Appendix A: Numerical Constants

A.1 Fundamental Constants

c velocity of light 2.998 × 108 m/s

εo permittivity of free space 8.854 × 10-12 F/m
μo permeability of free space 4π × 10-7 H/m
ηo characteristic impedance of free space 376.7 Ω
e charge of an electron, (-e.v./Joule) -1.6008 × 10-19 C
m mass of an electron 9.1066 × 10-31 kg
mp mass of a proton 1.6725 × 10-27 kg
h Planck constant 6.624 × 10-34 J⋅s
k Boltzmann constant 1.3805 × 10-23 J/K
No Avogadro’s constant 6.022 × 1023 molec/mole
R Universal gas constant 8. 31 J/mole⋅K

A.2 Electrical Conductivity σ, S/m

Silver 6.14 × 107 Monel 0.24 × 107

Copper 5.80 × 107 Mercury 0.1 × 107
Gold 4.10 × 107 Sea Water 3–5
Aluminum 3.54 × 107 Distilled Water 2 × 10-4
Tungsten 1.81 × 107 Bakelite 10-8 – 10-10
Brass 1.57 × 107 Glass 10-12
Nickel 1.28 × 107 Mica 10-11 – 10-15
Iron (pure) 1.0 × 107 Petroleum 10-14
Steel 0.5 – 1.0 × 107 Fused Quartz <2 × 10-17
Lead 0.48 × 107

- A421 -
A.3 Relative Dielectric Constant ε/εo at 1 MHz

Vacuum 1.00 Vycor glass 3.8

Styrofoam (25% filler) 1.03 Low-loss glass 4.1
Firwood 1.8 – 2.0 Ice 4.15
Paper 2.0 – 3.0 Pyrex glass 5.1
Petroleum 2.1 Muscovite (mica) 5.4
Paraffin 2.1 Mica 5.6 – 6.0
Teflon 2.1 Magnesium silicate 5.7 – 6.4
Vaseline 2.16 Porcelain 5.7
Rubber 2.3 – 4.0 Aluminum oxide 8.8
Polystyrene 2.55 Diamond 16.5
Sandy soil 2.6 Ethyl alcohol 24.5
Plexiglas 2.6 – 3.5 Distilled water 81.1
Fused quartz 3.78 Titanium dioxide 100

A.4 Relative Permeability μ/μo

Vacuum 1
Biological tissue 1
Cold steel 2,000
Iron (99.91%) 5,000
Purified iron (99.95%) 180,000
mu metal (FeNiCrCu) 100,000
Supermalloy (FeNiMoMn) 800,000

- A422 -
Appendix B: Complex Numbers and Sinusoidal Representation

Most linear systems that store energy exhibit frequency dependence and therefore are more
easily characterized by their response to sinusoids rather than to arbitrary waveforms. The
resulting system equations contain many instances of Acos(ωt + φ), where A, ω, and φ are the
amplitude, frequency, and phase of the sinsusoid, respectively. Acos(ωt + φ) can be replaced by
A using complex notation, indicated here by the underbar and reviewed below; it utilizes the
arbitrary definition:

0.5
j ≡ (−1) (B.1)

This arbitrary non-physical definition is exploited by De Moivre’s theorem (B.4), which

utilizes a unique property of e = 2.71828:

eφ = 1 + φ + φ2 2! + φ3 3! + ... (B.2)

Therefore:

e jφ = 1+ jφ − φ2 2! − jφ3 3!+ φ4 4! + jφ5 5! − ...

(B.3)
= ⎡1 − φ2 2! + φ4 4! − ...⎤ + ⎡ jφ − jφ3 3!+ jφ5 5!...⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

e jφ = cosφ + jsinφ (B.4)

This is a special instance of a general complex number A:

A = A r + jAi (B.5)

where the real part is Ar ≡ Re{A} and the imaginary part is Ai ≡ Im{A}.

It is now easy to use (B.4) and (B.5) to show that76:

Acos(ωt + φ) = R e Ae ( { } = R {Ae
j ωt +φ)
e
jφ jωt
e } = R e{Ae jωt} = Ar cosωt − Ai sinωt (B.6)

where:

A = Ae jφ = Acosφ + jAsin φ = A r + jAi (B.7)

76
The physics community differs and commonly defines Acos(ωt + φ) = Re{Ae-j(ωt + φ) } and Ai ≡ -Asinφ, where the
rotational direction of φ is reversed in Figure B.1. Because phase is reversed in this alternative notation, the
impedance of an inductor L becomes -jωL, and that of a capacitor becomes j/ωC. In this notation j is commonly
replaced by -i.

