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Chapter 3

The document discusses sequences and series. It defines sequences as sets of numbers in order, and distinguishes between finite and infinite sequences. It introduces arithmetic sequences, where the difference between terms is constant, and geometric sequences, where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant. It provides examples and formulas for writing the patterns of arithmetic and geometric sequences. It also discusses finding specific terms of sequences and determining the initial term and common difference or ratio from given terms. Finally, it introduces other types of sequences involving radicals or different signs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views18 pages

Chapter 3

The document discusses sequences and series. It defines sequences as sets of numbers in order, and distinguishes between finite and infinite sequences. It introduces arithmetic sequences, where the difference between terms is constant, and geometric sequences, where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant. It provides examples and formulas for writing the patterns of arithmetic and geometric sequences. It also discusses finding specific terms of sequences and determining the initial term and common difference or ratio from given terms. Finally, it introduces other types of sequences involving radicals or different signs.

Uploaded by

sufi 3393
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3: SEQUENCE AND SERIES

LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students are able to:
i. understand the terms involve in sequence and series.
ii. use the suitable formula in writing the pattern of sequence.
iii. perform the right idea on expansion of Binomial Series.

INTRODUCTION:
Many real world processes generate lists of numbers. For instance, the balance in a bank account
at the end of each month, the interest earned each month when you deposit a sum of money into
your account, the height of bouncing balls over certain time and so on.

NOTES AND EXAMPLES:


3.1 Sequence (Introduction)
Sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

If the sequence goes on forever it is called an infinite sequence, otherwise it is a finite sequence
Example:
 {1, 2, 3, 4 ,...} is a very simple sequence (and it is an infinite sequence)
 {1, 3, 5, 7} is the sequence of the first 4 odd numbers (and is a finite sequence)

Notation
 Sequences also use the same notation as sets:
 list each element, separated by a comma,
 and then put curly brackets around the whole thing.
 Example: {3, 5, 7, ...}

 Sequence term
 𝑥𝑛 is the term
 𝑛 is the term number
 Example: to mention the "5th term" you just write: 𝑥5

3.1.1 Sequence (Type of Sequence)


1) Arithmetic Sequences
In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between one term and the next is a constant.

In other words, you just add some value each time ... on to infinity.

Example: {1,2,3, … }, {1,3,5, … }, {−2,3,8, … }


The rule of writing the pattern of the sequence is below:

𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1)
where:
 𝑎 is the first term, and
 𝑑 is the difference between the terms (called the "common difference")
 𝑑 = 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛

In General you could write an arithmetic sequence like this:

{𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … , 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}

Example A: Finding the pattern of the sequence


i. 1,4,7,10,13,16, …
ii. 1,3,5,7, …

Solution:
i. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 3

𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 3𝑛 − 3
𝑥𝑛 = 3𝑛 − 2 ⋕

ii. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 2

𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛 − 2
𝑥𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 1 ⋕

Example B: Finding the nth term of the sequence


i. Find the nth term of the arithmetic sequence whose initial term 𝑎 = 3, and common
difference 𝑑 = 4. Hence find the value of 6th term.
ii. Given the arithmetic sequence {4𝑛 + 3}, find the common difference, and the 8th term
and list down the first four terms.

Solution:
i. 𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 4

Formula for arithmetic sequence is


𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 3 + (𝑛 − 1)4
= 3 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 4𝑛 − 1 ⋕

Hence find the value of 6th term.


𝑥6 = 4(6) − 1 = 24 − 1 = 23 ⋕

ii. The first four terms,


𝑥𝑛 = 4𝑛 + 3
𝑥1 = 4(1) + 3 = 7
𝑥2 = 4(2) + 3 = 11
𝑥3 = 4(3) + 3 = 15
𝑥4 = 4(4) + 3 = 19

The first four terms are {7,11,15,19} ⋕

The 8th term,


𝑥 8 = 4(8) + 3
= 35 ⋕

The common difference,


𝑑 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
= 11 − 7
=4⋕

Example C: Finding the 𝑎 and 𝑑


i. Find the initial term and the common difference if the 12 th term is 53 and 16th term is 69.
ii. Find the pattern of the sequence if given that 𝑥10 = 5 and 𝑥14 = 7.

