Aaron Swartz

Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8,

1986 – January 11, 2013) was an
American computer programmer,
entrepreneur, writer, political
organizer, and Internet hacktivist.
As a programmer, Swartz helped
develop the web feed format
RSS; the technical architecture
for Creative Commons, an
organization dedicated to
creating copyright licenses; the
website framework web.py; and
Markdown, a lightweight markup
language format. Swartz was
involved in the development of
the social news aggregation
website Reddit until he departed
from the company in 2007.[note 1]
He is often credited as a martyr
and a prodigy,[7][8] and his work
focused on civic awareness and
activism.[9][10][11]
After Reddit
Aaron
was sold to
Swartz
Condé Nast
Publications in
2006, Swartz
became more
involved in
Swartz in 2008
activism,
Born Aaron
helping launch
Hillel
the Progressive
Swartz[1]
Change
November
Campaign
8, 1986
Committee in Highland
2009. In 2010, Park,
he became a Illinois,[2]

research fellow U.S.

at Harvard Died January

University's 11, 2013

(aged 26)
Safra Research
New York
Lab on
City, U.S.
Institutional
Cause of Suicide
Corruption,
death by
directed by
hangin
Lawrence
Education Lake
Lessig.[12][13] He
Colleg
founded the (cours
online group Stanf
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out)
known for its
Occupations Sof
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setting it to Title Fellow,

download Harvard
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academic Edmond
journal articles J. Safra

systematically Center
for Ethics
from JSTOR
Awards ArsDigit
using a guest
2000
user account
America
issued to him
Library
by MIT.[14][15]
Associa
Federal James
prosecutors, led Madison
by Carmen Award 2
Ortiz, later (posthum

charged him EFF Pion

Award 2
with two counts (posthum

of wire fraud Internet

and eleven Fame 20

(posthum
violations of the
Website aaronsw
Computer Fraud
(http://w
and Abuse
aaronsw
Act,[16] carrying
m/)
a cumulative
maximum penalty of $1 million in
fines, 35 years in prison, asset
forfeiture, restitution, and
supervised release.[17] Swartz
declined a plea bargain under
which he would have served six
months in federal prison.[18] Two
days after the prosecution
rejected a counter-offer by
Swartz, he was found dead in his
Brooklyn apartment.[19][20] In
2013, Swartz was inducted
posthumously into the Internet
Hall of Fame.[21]
Early life

Swartz in 2002 with

Lawrence Lessig at the
launch party for Creative
Commons

Swartz describes the nature

of the shift from centralized
one-to-many systems to the
decentralized many-to-many
topology of network
communication. San
Francisco, April 2007 (9:29)

Aaron Swartz was born in

Highland Park, 25 miles (40
kilometers) north of
Chicago,[2][22] into a Jewish
family.[23] He was the eldest child
of Susan and Robert Swartz and
brother to Noah and Ben
Swartz.[1][24] He was an
atheist.[25] His father founded the
software firm Mark Williams
Company. At an early age, Swartz
immersed himself in the study of
computers, programming, the
Internet, and Internet culture.[26]
He attended North Shore Country
Day School, a small private
school near Chicago, until ninth
grade,[27] when he left high
school and enrolled in courses at
Lake Forest College.[28][29]

In 1999, at age twelve, he created

the website The Info Network, a
user-generated encyclopedia.[30]
The site won the ArsDigita Prize,
given to young people who
create "useful, educational, and
collaborative" noncommercial
websites and led to early
recognition of Swartz's nascent
talent in coding.[1][31][32] At age
14, he became a member of the
working group that authored the
RSS 1.0 web syndication
specification.[33] A year later, he
became involved in the Creative
Commons organization.[34] In
2005, he enrolled at Stanford
University but left the school
after his first year.[35]
Entrepreneurship

During Swartz's first year at

Stanford, he applied to
Y Combinator's first Summer
Founders Program, proposing to
work on a startup called
Infogami, a flexible content
management system designed to
create rich and visually
interesting websites[36] or a form
of wiki for structured data. After
working on it with co-founder
Simon Carstensen over the
summer of 2005, Swartz opted
not to return to Stanford,
choosing instead to continue to
develop and seek funding for
Infogami.[36]