- B423 -
 A r ≡ Acosφ, Ai ≡ Asinφ (B.8)

The definition of A given in (B.8) has the useful geometric interpretation shown in Figure
B.1(a), where the magnitude of the phasor A is simply the given amplitude A of the sinusoid,
and the angle φ is its phase.

(a) (b) (c)

Im{A} Im{A,B} Im{A,B}
jφ
A = Ar + jAi = Ae A+B
Asinφ
AB = AB e j(φ A +φB )
A A A
B B
φ φC φA
j φB
Re{A}
-1 0 1 Acosφ 0 Re{A,B} 0 Re{A,B}
-j

Figure B.1 Representation of phasors in the complex plane.

When φ = 0 we have Re{Aejωt} = Acosωt, and when φ = π/2 we have -Asinωt. Advances in time
alter the phasor A in the same sense as advances in φ; the phasor rotates counterclockwise. The
utility of this diagram is partly that the signal of interest, Re{Aejωt}, is simply the projection of
the phasor Aejωt on the real axis. It also makes clear that:

( )
0.5
A = A 2r + Ai2 (B.9)

φ = tan −1(Ai A r ) (B.10)

It is also easy to see, for example, that ejπ = -1, and that A = jA corresponds to -Asinωt.

Examples of equivalent representations in the time and complex domains are:

Acosωt ↔ A
−Asinωt ↔ jA
Acos(ωt + φ) ↔ Ae jφ
Asin(ωt + φ) ↔ − jAe jφ = Ae (
j φ−π 2)

Complex numbers behave as vectors in some respects, where addition and multiplication are
also illustrated in Figure B.1(b) and (c), respectively:

- B424 -
 A + B = B + A = A r + Br + j(Ai + Bi ) (B.11)

AB = BA = (A r Br − Ai Bi ) + j(A r Bi + Ai Br ) = AB e (
j φA +φB )
(B.12)

A* = A r − jAi = A e − jφA (B.13)

We can easily solve for the real and imaginary parts of A:

(
A r = A + A* 2, ) (
Ai = A − A* 2 ) (B.14)

Ratios of complex numbers can also be readily computed:

A B = ( A B ) e j ( φA −φB ) = AB* BB* = AB* B

2
(B.15)

Even an nth root of A = Aejφ can be simply found:

1n
A = A1 n e jφ n (B.16)

where n legitimate roots exist and are:

= A (1 n ) e( jφ n ) e( j2 πm n )
1n
A (B.17)

for m = 0, 1, …, n – 1.

- B425 -
- B426 -
Appendix C: Mathematical Identities

A = x̂A x + ŷA y + ẑA z

A iB = A x Bx + A y B y + A z Bz = aˆ × b̂ A B cos θ
xˆ ŷ zˆ
A × B = det A x Ay Az
Bx By Bz
= x̂ ( A y Bz − A z B y ) + ŷ ( A z Bx − A x Bz ) + ẑ ( A x B y − A y Bx )
= aˆ × bˆ A B sin θ
Ai( B × C ) = Bi( C × A ) = Ci( A × B )
A × ( B × C ) = ( A iC ) B − ( A i B ) C
( A × B )i( C× D ) = ( AiC ) ( BiD ) − ( AiD ) ( BiC )
∇ ×∇Ψ = 0
∇i( ∇ × A ) = 0
∇ × ( ∇ × A ) = ∇ ( ∇i A ) − ∇ 2 A
−A × ( ∇ × A ) = ( Ai∇ ) A − 1 ∇ ( AiA )
2
∇ ( Ψ Φ ) = Ψ∇Φ + Φ∇Ψ
∇i( Ψ A ) = Ai∇Ψ + Ψ∇iA
∇ × ( ΨA ) = ∇Ψ × A + Ψ∇ × A
∇ 2 Ψ = ∇ i∇Ψ
∇ ( AiB ) = ( Ai∇ ) B + ( Bi∇ ) A + A × ( ∇ × B ) + B × ( ∇ × A )
∇i( A × B ) = Bi( ∇ × A ) − Ai( ∇ × B )
∇ × ( A × B ) = A ( ∇iB ) − B ( ∇iA ) + ( Bi∇ ) A − ( Ai∇ ) B

- C427 -
Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z):