Solution:
i. When common difference needed, surely it comes from arithmetic sequence. Therefore,
the formula related is
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (𝑛 − 1)

Substitute two terms given,


𝑥12 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (12 − 1) = 53 − − − − − (1)
𝑥16 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (16 − 1) = 69 − − − − − (2)
Simplify
𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 53 − − − − − (1)
𝑎 + 15𝑑 = 69 − − − − − (2)
Solve simultaneously
(2) − (1) ∶ 4𝑑 = 16 ⇒𝑑 =4⋕

From (1): 𝑎 + 11(4) = 53 ⇒𝑎=9⋕

ii. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (𝑛 − 1)

Substitute two terms given,


𝑥10 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(10 − 1) = 5 − − − − − (1)
𝑥14 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(14 − 1) = 7 − − − − − (2)
Simplify
𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 5 − − − − − (1)
𝑎 + 13𝑑 = 7 − − − − − (2)
Solve simultaneously
(2) − (1) ∶ 4𝑑 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑 = 1/2

From (1): 𝑎 + 9(1/2) = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1/2

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (𝑛 − 1)
1 1
= + (𝑛 − 1)
2 2
1
= 2𝑛 ⋕

2) Geometric Sequences
In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant.

Example: {2,6,18,54 … }, {3,9,27,81, … }, {2,4,8,16 … }

The rule of writing the pattern of the sequence is below:

𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
where:
 𝑎 is the first term, and
 𝑟 is the factor between the terms (called the ‘’common ratio’’)
𝑥
 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑛+1
𝑛

In General you could write a geometric sequence like this:

{𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , … , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 }

Example D: Finding the pattern of the sequence


i. 2, 4, 8, 16, …
ii. 1,3,9,27,81, …

Solution:
i. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = 2
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥𝑛 = 2(2𝑛−1 )
𝑥𝑛 = 21 (2𝑛−1 )
𝑥𝑛 = 21+𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 ⋕

ii. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 3
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑥𝑛 = 1(3𝑛−1 )
𝑥𝑛 = 3𝑛−1 ⋕

Example F:
i. Find the nth term of the geometric sequence whose initial term 𝑎 = 3, and common ratio
𝑟 = 4. Hence find the value of 7th term.
ii. Given the geometric sequence {3𝑛 }, find the common ratio, and the 8th term and list down
the first four terms.

Solution:
i. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = 4

Formula for geometric sequence is


𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
= 2(4𝑛−1 )
= 2(22(𝑛−1) )
= 21 (22𝑛−2 )
= 21+(2𝑛−2)
= 22𝑛−1 ⋕

Hence find the value of 7th term.


𝑥7 = 22(7)−1 = 8192 ⋕

ii. The first four terms,


𝑥 𝑛 = 3𝑛
𝑥1 = 31 = 3
𝑥 2 = 32 = 9
𝑥3 = 33 = 27
𝑥4 = 34 = 81

The first four terms are {3,9,27,81} ⋕

The 8th term,


𝑥 8 = 38
= 6561 ⋕

The common difference,


𝑥2
𝑑=
𝑥1
9
=
3
=3⋕

Example G:
i. Find the initial term and the common ratio if the 12th term is 53 and 16the term is 69.
ii. Find 𝑎 and 𝑟 if 𝑥1 = 4 and 𝑥4 = 108

Solution:
i. When common ratio needed, surely it comes from geometric sequence. Therefore, the
formula related is
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

Substitute two terms given,


𝑥12 = 𝑎𝑟12−1 = 512 − − − − − (1)
𝑥14 = 𝑎𝑟16−1 = 2048 − − − − − (2)
Simplify
𝑎𝑟12 = 512 − − − − − (1)
𝑎𝑟14 = 2048 − − − − − (2)

Solve simultaneously
(2) ÷ (1) ∶
𝑎𝑟14 2048
=
𝑎𝑟12 512

𝑎1−1 𝑟14−12 = 4
𝑟2 = 4
2
𝑟 = √4 ⇒𝑟=2⋕

From (1):
𝑎(212−1 ) = 512
512 1
𝑎 = 2048 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4 ⋕

ii. 𝑥1 = 𝑎 = 4 ⋕

𝑥4 = 4𝑟 4−1 = 108
4𝑟 3 = 108
𝑟 3 = 27
𝑟=3⋕
3) Other
(a) Sequence including Radical

The rule of writing the pattern of the sequence is below:

𝑥𝑛 = √𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1) or 𝑥𝑛 = √𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

Example H: Find the pattern of the following sequence


i. 1, √2, √3, √4, …
4 8 16
ii. 2, , , ,…
√3 √5 √7

Solution:
i. 1 = √1
1, √2, √3, √4, … = √1, √2, √3, √4, …
In this example, the value in the radical is 1,2,3,4,…
Which is arithmetic sequence. Therefore,
𝑥𝑛 = √𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1)
𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 1
𝑥𝑛 = √1 + 1(𝑛 − 1)
𝑥𝑛 = √1 + 𝑛 − 1
𝑥 𝑛 = √𝑛 ⋕