As part of his work on Infogami,

Swartz created the web.py web
application framework because
he was unhappy with other
available systems in the Python
programming language. In the
early fall of 2005, he worked with
his fellow co-founders of another
nascent Y-Combinator firm,
Reddit, to rewrite its Lisp
codebase using Python and
web.py. Although Infogami's
platform was abandoned after
Not a Bug was acquired,
Infogami's software was used to
support the Internet Archive's
Open Library project and the
web.py web framework was used
as the basis for many other
projects by Swartz and many
others.[37]
When Infogami failed to find
further funding, Y-Combinator
organizers suggested Infogami
merge with Reddit,[38][39] which it
did in November 2005, creating a
new firm, Not a Bug, devoted to
promoting both products.[38][5] As
a result, Swartz was given the
title of co-founder of Reddit.
Although both projects initially
struggled, Reddit made large
gains in popularity in 2005–2006.
In October 2006, based largely on
Reddit's success, Not a Bug was
acquired by Condé Nast
Publications, owner of Wired
magazine.[26][40] Swartz moved
with his company to San
Francisco to continue to work on
Reddit for Wired.[26] He found
corporate office life uncongenial
and ultimately was asked to
resign from the company.[41] In
September 2007, he joined
Infogami co-founder Simon
Carstensen to launch a new firm,
Jottit, in another attempt to
create a markdown-driven
content management system in
Python.[42]

Activism
In 2008, Swartz founded
Watchdog.net, "the good
government site with teeth", to
aggregate and visualize data
about politicians.[43][44] That year,
he wrote a widely circulated
Guerilla Open Access
Manifesto.[45][46][47][48] On
December 27, 2010, he filed a
Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA) request to learn about the
treatment of Chelsea Manning,
alleged source for
WikiLeaks.[49][50]

PACER

In 2008, Swartz downloaded

about 2.7 million federal court
documents stored in the PACER
(Public Access to Court
Electronic Records) database
managed by the Administrative
Office of the United States
Courts.[51]

The Huffington Post

characterized his actions this
way: "Swartz downloaded public
court documents from the
PACER system in an effort to
make them available outside of
the expensive service. The move
drew the attention of the FBI,
which ultimately decided not to
press charges as the documents
were, in fact, public."[52]

PACER was charging eight cents

per page for information that Carl
Malamud, who founded the
nonprofit group
Public.Resource.Org, contended
should be free, because federal
documents are not covered by
copyright.[53][54] The fees were
"plowed back to the courts to
finance technology, but the
system [ran] a budget surplus of
some $150 million, according to
court reports," reported The New
York Times.[53] PACER used
technology that was "designed in
the bygone days of screechy
telephone modems ... putting the
nation's legal system behind a
wall of cash and kludge."[53]
Malamud appealed to fellow
activists, urging them to visit one
of 17 libraries conducting a free
trial of the PACER system,
download court documents, and
send them to him for public
distribution.[53]

After reading Malamud's call for

action,[53] Swartz used a Perl
computer script running on
Amazon cloud servers to
download the documents, using
credentials belonging to a
Sacramento library.[51] From
September 4 to 20, 2008, it
accessed documents and
uploaded them to a cloud
computing service. He released
the documents to Malamud's
organization.[54]

On September 29, 2008, the GPO

suspended the free trial, "pending
an evaluation" of the program.
Swartz's actions were
subsequently investigated by the
FBI.[53][54] The case was closed
after two months with no
charges filed.[54] Swartz learned
the details of the investigation
after filing a FOIA request with
the FBI, and described their
response as the "usual mess of
confusions that shows the FBI's
lack of sense of humor."[54]
PACER still charges per page, but
customers using Firefox,
Chrome, or Safari have the option
of saving the documents for free
public access with a plug-in
called RECAP.[55][56]

At a 2013 memorial for Swartz,

Malamud recalled their work with
PACER. They brought millions of
U.S. District Court records out
from behind PACER's "pay wall",
he said, and found them full of
privacy violations, including
medical records and the names
of minor children and
confidential informants.