∇Ψ = x̂ ∂Ψ + ŷ ∂Ψ + ẑ ∂Ψ
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A x ∂A y ∂A z
∇iA = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
⎛ ∂A ∂A y ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ ⎛ ∂A y ∂A x ⎞
∇ × A = x̂ ⎜ z − ⎟ + ŷ ⎜ x − z ⎟ + ẑ ⎜ −
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠⎟
2 2 2
∇2Ψ = ∂ Ψ + ∂ Ψ + ∂ Ψ
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2

Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ,z):

∇Ψ = ρ̂ ∂Ψ + φˆ 1 ∂Ψ + ẑ ∂Ψ
∂r r ∂y ∂z
∂ ( rA r ) 1 ∂A φ ∂A z
∇iA = 1 + +
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z
r̂ rφ̂ ẑ
⎛ 1 ∂A z ∂Aφ ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ ( rA φ ) ∂A ⎞ 1
∇ × A = r̂ ⎜ − + φˆ ⎜ r − z ⎟ + ẑ ⎜ − r ⎟ = det ∂ ∂r ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂z
⎝ r ∂φ ∂z ⎠⎟ ⎝ ∂z ∂r ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ∂φ ⎠ r
A r rAφ A z

( )
2 2
∇ 2 Ψ = 1 ∂ r ∂Ψ + 1 ∂ Ψ + ∂ Ψ
r ∂r ∂r r 2 ∂φ2 ∂z 2

Spherical coordinates (r,θ,φ):

∇Ψ = r̂ ∂Ψ + θˆ 1 ∂Ψ + φˆ 1 ∂Ψ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

∇iA = 1 (
∂ r 2Ar ) + 1
∂ ( sin θAθ )
+ 1
∂Aφ
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
⎛ ∂ ( r sin θA φ ) ∂Aθ ⎞ ⎛ 1 ∂A r 1 ∂ ( rAφ ) ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ ( rAθ ) − ∂A r ⎞
∇ × A = r̂ 1 ⎜ − ⎟ + θˆ ⎜ − ⎟ + φˆ ⎜ ⎟
r sin θ ⎝ ∂θ ∂φ ⎠ ⎝ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ∂θ ⎠
r̂ rθ̂ r sin θ φ̂
= 1 det ∂ ∂r ∂ ∂θ ∂ ∂φ
r 2 sin θ
A r rAθ r sin θA φ

r 2 ∂r ∂r(
∇ 2 Ψ = 1 ∂ r 2 ∂Ψ + 1 ) (
∂ sin θ ∂Ψ +
r 2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ
1
) ∂ 2Ψ
r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ2

- C428 -
Gauss’ Divergence Theorem:

∫V ∇iG dv = ∫ A Gin̂ da
Stokes’ Theorem:

∫A ( ∇ × G )in̂ da = ∫C Gid
Fourier Transforms for pulse signals h(t):
∞
− j2 πft
H( f ) = ∫ h(t)e dt
−∞
∞
+ j2 πft
h( t ) = ∫ H(f )e df
−∞

- C429 -
- C430 -
Appendix D: Basic Equations for Electromagnetics and Applications
ωp = ( Ne2 mεo )
0.5
Fundamentals
f = q ( E + v × μo H ) [ N ] εeff = ε (1 − jσ ωε )
∇ × E = −∂ B ∂t skin depth δ = (2/ωμσ)0.5 [m]
d E1// − E 2 // = 0
∫ c E • ds = − dt ∫A B • da
∇ × H = J + ∂ D ∂t H1// − H 2 // = J s × n̂
d B1⊥ − B2⊥ = 0 n̂
∫ c H • ds = ∫A J • da + dt ∫A D • da 1
2
∇•D = ρ → ∫ A D • da = ∫V ρdv ( D1⊥ − D2⊥ ) = ρs

∇ • B = 0 → ∫ A B • da = 0 0 = if σ = ∞
∇ • J = −∂ρ ∂t
E = electric field (Vm-1) Electromagnetic Quasistatics
H = magnetic field (Am-1) ∇2Φ = 0
D = electric displacement (Cm-2) KCL : ∑i Ii (t) = 0 at node
B = magnetic flux density (T) KVL : ∑i Vi (t) = 0 around loop
Tesla (T) = Weber m-2 = 10,000 gauss C = Q/V = Aε/d [F]
ρ = charge density (Cm-3) L = Λ/I
J = current density (Am-2) i(t) = C dv(t)/dt
σ = conductivity (Siemens m-1) v(t) = L di(t)/dt = dΛ/dt
J s = surface current density (Am-1) Cparallel = C1 + C2
ρs = surface charge density (Cm-2) Cseries = (C1-1 + C2-1)-1
εo = 8.85 × 10-12 Fm-1 we = Cv2(t)/2; wm = Li2(t)/2
μo = 4π × 10-7 Hm-1 Lsolenoid = N2μA/W
c = (εoμo)-0.5 ≅ 3 × 108 ms-1 τ = RC, τ = L/R
e = -1.60 × 10-19 C Λ = ∫ B • da (per turn)
A