4 8 16 2 4 8 16
ii. 2, , , ,… = , , , ,…
√ 3 √5 √ 7 √ 1 √ 3 √5 √7

Numerator: geometric sequence


Denominator: radical with arithmetic sequence

𝑦𝑛
𝑥𝑛 =
√𝑧𝑛

Numerator:
𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = 2
𝑦𝑛 = 2(2𝑛−1 ) = 21 (2𝑛−1 ) = 2𝑛

Denominator:
𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 2
√𝑧𝑛 = √1 + 2(𝑛 − 1) = √1 + 2𝑛 − 2 = √2𝑛 − 1
2𝑛
𝑥𝑛 = ⋕
√2𝑛 − 1
(b) Different sign sequence

The rule of writing the pattern of the sequence is below:

𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1

Example I: Find the pattern of the following sequence


i. 2, −2,2, −2, …
ii. 2, −5,8, −11, …

Solution:
i. Clearly see sequence of +ve and –ve among all number 2.
𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 ∙ 2
𝑥𝑛 = 2(−1)𝑛+1 ⋕

ii. 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 {2,5,8,11, … }

{2,5,8,11, … } is arithmetic sequence.


𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
{2,5,8,11, … } = 2 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
{2,5,8,11, … } = 2 + 3𝑛 − 3
{2,5,8,11, … } = 3𝑛 − 1

𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 (3𝑛 − 1) ⋕

3.1.2 Properties of Sequence

Theorem: Properties of Sequence

If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are two sequences and 𝑐 is a real number, then
𝑛 𝑛

1. ∑ 𝑐 = ∑ 𝑐
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛

2. ∑(𝑐𝑎𝑘 ) = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑎𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

3. ∑(𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 + ∑ 𝑏𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

4. ∑(𝑎𝑘 − 𝑏𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 − ∑ 𝑏𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑗 𝑛

5. ∑ 𝑎𝑘 = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 + ∑ 𝑎𝑘 where 1 < 𝑗 < 𝑛


𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑗+1

Example J: Write the following summation of sequence following the properties given above
4 6

i. ∑7 iii. ∑ (5𝑘 2 − 4𝑘 + 6)
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
5 7
1
ii. ∑ (4𝑘 + 3) iv. ∑ (𝑘 3 − 𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 − 3)
2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Solution:
4 4

i. ∑ 7 = ∑ 7 ⋕
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

5 5 5 5 5

ii. ∑ (4𝑘 + 3) = ∑ 4𝑘 + ∑ 3 = 4 ∑ 𝑘 + ∑ 3 ⋕
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 2 2
iii. ∑ (5𝑘 − 4𝑘 + 6) = ∑ 5𝑘 − ∑ 4𝑘 + ∑ 6 = 5 ∑ 𝑘 − 4 ∑ 𝑘 + ∑ 3 ⋕
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

7 7 7 7 7
1 1
iv. ∑ (𝑘 − 𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 − 3) = ∑ 𝑘 3 − ∑ 𝑘 2 − ∑ 7𝑘 − ∑ 3
3
2 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

7 7 7 7
1
= ∑ 𝑘3 − ∑ 𝑘2 − 7 ∑ 𝑘 − ∑ 3 ⋕
2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Formula: Properties of Sequence

If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are two sequences and 𝑐 is a real number, then
𝑛

1. ∑ 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2. ∑ 𝑘 =
2
𝑘=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
3. ∑ 𝑘 2 =
6
𝑘=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2
4. ∑ 𝑘 3 = ( )
2
𝑘=1

Example K: Find/Solve the sum of all sequence below


3 4

i. ∑ 5𝑘 iii. ∑(𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 2)
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

4 5

ii. ∑(3𝑘 + 2) iv. ∑(−2𝑘 3 + 𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 − 6)


𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Solution:
3 3

i. ∑ 5𝑘 = 5 ∑ 𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= 5( )
2
3(3 + 1)
= 5( )
2
3(4)
= 5( )
2
12
= 5( )
2
= 5 (6)
= 30 ⋕
4 4 4

ii. ∑ (3𝑘 + 2) = ∑ 3𝑘 + ∑ 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
4 4