We sent our results to

the Chief Judges of 31
District Courts ... They
redacted those
documents and they
yelled at the lawyers that
filed them ... The Judicial
Conference changed their
privacy rules. ... [To] the
bureaucrats who ran the
Administrative Office of
the United States Courts
... we were thieves that
took $1.6 million of their
property. So they called
the FBI ... [The FBI] found
nothing wrong ... [57]
A more detailed account of his
collaboration with Swartz on the
PACER project appears in an
essay on Malamud's website.[58]

Writing in Ars Technica, Timothy

Lee,[59] who later made use of the
documents obtained by Swartz
as a co-creator of RECAP, offered
some insight into discrepancies
in reports on how much data
Swartz downloaded: "In a back-
of-the-envelope calculation a few
days before the offsite crawl was
shut down, Swartz guessed he
got around 25 percent of the
documents in PACER. The New
York Times similarly reported
Swartz had downloaded "an
estimated 20 percent of the
entire database". Based on the
facts that Swartz downloaded
2.7 million documents while
PACER, at the time, contained
500 million, Lee concluded that
Swartz downloaded less than
one percent of the database.[51]
Progressive Change
Campaign Committee

In 2009, wanting to learn about

effective activism, Swartz helped
launch the Progressive Change
Campaign Committee.[60] He
wrote in his blog: "I spend my
days experimenting with new
ways to get progressive policies
enacted and progressive
politicians elected."[61] He led the
first activism event of his career
with the Progressive Change
Campaign Committee, delivering
thousands of "Honor Kennedy"
petition signatures to
Massachusetts legislators,
asking them to fulfill former
Senator Ted Kennedy's last wish
by appointing a senator to vote
for healthcare reform.[62]

Demand Progress

In 2010,[63] Swartz co-founded

Demand Progress,[64] a political
advocacy group that organizes
people online to "take action by
contacting Congress and other
leaders, funding pressure tactics,
and spreading the word" about
civil liberties, government reform,
and other issues.[65]

During academic year 2010–11,

Swartz conducted research
studies on political corruption as
a Lab Fellow in Harvard
University's Edmond J. Safra
Research Lab on Institutional
Corruption.[12][13]
Author Cory Doctorow, in his
novel Homeland, "drew on advice
from Swartz in setting out how
his protagonist could use the
information now available about
voters to create a grass-roots
anti-establishment political
campaign."[66] In an afterword to
the novel, Swartz wrote: "These
political hacktivist tools can be
used by anyone motivated and
talented enough.... Now it's up to
you to change the system. ... Let
me know if I can help."[66]

Opposition to the Stop Online

Piracy Act (SOPA)

Swartz in 2012 protesting

against the Stop Online
Piracy Act (SOPA)

Swartz was involved in the

campaign to prevent passage of
the Stop Online Piracy Act
(SOPA), which sought to combat
Internet copyright violations but
was criticized on the basis that it
would make it easier for the U.S.
government to shut down web
sites accused of violating
copyright and would place
intolerable burdens on Internet
providers.[67] After the bill's
defeat, Swartz was the keynote
speaker at the F2C:Freedom to
Connect 2012 event in
Washington, D.C., on May 21,
2012. In his speech, "How We
Stopped SOPA", he said:
This bill ... shut down
whole websites.
Essentially, it stopped
Americans from
communicating entirely
with certain groups....
I called all my friends,
and we stayed up all
night setting up a
website for this new
group, Demand Progress,
with an online petition
opposing this noxious
bill.... We [got] ... 300,000
signers.... We met with
the staff of members of
Congress and pleaded
with them.... And then it
passed unanimously....
And then, suddenly, the
process stopped. Senator
Ron Wyden ... put a hold
on the bill. [68][69]
He added, "We won this fight
because everyone made
themselves the hero of their own
story. Everyone took it as their
job to save this crucial
freedom."[68][69] He was referring
to a series of protests against
the bill by numerous websites,
described by the Electronic
Frontier Foundation as the
biggest protest in Internet
history, with over 115,000 sites
posting their opposition. Swartz
also spoke on the topic at an
event organized by
ThoughtWorks.[70]