ηo ≅ 377 ohms = (μo/εo) 0.5

f = q ( E + v × μo H ) [ N ]
( ∇ 2 − με∂ 2 ∂t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.] f z = −dw T dz
Ey(z,t) = E+(z-ct) + E-(z+ct) = Re{Ey(z)ejωt} F = I × μo H [ Nm-1 ]
Hx(z,t) = ηo-1[E+(z-ct)-E-(z+ct)] [or(ωt-kz) or (t-z/c)] E e = − v × μ o H inside wire

∫A ( E × H ) • da + ( d dt ) ∫V ( ε E 2 + μ H )
2 2
2 dv P = ωT = WTdVolume/dt [W]
= − ∫V E • J dv (Poynting Theorem) Max f/A = B2/2μo, D2/2εo [Nm-2]
dw T
vi = + f dz
dt dt
Media and Boundaries
D = εo E + P Electromagnetic Waves
∇ • D = ρf , τ = ε σ ( ∇ 2 − με∂ 2 ∂t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.]
∇ • ε o E = ρf + ρ p ( ∇ 2 + k 2 ) E = 0, E = E o e − jk ir
∇ • P = −ρp , J = σE k = ω(με)0.5 = ω/c = 2π/λ
B = μH = μo ( H + M ) kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = ko2 = ω2με
(
ε = εo 1 − ωp ω2
2
) vp = ω/k, vg = (∂k/∂ω)-1

- D431 -
 θr = θi v(t) = L di(t)/dt = dΛ/dt
sin θt sin θi = k i k t = n i n t Cparallel = C1 + C2
θc = sin −1 ( n t n i ) Cseries = (C1-1 + C2-1)-1
θ > θc ⇒ E t = Ei Te+αx − jk z z we = Cv2(t)/2; wm = Li2(t)/2
k = k '− jk '' Lsolenoid = N2μA/W
Γ = T −1 τ = RC, τ = L/R
T TE = 2 (1 + [ ηo cos θ t ηt cos θi ]) Λ = ∫ B • da (per turn)
A

T TM = 2 (1 + [ ηt cos θ t ηi cos θi ]) Zseries = R + jωL + 1/jωC

( εt εi )
−1 0.5
θB = tan for TM Ypar = G + jωC + 1/jωL
2σδ [ Wm ]
2
Pd ≅ J S -2
Q = ωowT/Pdiss = ωo/Δω
E = −∇φ − ∂ A ∂t , B = ∇ × A ωo = (LC)-0.5
Φ (r) = ∫(ρ ( r ) e
V'
− jk r '−r
)
4πε o r '− r dv ' v 2 ( t ) R = kT
A(r) = ∫ ( μ J ( r ) e
o
− jk r '−r
4π r '− r ) dv '
V'

E ff = ϑ̂ ( jηo kId 4πr ) e − jkr sin θ Limits to Computation Speed

∇ Φ + ω μo εo Φ = −ρ εo
2 2
dv(z)/dz = -Ldi(z)/dt
∇ A + ω μo εo A = −μo J
2 2
di(z)/dz = -Cdv(z)/dt
d2v/dz2 = LC d2v/dt2
Forces, Motors, and Generators v(z,t) = f+(t – z/c) + f-(t + z/c)
f = q ( E + v × μo H ) [ N ] = g+(z – ct) + g­(z – ct)
f z = −dw T dz i(t,z) = Yo[f+(t – z/c) – f-(t + z/c)]
F = I × μo H [ Nm -1
] c = (LC)-0.5 = 1 με
E e = − v × μ o H inside wire Zo = Yo-1 = (L/C)0.5
P = ωT = WTdVolume/dt [W] ΓL = f-/f+ = (RL – Zo)/(RL + Zo)
Max f/A = B2/2μo, D2/2εo [Nm-2] v(z,t) = g+(z – ct) + g-(z +ct)
dw T
vi = + f dz VTh = 2f+(t), RTh = Zo
dt dt
f = ma = d(mv)/dt
x = xo + vot + at2/2 Power Transmission
P = fv [W] = Tω (d2/dz2 + ω2LC)V(z) = 0
wk = mv2/2 V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-e+jkz
T = I dω/dt I(z) = Yo[V+e-jkz – V-e+jkz]
I = ∑ i mi ri
2
k = 2π/λ = ω/c = ω(με)0.5
Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo Zn (z)
Circuits Zn (z) = [1 + Γ (z) ] [1 − Γ (z) ] = R n + jX n
KCL : ∑i Ii (t) = 0 at node Γ(z) = ( V − V + ) e 2 jkz = [ Zn (z) −1] [ Zn (z) +1]
KVL : ∑i Vi (t) = 0 around loop Z(z) = Zo ( ZL − jZo tan kz ) ( Zo − jZL tan kz )
C = Q/V = Aε/d [F] VSWR = V max V min = R max
L = Λ/I
i(t) = C dv(t)/dt Wireless Communications and Radar
G(θ,φ) = Pr/(PR/4πr2)
PR = ∫ Pr ( θ, φ, r ) r 2 sin θd θdφ
4π

