Spectrum of a Chirp Signal')
plt.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
plt.ylabel('Power')
plt.show()
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
Aim:Autocorrelation of a given sequence and verification of its properties. Software
Required: MATLAB
Theory:
The autocorrelation function of a random signal describes the general dependence of the
values of the samples at one time on the values of the samples at another time. Consider a random
process x(t) (i.e. continuous-time), its autocorrelation function is written as:
Where T is the period of observation.
Rxx () _ is always real-valued and an even function with a maximum value at 0.
For sampled signal (i.e. sampled signal), the autocorrelation is defined as either biased or unbiased
defined as follows:
[Biased Autocorrelation]
(2)
[Uniased Autocorrelation]
where M is the number of lags.
The cross correlation function however measures the dependence of the values of one
signal on another signal. For two WSS (Wide Sense Stationary) processes x(t) and
y(t) it is described by:
= lim
+ T)dt (3)
(4)
1f + c)dt
22
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
where T is the observation time.
For sampled signals, it is defined as:
Where N is the record length (i.e. number of samples).
Program:
Autocorrelation of a given sequence and verification of its properties.
% Read the signal
% define the axis
n—0: 1
:length(x)-l %
plot the signal
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
% auto correlate the signal
Rxx=xcorr(x,x);
% the axis for auto correlation results
nRxx=-length(x)+1 :length(x)- I %
display the result stem(nRxx,Rxx)
% properties of Rxx(0) gives the energy of the signal
% find energy of the signal energy=sum(x.A2)
%set index of the centre value
centre_index—
ceil(length(Rxx)/2) % Acces the
centre value Rxx(0)
Rxx 0==Rxx(centre_index)
Rxx O—Rxx(centre_index)
% Check if the Rxx(0)=energy if Rxx
O==energy disp('Rxx(0) gives energy
proved'); else disp('Rxx(0) gives energy not
proved'); end Rxx_right=Rxx(centre_index: I
:length(Rxx))
Rxx
ifRxx right==Rxx_left disp('Rxx is
even'); else disp('Rxx is not
even'); end
23
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
n = np.arange(0, len(x))
plt.stem(n, x)
Rxx = np.correlate(x, x, mode='full')
nRxx = np.arange(-len(x) + 1, len(x))
plt.stem(nRxx, Rxx)
energy = np.sum(x**2)
centre_index = len(Rxx) // 2
Rxx_0 = Rxx[centre_index]
if Rxx_0 == energy:
print('Rxx(0) gives energy proved')
else:
print('Rxx(0) gives energy not proved')
Rxx_right = Rxx[centre_index::]
Rxx_left = Rxx[:centre_index + 1]
if np.array_equal(Rxx_right, Rxx_left):
print('Rxx is even')
else:
print('Rxx is not even')
output:
x= 1 2 3 6 5 4
11=0 1 2 3 4 5 nRxx= -5 -4 -3 -2 -
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 energy = 91 centre
index = 6 Rxx(0) gives energy
not proved
Rxx_right =
91.0000 76.0000 54.0000 28.0000 13.0000 4.0000
Rxx left —
91.0000 76.0000 54.0000 28.0000 13.0000 4.0000
Rxx is even
24
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
Autocorrelation of a sinewave
Plot the autocorrelation sequence of a sinewave with frequency 1 Hz, sampling frequency of 200
Hz.
N = 1024; % Number of samples
f = 1; % Frequency of the sine wave
FS = 200; % Sampling Frequency
n = 0:N-1; % Sample index numbers
x = sin(2 * pi * f * n / FS); % Generate the signal, x(n)
t = (1:N) * (1 / FS); % Prepare a time axis
% Prepare the figure and plot x(n)
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(t, x);
title('Sine wave of frequency 1000Hz [FS=8000Hz]');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
% Estimate its autocorrelation
Rxx = xcorr(x);
% Prepare the figure and plot the autocorrelation
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(Rxx);
title('Autocorrelation function of the sine wave');
25
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
xlabel('Lags');
ylabel('Autocorrelation');
grid on;
python code:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
f=1
FS = 200
n = np.arange(N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * n / FS)
t = (np.arange(1, N + 1) / FS)
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t, x)
plt.title('Sine wave of frequency 1000Hz [FS=8000Hz]')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.grid()
Rxx = np.correlate(x, x, mode='full')
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(Rxx)
plt.title('Autocorrelation function of the sine wave')
plt.xlabel('Lags')
plt.ylabel('Autocorrelation')
plt.grid()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
26
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
output:
o 6
Tin-re, [s]
5
Autocorrelation fiån•ction of the sin—wave
1000
o 500 1000 soo
2500
lags
Cross correlation
Plot the cross correlation of the following
signal: x(n)— sin(211flt ) with fl Hz y(n)=
w(n)
whelæw(n) is a zeros mean, unit variance of Gaussina random process.
N = 1024; % Number of samples to generate
f = 1; % Frequency of the sine wave
FS = 200; % Sampling frequency
n = 0:N-1; % Sampling index
% Generate x(n)
x = sin(2 * pi * f * n / FS);
% Generate y(n) with noise
noise = 0.5 * randn(1, N); % Adding Gaussian noise
y = x + noise;
% Plot x(n)
subplot(3, 1, 1);
27
ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
plot(x);
title('Pure Sine-wave');
grid on;
% Plot y(n), Pure Sinewave + Noise
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(y);
title('y(n), Pure Sinewave + Noise');
grid on;
% Estimate the cross-correlation
Rxy = xcorr(x, y);
% Plot the cross-correlation Rxy
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(Rxy);
title('Cross-correlation Rxy');
grid on;
Python code:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N = 1024
f=1
FS = 200
n = np.arange(N)
x = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * n / FS)
noise = 0.5 * np.random.randn(N)
y = x + noise
plt.subplot(3, 1, 1)
plt.plot(x)
plt.title('Pure Sine-wave')
plt.grid(True)
plt.subplot(3, 1, 2)
plt.plot(y)
plt.title('y(n), Pure Sinewave + Noise')
plt.grid(True)
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ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
Rxy = np.correlate(x, y, mode='full')
plt.subplot(3, 1, 3)
plt.plot(Rxy)
plt.title('Cross-correlation Rxy')
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
The output is:
1200
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ET 20006: Lab Digital Signal Processing
