TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST.

LUKES COLLEGE OF NURSING

CHAPTER 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023
DRA. OLIVIA MAE RAMOS | ADAPTED FROM: Seeley’s Essentials of AnaPhy & Powerpoint/Lecture

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

● Composed of specialized cells called

muscle fibers.
● The predominant function is
contractibility.
● Muscles, attached to bones or internal
organs and blood vessels, are responsible
for movement.
● Nearly all movement in the body is the
result of muscle contraction.

FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. Movement of the body
a. Contraction of skeletal muscles is
essential in order to move
2. Maintenance of posture
a. skeletal muscles
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
3. Respiration
a. Muscles of the thorax is
SKELETAL MUSCLE
responsible for breathing
● constitutes approximately 40% of body
movements
weight
4. Production of body heat
● muscles are attached to the skeletal
a. When skeletal muscles
system
contract, heat becomes a ● also called Striated Muscle; transverse
product of the proces bands or striation
5. Communication
a. Speaking, writing, facial MAJOR FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
expressions etc SKELETAL MUSCLE
6. Constriction of organs and vessels CONTRACTILITY ability to shorten with force
a. Contraction of smooth muscles EXCITABILITY capacity to respond to stimulus
within the walls of internal organs EXTENSIBILITY ability to be stretched to their
b. Vessels cause constriction normal resting length
c. Constriction helps propel and mix ELASTICITY ability to recoil to their original
resting length
food and water in the digestive
tract, propel secretions from
organs, and regulate blood flow
through vessels
7. Contraction of the heart

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 SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE ● cover the attachment sites on the actin
– CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS OF MUSCLE myofilaments
(MEMPE) ● located along the grove between the
5.) Epimysium/Muscular fascia ● twisted strands of actin myofilaments
● connective tissue sheath that surrounds a Myosin heads
skeletal muscle [outer] ● resemble golf club heads;
3.) Muscle fasciculi ○ bind to attachment sites
● numerous visible bundles that make up ○ bend and straighten
the muscle ○ break down ATP
4.) Perimysium
● loose connective tissue that surrounds the SACROMERE
muscle fasciculi [each muscle fiber] basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle
1.) Muscle fibers Z DISK – network of protein fibers forming an
● several muscle cells that composes a attachment site for actin myofilaments
I BAND – consists of actin myofilaments spans
fasciculus
each Z disk
2.) Endomysium
A BAND – darker
● loose connective tissue that surrounds a – central region that extends the
muscle fiber length of the myosin of myofilaments
H ZONE – second light zone that consists of
MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE myosin myofilaments
Sarcolemma M LINE – dark staining bands
● cell membrane of the muscle fiber NOTES:
Transverse tubules (T tubules) – the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments
in sacromeres gives the myofibrils a banded
● tube-like invaginations w/c occur at appearance.
regular intervals along the muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum the alternating I bands and A bands of the
sacromeres are responsible for the striations in
● highly organized smooth E.R. the skeletal muscle fibers.
● has a relatively high concentration of Ca2
+ (muscle contraction)
EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
Sarcoplasm
Resting membrane potential
● cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
● Cell membranes have a negative charge
Myofibrils
on the inside relative to a positive charge
● threadlike structures composed of:
outside
○ Actin myofilaments - thin
● occurs because there is an uneven
filaments and purple
distribution of ions
○ Myosin Myofilaments - thick
– Concentration of K+ inside the cell CM > outside
filaments and green
the CM
Sarcomere
– Concentration of Na+ outside the CM > inside the
● highly ordered, repeating units of actin +
CM
● myosin myofilament
● joined end to end to form the myofibril
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ION CHANNEL
ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
Nongated/Leak channels
● always open
Troponin molecules
Chemically gated channels
● binding sites for Ca2 +
● closed until a chemical binds
● attached at specific intervals along the
them and stimulates them to open
actin myofilaments
Depolarization
Tropomyosin filaments
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 ● the inside of the CM membrane comes ● myosin heads attach to the myosin
more positive than the outside of the cell attachment sites on the actin
● Na+ ions move into cells myofilaments
Repolarization
● the change back to the resting membrane Muscle Twitch
Potential ● contraction of a muscle fiber in response
● K+ ions moves out of cells to a stimulus
Action Potentials
● the rapid depolarization and repolarization – Lag/Latent phase
of the CM ● time bet. the application of a stimulus and
● results in muscle contraction the beginning of contraction
– Contraction phase
NERVE SUPPLY ● time during which the muscle contract
Motor neurons – Relaxation phase
● specialized nerve cells that stimulate ● time during which the muscle relaxes
muscles to contract
Neuromuscular junction Summation
● a branch that forms a junction with a ● the force of contraction of an individual
muscle fiber muscle fiber is increased by rapidly
Synapse stimulating them
● a single motor neuron and all the skeletal Tetanus
muscle fibers it innervates ● convulsive tension
Presynaptic terminal ● a sustained contraction that occurs when
● enlarged axon terminal the frequency of stimulus is so rapid that
Synaptic cleft no relaxation occurs
● the space between the presynaptic ○ caused by Ca+ build up in the
terminal and the muscle fiber membrane myofibrils
Postsynaptic membrane Recruitment
● the muscle fiber membrane ● the no. of muscle fibers contraction is
Synaptic vesicles increased by the increasing no. of motor
● presynaptic terminal that contains small units stimulated + muscle contracts with
vesicles more force
Acetylcholine (ACh) Stimulus frequency
● neurotransmitter contained in the Vesicle ● no. of times a motor neuron is stimulated
● a molecule released by a presynaptic per second
nerve cell that stimulates/inhibits a ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR MUSCLE
postsynaptic cell CONTRACTION
Acetylcholinesterase AEROBIC – requires O2
● an enzyme that rapidly breaks down the RESPIRATION – breaks down glucose to produce
ATP, CO2, and H2O
synaptic cleft bet. the neuron and the
ANAEROBIC – doesn’t require O2
muscle fiber
RESPIRATION – breaks down glucose to yield
MUSCLE CONTRACTION ATP and lactic acid
CREATINE high-energy molecule that
Sliding filament model PHOSPHATE can be stored in muscle fibers
● sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin
myofilaments during contraction FATIGUE
Cross-bridges ● a state of reduced work capacity
→ Muscular fatigue
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 ● when muscle fibers use ATP faster than
they are produced
● when the effectiveness of Ca+ to stimulate
actin + myosin is reduced
→ Physiological contracture
● muscles may become incapable of either
contracting or relaxing
→ Psychological fatigue
● involves the CNS
● an individual perceives that continued
muscle contraction is impossible