- D432 -
 Prec = Pr(θ,φ)Ae(θ,φ) Acoustics
Ae (θ, φ) = G(θ, φ)λ 2 4π P = Po + p, U = U o + u (U o = 0 here )
R r = PR i 2 (t) ∇p = −ρo ∂ u ∂t
E ff ( θ ≅ 0 ) = ( je λr ) ∫A E t (x, y)e ∇ • u = − (1 γPo ) ∂p ∂t
jkr jk x x + jk y y
dxdy

Prec = PR ( Gλ 4πr 2 ) σs 4π
2
( ∇2 − k 2 ∂ 2 ∂t 2 ) p = 0
E = ∑ i a i E i e − jkri = (element factor)(array f) 2
k 2 = ω2 cs = ω2 ρo γPo
cs = v p = vg = ( γPo ρo ) or ( K ρo )
0.5 0.5
Ebit ≥ ~4 × 10-20 [J]
Z12 = Z21 if reciprocity ηs = p/u = ρocs = (ρoγPo)0.5 gases
(d2/dz2 + ω2LC)V(z) = 0 ηs = (ρoK)0.5 solids, liquids
V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-e+jkz p, u ⊥ continuous at boundaries
I(z) = Yo[V+e-jkz – V-e+jkz] p = p+e-jkz + p-e+jkz
k = 2π/λ = ω/c = ω(με)0.5 uz = ηs-1(p+e-jkz – p-e+jkz)

∫A up • da + ( d dt )∫V ( ρo )
2
Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo Zn (z) u 2 + p2 2γPo dV
Zn (z) = [1 + Γ (z) ] [1 − Γ (z) ] = R n + jX n
Γ(z) = ( V − V + ) e 2 jkz = [ Zn (z) −1] [ Zn (z) +1] Mathematical Identities
Z(z) = Zo ( ZL − jZo tan kz ) ( Zo − jZL tan kz ) sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1
VSWR = V max V min = R max cos α + cos β = 2 cos ⎡⎣( α + β ) 2⎤⎦ cos ⎡⎣( α − β ) 2⎤⎦
+∞
θr = θi H(f ) = ∫ h(t)e− jωt dt
−∞
sin θt sin θi = k i k t = n i n t e x = 1 + x + x 2 2! + x 3 3! + ...
θc = sin −1 ( n t n i ) sin α = ( e jα − e− jα ) 2 j
θ > θc ⇒ E t = Ei Te+αx − jk z z cos α = ( e jα + e− jα ) 2
k = k '− jk '' Vector Algebra
Γ = T −1 ∇ = x̂∂ ∂x + ŷ∂ ∂y + ẑ∂ ∂z
At ωo , w e = w m A • B = A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz

(
w e = ∫V ε E 4 dv )2
(
∇2 φ = ∂ 2 ∂x 2 + ∂ 2 ∂y2 + ∂ 2 ∂z 2 φ )
= ∫ ( μ H 4 ) dv
2
wm V
∇ • (∇ × A ) = 0
Q n = ωn w Tn Pn = ωn 2α n ∇ × (∇ × A ) = ∇ (∇ • A ) − ∇2 A
(
f mnp = ( c 2 ) [ m a ] + [ n b] + [ p d ]
2 2
)
2 0.5
Gauss and Stokes’ Theorems
sn = jωn - αn ∫∫∫ ( ∇ • G ) dv = ∫∫ G • da
V A