Wikipedia

Swartz at 2009 Boston

Wikipedia Meetup

Swartz participated in Wikipedia

since August 2003 under the
username AaronSw.[71] In 2006,
he ran unsuccessfully for the
Wikimedia Foundation's Board of
Trustees.[72]

In 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis

of how Wikipedia articles are
written, and concluded that the
bulk of its content came from
tens of thousands of occasional
contributors, or "outsiders," each
of whom made few other
contributions to the site, while a
core group of 500 to 1,000
regular editors tended to correct
spelling and other formatting
errors.[73] He said: "The
formatters aid the contributors,
not the other way around."[73][74]
His conclusions, based on the
analysis of edit histories of
several randomly selected
articles, contradicted the opinion
of Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy
Wales, who believed the core
group of regular editors provided
most of the content while
thousands of others contributed
to formatting issues. Swartz
came to his conclusions by
counting the number of
characters editors added to
particular articles, while Wales
counted the total number of
edits.[73]

WikiLeaks

In January 2013 shortly after he

died, WikiLeaks said that Aaron
Swartz had helped WikiLeaks
and talked to Julian Assange in
2010 and 2011. WikiLeaks also
said they had "strong reasons to
believe, but cannot prove" he may
have been a source, possibly
breaking WikiLeaks' rules about
source anonymity. Wikileaks may
have made the statements to
imply that Swartz was targeted
by the US Attorney's Office and
Secret Service in order to get at
WikiLeaks.[75][76]
United States v. Aaron
Swartz case
According to state and federal
authorities, Swartz used JSTOR,
a digital repository,[77] to
download a large number[note 2]
of academic journal articles
through MIT's computer network
over the course of a few weeks in
late 2010 and early 2011. Visitors
to MIT's "open campus" were
authorized to access JSTOR
through its network;[78] Swartz,
as a research fellow at Harvard
University, also had a JSTOR
account.[16]

The download

On September 25, 2010, the IP

address 18.55.6.215, part of the
MIT network, began sending
hundreds of PDF download
requests per minute to the
JSTOR website, enough to slow
the site's performance.[79] This
prompted a block of the IP
address. In the morning, another
IP address, also from within the
MIT network, began sending
more PDF download requests,
resulting in a temporary block on
the firewall level of all MIT
computers in the entire
18.0.0.0/8 range. A JSTOR
employee emailed MIT on
September 29, 2010:

Note that this was an

extreme case. We
typically suspend just
one individual IP at a
time and do that
relatively infrequently
(perhaps 6 on a busy day,
from 7000+ institutional
subscribers). In this case,
we saw a performance
hit on the live site, which
I have only seen about 3
or 4 times in my 5 years
here. The pattern used
 was to create a new
session for each PDF
download or every few,
which was terribly
efficient, but not terribly
subtle. In the end, we saw
over 200K sessions in
one hour's time during
the peak.[80]

According to authorities, Swartz

downloaded the documents
through a laptop connected to a
networking switch in a
controlled-access wiring closet
at MIT.[15][16][81][82][83] The closet's
door was kept unlocked,
according to press
reports.[78][84][85] When it was
discovered, a video camera was
placed in the room to record
Swartz; his computer was left
untouched. The recording was
stopped once Swartz was
identified, but rather than pursue
a civil lawsuit against him,
JSTOR settled with him in June
2011; under the terms of the
settlement, he surrendered the
downloaded data.[86][87]

On July 30, 2013, JSTOR

released 300 partially redacted
documents used as incriminating
evidence against Swartz,
originally sent to the United
States Attorney's Office in
response to subpoenas in the
case United States v. Aaron
Swartz.[88]
(The following images are all
excerpts from the 3,461-page PDF
document.)
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Cause Cause sent describ
Analysi Analysi from ing
s" s" JSTOR PDF
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tive respon A), next
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events t 3.5 mill gallery)
from resoluti ion [92]

Septe on PDF
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Arrest and prosecution

On the night of January 6, 2011,

Swartz was arrested near the
Harvard campus by MIT Police
and a Secret Service agent, and
arraigned in Cambridge District
Court on two state charges of
breaking and entering with intent
to commit a felony.[14][15][83][95][96]