= 3∑𝑘 +∑2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= 3( ) + 2𝑛
2
4(4 + 1)
= 3( ) + 2(4)
2
4(5)
= 3( )+8
2
20
= 3( )+8
2
= 3(10) + 8 = 38 ⋕
4 4 4 4
2 2
iii. ∑ (𝑘 − 𝑘 + 2) = ∑ 𝑘 − ∑ 𝑘 + ∑ 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= − + 2𝑛
6 2
4(4 + 1)(2(4) + 1) 4(4 + 1)
= − + 2(4)
6 2
4(5)(8 + 1) 4(5)
= − +8
6 2
= 30 − 10 + 8 = 28 ⋕
5

iv. ∑(−2𝑘 3 + 𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 − 6)
𝑘=1
5 5 5 5
3 2
= −2 ∑ 𝑘 + ∑ 𝑘 + 5 ∑ 𝑘 – ∑ 6
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1 )


= −2( ) + +5 ) − 6𝑛
2 6 2

5(5 + 1) 2 5(5 + 1)(2(5) + 1) 5(5 + 1)


= −2( ) + + 5( ) − 6(5)
2 6 2

5(6) 2 5(6)(11) 5(6)


= −2( ) + + 5( ) − 30
2 6 2

= −450 + 55 + 75 − 30

= −350 ⋕

3.2 Series (Introduction)


Series is the sum of all the terms in an infinite sequence.

{2,4,6,8,10, … } ⇒ Sequence

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ⋯ ⇒ Series

The sum is also written as 𝑆𝑛 . It gives 𝑆𝑛 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ⋯

3.2.1 Arithmetic Series


Arithmetic series is the sum of all terms of an arithmetic sequence.
 Recall that the general arithmetic sequence is:

{𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … , 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}

 Therefore the general arithmetic series is:

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑 ) + (𝑎 + 3𝑑 ) + ⋯ + (𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)

The formula for the nth term and the sum for arithmetic series are:

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 (𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2

Example L: Find the sum of


i. 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 2)
ii. 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1)

Solution:
i. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 2) = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑛
= [2(1) + (𝑛 − 1)3]
2
𝑛
= [2 + 3𝑛 − 3]
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [3𝑛 − 1] ⋕

ii. 𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 5 − 3 = 2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1) = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1) = [2(3) + (𝑛 − 1)2]
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1) = [6 + 2𝑛 − 2]
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑛 + 4] ⋕
2

3.2.2 Geometric Series


Geometric series is the sum of all terms of a geometric sequence.
 Recall that the general geometric sequence is:

{𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , … , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 }


 Therefore the general geometric series is:

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

The formula for the nth term and the sum for geometric series are:
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛−1) or 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛)


𝑆𝑛 = for 𝑟 > 1 𝑆𝑛 = for 𝑟 < 1
𝑟−1 1−𝑟

Example M: Find the sum of


i. 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ⋯ + 3𝑛−1
1 1 1 1 𝑛−1
ii. 1 + + + + ⋯ + ( )
2 4 8 2

Solution:
i. 𝑎=1
3
𝑟= =3 (𝑟 > 1)
1

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1(3𝑛 − 1) 3𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = = = ⋕
𝑟−1 3−1 2

ii. 𝑎=1
1
1
𝑑= 2= (𝑟 < 1)
1 2
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
1 1 1 1 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 )𝑛 1 (1 − (2) ) 1 − ( 2)
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + + + + ⋯ + ( ) = = =
2 4 8 2 1−𝑟 1 1
1 − ( 2) ( 2)

1 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 (1 − ( ) ) ⋕
2

Theorem for Geometric Series


𝑎
a) If |𝑟| < 1, then the geometric series converge with 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
b) If |𝑟| > 1, then the geometric series diverge

Example N:
a) Find the sum of infinite series below
1 1 1
+ + +⋯
2 4 8
1 1 1
b) 2 + 2 + 8 + 32 + ⋯

i. Find the sum of the first 10 terms


ii. If it is converge, find 𝑆∞ .

Solution:
1
1 4 1
a) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟= 1 =2 ⇒𝑟<1
2
Since 𝑟 < 1, series is converge
Therefore the sum of infinite series,
1
𝑎
𝑆∞ = = 2 =1⋕
1−𝑟 1−1
2
1
2 1
b) i) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = =4
2

Sum of first 10 terms,

1 10 1 10
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛) 2(1−( ) ) 2(1−( ) )
4 4
𝑆10 = = 1 = 3
1−𝑟 1−( )
4 4

8 1 10 8
= (1 − ( ) ) = (0.9999) = 2.6667 ⋕
3 4 3

1
ii) When 𝑟 = 4 < 1 ⇒ The series converge

Therefore we can find 𝑆∞


𝑎 2 2 8
𝑆∞ = = = = ⋕
1 − 𝑟 1 − ( 1) 3 3
4 4

Example O:Express the recurring decimal below as an infinite geometric series.