∫∫ A ( ∇ × G ) • da = ∫c G • ds
Optical Communications Complex Numbers and Phasors
E = hf, photons or phonons v(t) = R e {Ve jωt } where V = V e jφ
hf/c = momentum [kg ms-1] e jωt = cos ωt + jsin ωt

⎣ 2 + B ( n 2 − n1 )⎦⎤
dn 2 dt = − ⎡An Spherical Trigonometry
∫4π r sin θ dθdφ = 4π
2

- D433 -
- D434 -
Appendix E: Frequently Used Trigonometric and Calculus
Expressions

sinθ = a/c

cosθ = b/c c
a
tanθ = a/b θ
b
a2 + b2 = c2

sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

ejθ = cosθ + jsinθ

(d/dθ)sinθ = cosθ

(d/dθ)cosθ = -sinθ

(d/dx)ef(x) = [df(x)/dx] ef(x)

ax = (eln a)x

(d/dx)xn = nxn-1

(d/dx)AB = A(dB/dx) + B(dA/dx)

(d/dx)f1[f2(θ)] = [df1/df2][df2(θ)/dθ]dθ/dx

(d/dx)sin[f(θ)] = cos[f(θ)][df(θ)/dθ]dθ/dx

∫sinθ dθ = -cosθ

∫cosθ dθ = sinθ

∫eax dx = eax/a

∫xn dx = xn+1/(n+1)

- E435 -
- E436 -
Index

acceptor atoms, 245, 391 atmosphere, 355

acoustic antenna gain, 415 avalanche photodiodes, 391
acoustic array microphones, 416 back voltage, 154
acoustic boundary conditions, 403 band gap, 390
acoustic Brewster's angle, 406 band-pass filters, 221
acoustic constitutive relation, 399 band-stop filters, 221
acoustic critical angle, 404 beam-splitter, 394
acoustic differential equations, 399 Bessel functions, 376
acoustic evanescent wave, 405 biaxial, 291
acoustic group velocity, 400 Biot-Savart law, 310
acoustic impedance, 401 birefringence, 293
acoustic intensity, 402 bit, 181
acoustic kinetic energy density, 402 bit of information, 359
acoustic monopole, 413 Boltzmann constant, 245
acoustic near field, 414 Boltzmann distribution, 245, 391
acoustic phase velocity, 400 boundary conditions, 50, 197, 254
acoustic potential energy density, 402 boundary value problem, 197, 254
acoustic power conservation, 402 boxcar modulation, 378
acoustic radiation resistance, 414 branch currents, 90
acoustic resonant frequencies, 409 branches, 88
acoustic Snell's law, 404 breakdown field, 162
acoustic velocity in solids, 401 breakdown voltage, 162
acoustic wave equation, 400 Brewster-angle windows, 276
adiabatic processes, 399 Brewster's angle, 276
Ampere, 14 bridge circuit, 91
Ampere’s Law, 40 brightness temperature, 356
angle of incidence, 264 bulk modulus, 401
angle of reflection, 264 capacitance, 68
angle of transmission, 264 capacitance per meter, 187, 191
angular frequency, 30 capacitors, 68
anisotropic media, 290 cathode, 127, 389
anode, 127, 389 cathode-ray tube, 127
antenna beamwidth, 314, 360 cavity resonators, 287
antenna directivity, 314 characteristic admittance, 200, 229
antenna effective area, 319, 360 characteristic impedance, 229, 231
antenna feed, 344 characteristic impedance of free space, 29
antenna gain, 313, 360 characteristic impedance Zo, 186
antenna reactance, 316 charge relaxation, 105
antenna temperature, 357 co-axial cable, 195
aperture antennas, 338 coercivity, 49
array factor, 328 commutator, 164
astrophysical masers, 384 complex frequency, 93