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

Isometric contractions
● equal distance
● length of the muscle does not chang
● the amount of tension increases during
the contraction process

MUSCLE TONE
● constant tension produced by body
muscles over long periods of time
● responsible for keeping the back and legs
straight, the head in an upright position,
and the abdomen from bulging
Isotonic contraction
● equal tension CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLE FIBER
● the amount of tension produced by the 1. Slow Twitch
muscle is constant during contraction ● contains type I myosin
● length of the muscle decreases ● contracts slowly and resistant to fatigue
Cocentric contractions respiration
○ Isotonic 2. Fast Twitch
○ muscle tension increases as the ● Type IIa
muscle shortens — intermediate speed
Eccentric contractions — more fatigue resistant than type IIb
○ Isotonic ● Type IIb
○ tension is maintained in a muscle — contract 10x faster than type I
○ the opposing resistance causes
the muscle to lengthen Myglobin
● stores oxygen temporarily
Hypertrophy
● enlarging of muscle fibers
Satellite cells
● undifferentiated cells just below the
endomysium

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 Origin
SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLE ● Head
Autorhythmicity ● most stationary end of the muscle
● resulting periodic spontaneous Insertion
contraction of smooth muscle ● end of the muscle attached to the bone
Intercalated disks undergoing the greatest movement
● specialized structures that facilitate action
potential conduction between cells

SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Tendon
● muscle connected to a bone

Belly
● part of the muscle bet. The origin & the
insertion
Agonist
● muscle that accomplishes a certain
movement
Antagonist
Aponeuroses ● muscle acting in opposition to an agonist
● Broad
● sheet like tendons

Retinaculum
● a band of CT that holds down the tendons
at each wrist and ankle

Synergists
● a group of muscles working together to
produce a movement
Prime Mover
● muscle that plays the major role in
acomplishing desired movement

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Fixators
● muscles that hold one bone in place
relative to the body
3. Accdg. to number of origin
● biceps (2)
● triceps
● Quadriceps

NOMENCLATURE
1. Accdg. to location
● Temporalis
● Frontalis
● Pectoralis
● Brachialis

4. Accdg. to function
● flexor (flexion)
2. Accdg. to origin and insertion
● sterno (sternum)
● cleido (clavicle)
● mastoid (mastoid process)
● brachio (arm)
● radialis (radius)
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 7. Orientation of fasciculi
● rectus (straight)

5. Accdg. to size MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK

● maximus (largest
● minimus (smallest) FACIAL EXPRESSION
● vastus (large) Occipitofrontalis
● raises the eyebrows

6. Accdg. to shape
● deltoid (triangle
● orbicularis (circular)
Orbicularis oculi
● encircle the eyes, tightly close the eyelids,
and causes crow’s feet wrinkles

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Orbicularis oris Depressor anguli oris
● encircles the mouth ● frowning & pouting
● depresses the corner of the mouth

Buccinator
● issing muscles; pucker the mouth
MASTIFICATION (for chewing)
● Flattens the cheeks I whistling/blowing
Temporalis
● fan-shaped muscle
Masseter
● seen and felt on the side of the head
Pterygoid (paired)
● protraction, excursion, elevation of
mandible

Zygomaticus
● elevate the upper lip and corner of the
mouth Levator labile superioris – sneering
● elevates one side of the upper lip

TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES

Muscles Intrinsic muscles
● located within the tongue and change its
shape
Extrinsic muscles
● attached to and move the tongue

