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Lecture 02

This document covers fundamental programming concepts including data types, variables, constants, arithmetic operators, and pseudocode. It discusses integer, boolean, character, and floating-point data types. It also covers identifiers, legal and illegal identifiers, arithmetic operators and order of precedence, expressions, and allocating memory for variables and constants. The document concludes with an overview of pseudocode including how to write pseudocode using sequence, selection, and examples.

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Aqeel Abbas
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© © All Rights Reserved
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12 views

Lecture 02

This document covers fundamental programming concepts including data types, variables, constants, arithmetic operators, and pseudocode. It discusses integer, boolean, character, and floating-point data types. It also covers identifiers, legal and illegal identifiers, arithmetic operators and order of precedence, expressions, and allocating memory for variables and constants. The document concludes with an overview of pseudocode including how to write pseudocode using sequence, selection, and examples.

Uploaded by

Aqeel Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Fundamentals

Lecture 2

Aamina Batool
Identifier

 Identifiers are names of things that appear in programs,


such as variables, constants, and functions.

 Some identifiers are predefined; others are defined by


the user.
Legal & Illegal Identifiers

 The following are legal identifiers in C++:


 first
 conversion
 payRate
Data Types

 Data Type: set of values together with a set of


operations is called a data type
int Data Type

 Examples:
-6728
0
78

 Positive integers do not have to have a + sign in front of them


 No commas are used within an integer
bool Data Type

 bool type

 Has two values, true and false

 Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions

 true and false are called logical values

 bool, true, and false are reserved words


char Data Type

 The smallest integral data type


 Used for characters: letters, digits, and special symbols
 Each character is enclosed in single quotes
 Some of the values belonging to char data type are:
'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
 A blank space is a character and is written ' ', with a
space left between the single quotes
Floating-Point Data Types

 C++ uses scientific notation to represent real numbers (floating-point


notation)
Floating-Point Data Types (continued)

 float: represents any real number


 Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38

 Memory allocated for the float type is 4 bytes

 double: represents any real number


 Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308

 Memory allocated for double type is 8 bytes


Arithmetic Operators

 C++ Operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder (mod operator)
 +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-
point data types
Order of Precedence

 All operations inside of () are evaluated first


 *, /, and % are at the same level of precedence and
are evaluated next
 + and – have the same level of precedence and are
evaluated last
 When operators are on the same level
 Performed from left to right
Expressions

 If all operands are integers


 Expression is called an integral expression
 If all operands are floating-point
 Expression is called a floating-point expression
 An integral expression yields integral result
 A floating-point expression yields a floating-point result
 Mixed expression:
 Has operands of different data types
 Contains integers and floating-point
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
Evaluating Mixed Expressions

 If operator has same types of operands


 Evaluated according to the type of the operands

 If operator has both types of operands


 Integer is changed to floating-point
 Operator is evaluated
 Result is floating-point
Allocating Memory - Variable

 Variable: memory location whose content may change during execution


Allocating Memory – Named Constant

 Named Constant: memory location whose content can’t change during


execution
 The syntax to declare a named constant is:

 In C++, const is a reserved word


Assignment Statement

 The assignment statement takes the form:


variable = expression;
 Expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to the variable on the left
side
 In C++ = is called the assignment operator
 A C++ statement such as:
i = i + 2;
evaluates whatever is in i, adds two to it, and assigns the new value to the
memory location i
Declaring & Initializing Variables

 Variables can be initialized when declared:


int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6, y=123.456;
 first and second are int variables with the values 13 and 10,
respectively
 ch is a char variable whose value is empty
 x and y are double variables with 12.6 and 123.456, respectively
Different Operators

 Arithmetic Operators (+ , -, /, %, *, =)
 Relational Operators ( < , > , =, <=, >=, ==)
Pseudocode

 Pseudo code is a kind of structured English for describing algorithms.


 It allows the designer to focus on the logic of the algorithm without
being distracted by details of language syntax.
 At the same time, the pseudo code needs to be complete. It
describes the entire logic of the algorithm so that implementation
becomes a rote mechanical task of translating line by line into
source code.
How to write a Pseudocode

1. A computer can receive information


 Read (information from a file)
 Get (information from the keyboard)
2. A computer can put out information
 Write (information to a file)
 Display (information to the screen)
How to write a Pseudocode

3. A computer can perform arithmetic


 Use actual mathematical symbols or the words for the symbols
 Add number to total
 Total = total + number
 +, -, *, /
 Calculate, Compute also used
How to write a Pseudocode

4. A computer can assign a value to a piece of data


 3 cases
1. To give data an initial value,
 Initialize, Set
2. To assign a value as a result of some processing ,
 ‘=’,
x=5+y
3. To keep a piece of information for later use,
 Save, Store
 For above three cases, data must be declared through “Declare”
How to write a Pseudocode

5. A computer can compare two piece of information and select one


of two alternative actions
 IF (condition)
 some action
 ELSE
 alternative action

6. A computer can repeat a group of actions


Sequence

 Execution of one step after another. This is represented as a sequence of


pseudo code statements:
 Statement 1
 Statement 2
 Statement 3
 Example:
 Read three numbers
 Add three numbers
 Display total of three numbers
Selection

 Presentation of a condition and the choice between two actions, the


choice depending on whether the condition is true or false. This construct
represents the decision making abilities of the computer to compare two
pieces of information and select one of two alternative actions. In pseudo
code, selection is represented by the keywords IF, THEN, ELSE and ENDIF
 IF condition p is true
 statement(s) in true case
 ELSE
 statement(s) in false case
Selection

 Example:
 IF (student is part_time)
 Add one to part_time_count
 ELSE
 Add one to full_time_count

 A variation – We don’t need the ELSE structure – The null ELSE


 IF condition p is true
 statement(s) in true case
Examples

 Write pseudo code that reads two numbers and multiplies them
together and print out their product.

 Declare num1, num2, product


 Input num1 , num2
 Set product to num1*num2
 Print product
Examples

 Write pseudo code that tells a user that the number they entered is
not a 5 or a 6.
 Solution # 1:
 Declare num
 Input num
 If(num = 5)
 Print “your number is 5”
 Else if (num = 6)
 Print “your number is 6”
 Else
 Print “your number is not 5 or 6”
Examples

 Solution # 2:
 Input num
 If(num = 5 or num = 6)
 Print “your number is a 5 or a 6”
 Else
 Print “your number is not 5 or 6”
Examples

 Solution # 3:
 Input num
 If(num is not 5 and num is not 6)
 Print “your number is not 5 or 6”
 Else
 Print “your number is a 5 or a 6”
References

1. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition


2. https://www.just.edu.jo/~yahya-t/cs115/

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