- i437 ­
complex notation, 32 effective length, 312
complex Poynting vector, 58 electric charge, 14
conductance per meter, 192 electric dipole, 309
conduction, 42 electric dipole moment, 45
conduction band, 43, 244, 390 electric dipoles, 44
conductivity, 25 electric energy density, 57
conservation of charge, 14, 25, 40 electric field, 15
conservation of energy, 12 electric field relaxation, 105
conservation of mass, 12, 14, 399 electric motors, 163
conservation of momentum, 14 electric polarization vector, 45
conservation of power, 13 electric potential, 302
constitutive relations, 41 electric pressure, 131, 144, 156
corner reflectors, 367 electromagnetic wave intensity, 57
Coulomb, 14 electron, 14
coupling, 71 electron volt, 129, 389
critical angle, 265 electrostatic motor, 159
critical magnetic field, 43 element factor, 328
critical temperature, 43 energy diagram, 244
critically coupled resonator, 100, 223 energy gap, 244
critically matched, 99 energy states, 380
Curie temperature, 179 Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, 380
curl, 23 evanescent acoustic mode, 408
cut-off frequency, 279, 283, 298 evanescent wave, 267, 280, 298
cyclotron frequency, 130 external Q, 223
cylindrical capacitor, 71 Fabry-Perot resonator, 392
del operator, 23 far field, 308
demagnetize, 49 Farad, 68
diamagnetic, 47 Faraday’s Law, 52
diamagnetic material, 140 integral form, 40
dielectric constant, 68 Fermi level, 246, 386, 391
dielectric constants ε/εo, 46 ferromagnetic, 48
dielectric slab waveguides, 372 fiber dispersion, 378
diffraction, 338 field mapping, 124
dipole moment, 309, 383 flux density, 60
dispersion relation, 194, 271, 295 flux tubes, 123
dispersive media, 294 force vector, 127
dispersive transmission lines, 251 force/energy equation, 141
distortionless line, 250 Fourier transform, 340
distributed circuit, 229 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
divergence, 23 395
dominant charge carriers, 43 Fraunhofer approximation, 340
dominant mode, 284 Fraunhofer region, 343
donor atoms, 245, 391 frequency multiplexer, 392
dot product, 23 Fresnel region, 340, 346
duality, 274 Fresnel zone, 347
dynode, 389 Fresnel zone plate, 347

- i438 ­
fundamental mode, 287 laser linewidth, 386
gamma plane, 204, 208 laser oscillator, 384
Gauss’s divergence theorem, 25, 38 laser pump radiation, 383
Gauss’s Law lasers, 380
for B , 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, LC resonant frequency, 94
59, 60, 61, 62, 63 linewidth, 388
for charge, 18, 20, 40 link expression, 362
generator, 167 loaded Q, 222, 223
geosynchronous communications satellite, loop currents, 90
362 Lorentz force equation, 15, 26, 127
gradient operator, 301 Lorentz force law, 155
group velocity, 252, 295, 378 Lorentz line shape, 387
guidance condition, 278, 374 loss tangent, 268
half-power bandwidth, 98 loudspeaker, 415
half-wave plate, 294 lumped elements, 88
Hall effect sensors, 182 Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 394
Helmholtz equation, 305 magnetic coercive force, 49
Helmholtz wave equation, 27 magnetic diffusion, 106
Henry, 134 magnetic domains, 48
Hertzian dipole, 306 magnetic energy density, 57
holes, 42 magnetic flux, 73
homogeneous line broadening, 387 magnetic flux linkage, 74
Huygen’s approximation, 346 magnetic moment, 164
Huygens approximation, 340 magnetic pressure, 135, 144, 177
hysteresis curve, 49 magnetic relaxation, 106
impedance match, 258 magnetic saturation, 48
inductance, 73 magnetic susceptibility, 47
inductance per meter, 187, 191 magnetic vector potential, 303
inductors, 72 magnetization, 47
infrared absorption, 377 magnetization curve, 48
inhomogeneous line broadening, 387 magnetoquasistatics, 85
inhomogeneous media, 109 masers, 380
internal Q, 222 matched load, 91
ionosphere, 355 matched resonator, 100
Johnson noise, 356 Maxwell equations
Joule, 13 time-harmonic, 33
Kelvin magnetization force density, 146 Maxwell's equations, 24
Kelvin magnetization forces, 140 mechanical power, 14
Kelvin polarization force density, 145 MEMS, 154
Kelvin polarization forces, 138 metals, 42
kinetic energy, 13 Michelson interferometer, 394
Kirchoff’s voltage law, 88 micro-electromechanical systems, 154
Kirchoff's current law, 89 microphone, 414
Laplace equation, 302 mirror image charge, 103
laser amplification, 383 mnemonic loads, 235
laser diodes, 385 mode-locked laser, 394