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Hyoid muscles NECK MUSCLES
● hold the hyoid bone Sternocleidomastoid
● elevate the larynx ● prime mover of the lateral muscle group
● rotates the head
● flexes the neck or extends the head;
● prayer muscle

Pharyngeal elevators
● elevate the pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictors
Torticollis
● constrict the pharynx from superior to
● Wryneck – injury to the
inferior (forcing food into the esophagus
sternocleidomastoid
● also open the auditory tube

Deep neck muscles

● flexes/extends head and neck
Trapezius
● extends and laterally flexes neck

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 TRUNK MUSCLES Scalenes
● Inspiration and rib elevation
MUSCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Erector spinae
❖ responsible for keeping the back straight
and the body erect

ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCLES

Linea alba
● tendinous area of the abdominal wall that
consists of white connective tissue

Deep back muscles

● responsible for several movements of the
vertebral column
External intercostal – elevate the ribs
during inspiration
Internal intercostal – contract during
forced expiration, depressing the ribs

Rectus abdominis
● located on each side of the linea alba

Diaphragm
● major movement produced in the thorax
during quiet breathing

Tendinous intersections
● causes the abdominal wall of a lean,
well-muscled person to appear segmented
External/Internal abdominal oblique &
Transversus abdominis
● flex and rotate the vertebral column or
compress the abdominal contents

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 Perineum bulbospongiosus
● constricts the urethra
● erects the penis,
clitoris

PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEAL MUSCLES

Pelvic floor
● pelvic diaphragm

Perineum ischiocavernosus
● compresses the
base of
penis/clitoris

Levator ani
● muscle that forms the pelvic floor

Perineum external anal sphincter

Perineum ● keeps the orifice of the anal canal closed
● associated with the male/female
reproductive structures

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 UPPER LIMB MUSCLES Rotator cuff muscles
● attached the humerus to the scapula and
SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS forms a cuff/cap over the proximal
❖ attach the scapula to the thorax and move humerus
the scapula
❖ acts as fixators to hold the scapula firmly
in position when the muscle of the arm
contract
❖ move the scapula into different positions
➢ Trapezius
➢ Levator scapulae
➢ Rhomboids
➢ Serratus anterior
➢ Pectoralis minor

Deltoid
ARM MOVEMENTS
● attaches the humerus to the scapula and
Pectoralis major
clavicle
● adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder
● major abductor of the upper limb
● extend the shoulder from a flexed position

Latissimus dorsi FOREARM MOVEMENTS

● swimmer’s muscle Triceps brachii
● medially rotates and adducts the arm and ● primary extensor of
powerfully extends the shoulder the elbow

Biceps brachii and brachialis

● primary flexors of the
elbow
Brachioradialis
● posterior forearm muscle
● Helps flex the elbow

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SUPINATION AND PRONATION Intrinsic hand muscles
Supinator ● 19 muscles located within the hand
● supination of the forearm or turning the
flexed forearm so that the palm is up
Pronator
● pronation, turning other forearm so that
the palm is down

Interossei
● responsible
for
abduction
and
adduction
of the
WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS fingers
Retinaculum
● fibrous connective tissue that covers the
flexor & extensor tendons and holds them Tennis elbow
in place around the wrist ● inflammation and pain due to forceful,
repeated contraction of the wrist extensor
muscles

Flexor carpi
● flex the wrist
Extensor carpi
● extend the wrist Palmus longus
● tightens palm skin

Flexor digitorum
● flexor of the digits/fingers
Extensor digitorum
● extension of the fingers

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 UPPER LIMB MUSCLES LEG MOVEMENTS
Quadriceps femoris
THIGH MOVEMENTS ● primary extensors of the knee
Iliopsoas
● flexes the hip

Tensor fasciae latae

● helps steady the femur on the tibi when a
person is standing Sartorius
● tailor’s muscle;
● longest muscle in the body;
● flexes the hip and kne
● rotates the thigh laterally for sitting cross
legged

Gluteus maximus
● extends the hip; adducts and laterally
rottes the thigh
● contributes most of the mass
Gluteus medius
● extends the hop when the thigh is flexed
at a 45O angle
● common site for injections in the buttocks
(sciatic nerve lies deep to the g. maximus)
Hamstring muscles
● flexing the knee

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Adductor muscles
● adducting the thigh

ANKLE AND TOE MOVEMENTS

Intrinsic foot muscles
Gastrocnemius & Soleus
● flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
● form the bulge of the calf

Extensor digitorum longus

● extends 4 lateral toes, everts foot
Extensor halluces longus
● extends great toe
Calcaneal tendon ● inverts foot
● Achilles tendon
● flexors and are involved in plantar flexion
of the foot

Fibularis muscles
● primary everters of the foot
● aid inplantar flexion

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Tibialis anterior
● inverts foot

Fibularis tertius
● everts foot

Fibularis brevis
● everts foot
Fibularis longus
Flexor digitorum longus ● everts foot
● flexes 4 lateral toes, inverts foot

Flexor halluces longus

● flexes great toe, inverts foot

Tibialis posterior
● inverts foot

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