a) 0.68686868 …
b) 0.201201201 …

Solution:
a) 0.68 68 68 68 …
= 0.68 + 0.00 68 + 0.00 00 68

From this,
0.00 68
𝑎 = 0.68, 𝑟 = = 0.01
0.68
Thus by using
𝑎 0.68 68
𝑆∞ = = = ⋕
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 99

b) 0.201 201 201 …


= 0.201 + 0.000 201 + 0.000 000 201

From this,
0.000 201
𝑎 = 0.201, 𝑟 = = 0.001
0.201
Thus by using
𝑎 0.201 67
𝑆∞ = = = ⋕
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 333
EXERCISE:
1. Write the first five terms of the arithmetic sequences.
(a) an  5n  3
n
1
(b) an   
2
n
 1
(c) an    
 2
3n 2  n  4
(d) an 
2n 2  1
(e) an  1  (1) n

2. Find the nth term of the arithmetic sequence if


(a) Initial term, 𝑎 = 15 and common difference, 𝑑 = 4
(b) Initial term, 𝑎 = 0 and common difference, 𝑑 = −2/3
(c) Initial term, 𝑎 = −𝑦 and common difference, 𝑑 = 5𝑦

3. Find the initial term and common difference if


(a) a3  94 and a6  85
(b) a5  190 and a6  115
(c) a8  26 and a12  42

4. Write the next three terms of the geometric sequences.


(a) 6,12,24,48,....
1 1 1
(b) 1, , , ,...
3 9 27
(c) 3,3 5,15,15 5,...
(d) 5,10 x,20 x 2 ,40 x 3 ,...

5. Find the nth term of the geometric sequence if


(a) Initial term, 𝑎 = 2 and common ratio, 𝑟 = 3
(b) Initial term, 𝑎 = 5 and common ratio, 𝑟 = −1/10
(c) Initial term, 𝑎 = 3 and common ratio, 𝑟 = √5

6. Find the initial term and common ratio if


3
(a) a2  3 and a5 
64
2
(b) a4  18 and a7 
3
16 64
(c) a3  and a5 
3 27

7. Write the pattern for the apparent 𝑛th terms of the sequences.
(a) 3,7,11,15,19,...
(b) 2,4,6,8,10,...
1 1 1 1
(c) , , , ,...
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1
(d) 1, , , , , ,...
2 6 24 120
2 2 23 2 4 25
(e) 2, , , , ,...
3 6 27 81
1 3 7 15 31
(f) 1  ,1  ,1  ,1  ,1  ,...
2 4 8 16 32

8. Find the sum


6
(a)  (3i  1)
i 1
5
(b) 5
k 1
5
(c)  2i
i 1
2

6
(d)  (k
k 1
3
 2k 2  k )
4 5
(e)  (2i
i 1
3
)  ( j 2  4)
j 1

9. Find the sum of finite arithmetic series


(a) 9  16  23  30  .. until 10 th term.
(b) 2  8  14  20  ... until 9 th term.
(c) 100  98  96  94  .. until 15 th term.
1 3
(d)  1   2  .. until 18 th term.
2 2
1 7
(e) 1   2   .. until 11th term.
2 2

10. Find the sum of finite geometric series


(a) 1  2  4  8  .. until 9 th term.
3
(b) 12  6  3   ... until 10 th term.
2
9 27
(c) 2  3    ... until 8th term.
2 4
(d)  3  6  12  24  ... until 8th term.
1 1 1 1
(e)     ... until 7 th term.
2 4 8 16

11. Find the sum of infinite geometric series below.


1 1 1
(a) 1     ...
2 4 8
4 8 16 32
(b) 2      ...
3 9 27 81
1 1 1
(c) 1     ...
10 100 1000
1 1
(d)   1  3  ...
9 3
125 25
(e)    5  6  ...
36 6

12. Express the recurring decimal below as an infinite geometric series.


(a) 0.297
(b) 1.38
(c) 0.168
(d) 2.35

PROBLEM:
1. Object Drop
An object is dropped from an airplane and falls 30 feet during the first second. During each
successive second it falls 44 feet more than in the preceding second. How many feet does it
travel during first 10 seconds? How far does it fall during tenth second?

2. Bacterial Culture
A certain bacterial culture doubles in number every day. If there were 1000 bacteria at the end
of the first day, how many will be there after 8 days? How many after 𝑛 days?

3. Area of Circle
1
The largest circle has radius A1 B  1 . The next circle has A2 B  A1B , the one after that has
2
1
radius A3 B  A2 B , and so on. If these circles continue endlessly in this manner, what is the
2
sum of the areas of all the circles?

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