- i439 ­
momentum, 11, 14 Planck’s constant, 14, 381
motor back-voltage, 166 plane of incidence, 262
Newton, 13, 156 plasma, 296
Newton's law, 13, 128, 152, 399 plasma frequency, 297
nodes, 88 p-n junction, 386
non-linear loads, 235 Poisson equation, 302
non-uniform plane wave, 271 Poisson integral, 306
normalized impedance, 199 polarization, 28, 35
Norton equivalent circuit, 91 polarization charge density, 45
N-turn solenoidal inductor, 74 polarization vector, 45
n-type semiconductors, 42, 246 polysilicon, 250
ohm, 66 position vector, 27
optical fiber, 370 potential energy, 13
optical fibers, 375 power dissipation density, 56
optical link, 370 power radiated, 60
optical waveguides, 372 Poynting theorem, 56
over-coupled resonator, 223 complex, 59
parabolic mirror, 344 Poynting vector, 57
parallel RLC resonator, 96 principal axes, 291
parallel-plate capacitor, 69 projected wavelengths, 261
parallel-plate TEM line, 186 propagation vector, 260
parallel-plate waveguide, 278 p-type semiconductors, 42, 246
paramagnetic, 47 pulse-position modulation, 371
paramagnetic material, 140 Pupin coils, 250
parasitic capacitance, 88, 90 Q
parasitic inductance, 88, 89 external, 99
penetration depth, 269 internal, 99
permanent magnet, 49 loaded, 99
permeability, 25, 47 Q-switched laser, 385
permittivity, 25, 44 quadratic equation, 94
perturbation techniques, 219 quality factor Qn, 213, 218
phase front, 260 quantum efficiency, 389
phase velocity, 252, 295 quarter-wave transformer, 212
phase-matching condition, 264 radar equation, 365
phasor, 32 radiation efficiency, 314
photodiodes, 390 radiation pattern, 308
photoelectric effect, 389 radiation pressure, 148
photomultiplier tubes, 389 radiation resistance, 316, 349
photon absorption, 381 radio astronomy, 357
photon momentum, 148, 176, 215 radio frequency interference, 270
Photonic forces, 147 radio interference, 358
photonics, 368 Rayleigh scattering, 377
photons, 14 Rayleigh-Jeans approximation, 356
phototube, 389 RC time constant, 93
pinch effect, 135 reciprocal media, 320
planar resistor, 67 reciprocal network, 320

- i440 ­
rectangular waveguide, 282 lossy, 248
reflection coefficient, 199, 201, 231 TEM phase velocity, 195
relaxation time, 105 TEM propagation constant, 194
relays, 171 TEM resonators, 213
reluctance motors, 168 TEM transmission line, 186
remote sensing, 358 TEM wave equation, 194
residual flux density, 178 TEM waves, 184, 186
residual flux density Br, 49 thermal excitation, 245, 391
resistors, 65 thermal noise, 356
resonant frequencies, 287 Thevenin equivalent circuit, 91, 315
resonator, 212, 213 Thevenin equivalent impedance, 315
resonator bandwidth, 98 Thevenin voltage source, 315
RL time constant, 94 three-level laser, 383
RLC resonant frequencies, 94 toroid, 75
RLC resonators, 92 with a gap, 77
rotor, 159 toroidal inductor, 76
scalar electric potential, 300 torque, 159
scalar Poisson integral, 302 torque vector, 163
scattering cross-section, 365 transformers, 80
semiconductors, 43, 244 transistors, 240
series RLC resonator, 94 transmission coefficient, 199
shielding, 270 transmission line wave equation, 200
short-dipole antenna, 311 transverse electric waves (TE waves), 263
sidelobes, 360 transverse magnetic waves (TM waves), 263
skin depth δ, 270 two-photon transitions, 380
Smith chart, 208 uniaxial, 291
Snell's law, 264 uniform dipole arrays, 329
solar radiation, 149 uniform plane wave, 28, 260
solar sail, 149 unit impulse, 232
solenoid actuators, 173 unit-step function, 232
spatial frequency, 31 valence band, 43, 244
spontaneous emission, 381 vector Poisson equation, 303
spring constant, 156 velocity of light, 28
standing wave, 257 voltage standing wave ratio, 204
stator, 159, 163 Volts, 300
stimulated emission, 381 VSWR, 204
Stokes' theorem, 39 wave amplitude, 30
surface polarization charge σsp, 44 wave equation, 27, 228
surface reflectivity, 275 wave number, 260
surface waves, 266 wave reflection coefficient, 258
susceptibility, 45 wave vector, 261
synthetic aperture radar, 367 waveform distortion, 251
TE1 mode, 278 waveguide mode, 278
telegraphers' equations, 248, 277, 314, 356 waveguide wavelength, 278
TEM circuit model, 247 wavelength, 31
TEM lines, 184 wavenumber, 31

- i441 ­
work function, 389

- i442 ­
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

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