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MMW Module 3

The document discusses sets and set theory concepts including: - The elements of sets X, Y, and Z and how they are related - Finding the number of elements in the set {a, {a, b}, {a}} - Evaluating expressions involving sets such as A1, A2, and A3 It also covers set-builder notation, subsets, and determining true/false statements about sets and their elements.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views

MMW Module 3

The document discusses sets and set theory concepts including: - The elements of sets X, Y, and Z and how they are related - Finding the number of elements in the set {a, {a, b}, {a}} - Evaluating expressions involving sets such as A1, A2, and A3 It also covers set-builder notation, subsets, and determining true/false statements about sets and their elements.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (Module 3)

Lesson 2: The Language of Sets

Self-Check:

a. Let X = {a, b, c}, Y = {a, c, b}, and Z = {a, b, b, c, c, c}. What are the elements of
X, Y, and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related?
The elements of X, Y and Z are a, b, and c.
They are related because they have the same elements.

b. How many elements are in the set {a, {a, b}, {a}}?
The set {a, {a, b}, {a}} have 3 elements: a, the set whose elements is
a, b and the set whose element is a.

c. For each positive integer x, Let Ax = {x, x2}. Find A1, A2, A3
A1 = {1, 12} = {1, 1} = {1}
A2 = {2, 22} = {2, 4}
A3 = {3, 32} = {3, 9}

SET-BUILDER NOTATION

Self-Check:

Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, and the set of
all negative integers, describe each of the following sets.

a. {x ∈ R| -5 < x < 1}
{x ∈ R| -5 < x < 1} is the open interval of real numbers (strictly)
between
-5 and 1. It includes {-4, -3, -2, -1, 1}.

b. {x ∈ Z| -5 < x < 1}
{x ∈ Z| -5 < x < 1} is the set of all integers (strictly) between -5 and 1.
It is equal to the set {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1}.

c. {x ∈ Z-| -5 < x < 1}


Since all the integers in Z- are negative, {x ∈ Z-| -5 < x < 1} = {-4, -3, -2,
-1}

SUBSET

Self-Check:
Let A = {2, {2}, (√ 2)2}, B = {2, {2}. {{2}}} and C = {2}. Evaluate the truth and falsity of the
following statements.

a. A⊆B
b. B⊆A
c. A is a proper subset of B
d. C⊆B
e. C is a proper subset of A

Solutions:

a. True, because the elements of A are in B.


b. False, because not all the elements of B are in elements of A. The {{2}}
element is not in the set A.
{{2}} ∈ B and {{2}} ∉ A. Therefore, B ⊄ A.
c. True, all elements in A is in B. And there is an element in B that is not in A,
{{2}} ∈ B and {{2}} ∉ A.
d. True, because the element 2 in a set of C is also in set of B.
e. True, element in C is in A. And there is an element in A that is not in C,
{2} ∈ A and {2} ∉ C

Self-Check:

Which of the following are true statements?


a. x ∈ {x, y, z}
b. x ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
c. x ⊆ {x, y, z}
d. {x} ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
e. {x} ∈ {x, y, z}

Solutions:

Only A is true.

 For (b) to be true, the x in the left should be like this {{x}}.

So {{X}} ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}

 For (c) to be true, the variable x would have to be a set or in a braces {x}
and every element in the set x would have to be element of {x, y, z}. This is
not the case, so (c) is false.
 For (d) to be true, every element in the set containing only the variable x
would have to be an element of the set whose elements are {x}, {y} and {z}.
But x is not equal to either {x}, {y} and {z}. So (e) is false
 For (e) to be true, the set {x, y, z} would have to contain the element {x}. But
the only element of {x, y, z} are x, y, z and x, y, z are not equal to {x}.
Therefore (e) is false.

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