On July 11, 2011, he was indicted

by a federal grand jury on
charges of wire fraud, computer
fraud, unlawfully obtaining
information from a protected
computer, and recklessly
damaging a protected
computer.[16][97]

On November 17, 2011, Swartz

was indicted by a Middlesex
County Superior Court grand jury
on state charges of breaking and
entering with intent, grand
larceny, and unauthorized access
to a computer network.[98][99] On
December 16, 2011, state
prosecutors filed a notice that
they were dropping the two
original charges,[15] and the
charges listed in the November
17, 2011 indictment were
dropped on March 8, 2012.[100]
According to a spokesperson for
the Middlesex County prosecutor,
this was done to avoid impeding
a federal prosecution headed by
Stephen P. Heymann, supported
by evidence provided by Secret
Service agent Michael S.
Pickett.[101][100]

On September 12, 2012, federal

prosecutors filed a superseding
indictment adding nine more
felony counts, increasing
Swartz's maximum criminal
exposure to 50 years of
imprisonment and $1 million in
fines.[16][102][103] During plea
negotiations with Swartz's
attorneys, the prosecutors
offered to recommend a
sentence of six months in a low-
security prison if Swartz pled
guilty to 13 federal crimes.
Swartz and his lead attorney
rejected the deal, opting instead
for a trial where prosecutors
would be forced to justify their
pursuit of him.[104][105]

The federal prosecution involved

what was characterized by
numerous critics (such as former
Nixon White House counsel John
Dean) as an "overcharging" 13-
count indictment and
"overzealous", "Nixonian"
prosecution for alleged computer
crimes, brought by then U.S.
Attorney for Massachusetts
Carmen Ortiz.[106]

Swartz died by suicide on

January 11, 2013.[107] After his
death, federal prosecutors
dropped the charges.[108][109] On
December 4, 2013, due to a
Freedom of Information Act suit
by the investigations editor of
Wired magazine, several
documents related to the case
were released by the Secret
Service, including a video of
Swartz entering the MIT network
closet.[110]

Death, funeral, and

memorial gatherings
Death

On the evening of January 11,

2013, Swartz's girlfriend, Taren
Stinebrickner-Kauffman, found
him dead in his
External
Brooklyn
video
apartment.[78]
Aaron Swartz
[111][112] A
Memorial at
spokeswoman
The Great Hall
for New York's of Cooper
Medical Union (https://
Examiner www.youtube.c
reported that he om/watch?v=m
had hanged yYzfsEOaDw)
on YouTube,
himself.[111][112]
[113][114] (transcript)
No
Aaron Swartz
suicide note
Memorial at the
was found.[115] Internet Archive
Swartz's family (https://www.yo

and his partner utube.com/wat

ch?v=x3Fz1V3L
created a
Ztw) on
memorial
YouTube,
website on
(partial
which they transcript)
issued a
DC Memorial:
statement, Darrell Issa,
saying: "He Taren
used his Stinebrickner-
prodigious skills Kauffman, Alan
as a Grayson (http
s://www.youtub
programmer e.com/watch?v
and =Slmbmd69QH

technologist not M) on YouTube

to enrich
himself but to make the Internet
and the world a fairer, better
place."[24]

Days before Swartz's funeral,

Lawrence Lessig eulogized his
friend and sometime-client in an
essay, "Prosecutor as Bully." He
decried the disproportionality of
Swartz's prosecution and said,
"The question this government
needs to answer is why it was so
necessary that Aaron Swartz be
labeled a 'felon'. For in the 18
months of negotiations, that was
what he was not willing to
accept."[116] Cory Doctorow
wrote, "Aaron had an unbeatable
combination of political insight,
technical skill, and intelligence
about people and issues. I think
he could have revolutionized
American (and worldwide)
politics. His legacy may still yet
do so."[117]

Funeral and memorial

gatherings

Aaron Swartz Memorial sign

at Internet Archive
headquarters, San Francisco,
January 24, 2013
 Aaron Swartz Memorial
program at Internet Archive
headquarters, San Francisco,
January 24, 2013

Swartz's funeral services were

held on January 15, 2013, at
Central Avenue Synagogue in
Highland Park, Illinois. Tim
Berners-Lee, creator of the World
Wide Web, delivered a
eulogy.[118][119][120][121] The same
day, The Wall Street Journal
published a story based in part
on an interview with Taren
Stinebrickner-Kauffman.[122] She
told the Journal that Swartz
lacked the money to pay for a
trial and "it was too hard for him
to ... make that part of his life go
public" by asking for help. He
was also distressed, she said,
because two of his friends had
just been subpoenaed and
because he no longer believed
that MIT would try to stop the
prosecution.[122]

Several memorials followed soon

afterward. On January 19,
hundreds attended a memorial at
the Cooper Union, speakers at
which included Taren
Stinebrickner-Kauffman, open
source advocate Doc Searls,
Creative Commons' Glenn Otis
Brown, journalist Quinn Norton,
Roy Singham of ThoughtWorks,
and David Segal of Demand
Progress.[123][124][125] On January
24, there was a memorial at the
Internet Archive headquarters in
San Francisco (video (https://arc
hive.org/details/AaronSwartzMe
morialAtTheInternetArchive?start
=4365) [126]) with speakers
including Stinebrickner-
Kauffman, Alex Stamos, Brewster
Kahle,[127] Peter Eckersley, and
Carl Malamud.[128] On February 4,
a memorial was held in the
Cannon House Office Building on
Capitol Hill;[129][130][131][132]
speakers at this memorial
included Senator Ron Wyden and
Representatives Darrell Issa, Alan
Grayson, and Jared Polis,[131][132]
and other lawmakers in
attendance included Senator
Elizabeth Warren and
Representatives Zoe Lofgren and
Jan Schakowsky.[131][132] Harvey
Silverglate was a featured
speaker at a rally by Demand
Progress in Swartz’s memory.[133]
A memorial also took place on
March 12 at the MIT Media
Lab.[134]

Swartz's family recommended

GiveWell for donations in his
memory, an organization that
Swartz admired, had
collaborated with and was the
sole beneficiary of his
will.[135][136]
Response
U.S. Department of Justice

Carmen M. Ortiz, then U.S.

Attorney for the District of
Massachusetts, "As a parent and
a sister, I can only imagine the
pain felt by the family and friends
of Aaron Swartz, […] I must,
however, make clear that this
office's conduct was appropriate
in bringing and handling this
case."[137]
Family response

Aaron's death is not

simply a personal
tragedy. It is the product
of a criminal justice
system rife with
intimidation and
prosecutorial overreach.
Decisions made by
officials in the
Massachusetts U.S.
 Attorney's office and at
MIT contributed to his
death.

— Statement by his
family and his
partner[138]

On January 12, 2013, Swartz's

family and partner issued a
statement criticizing the
prosecutors and MIT.[138]
Speaking at his son's funeral on
January 15, Robert Swartz said,
"Aaron was killed by the
government, and MIT betrayed all
of its basic principles."[139]

Tom Dolan, husband of U.S.

Attorney for Massachusetts
Carmen Ortiz, whose office
prosecuted Swartz's case, replied
with criticism of the Swartz
family: "Truly incredible that in
their own son's obit they blame
others for his death and make no
mention of the 6-month
offer."[140] This comment
triggered some criticism; Esquire
writer Charlie Pierce replied, "the
glibness with which her husband
and her defenders toss off a
'mere' six months in federal
prison, low-security or not, is a
further indication that something
is seriously out of whack with the
way our prosecutors think these
days."[141]
MIT

MIT maintains an open-campus

policy along with an "open
network."[85][142] Two days after
Swartz's death, MIT President L.
Rafael Reif commissioned
professor Hal Abelson to lead an
analysis of MIT's options and
decisions relating to Swartz's
"legal struggles."[143][144] To help
guide the fact-finding stage of
the review, MIT created a website
where community members
could suggest questions and
issues for the review to
address.[145][146]

Swartz's attorneys requested

that all pretrial discovery
documents be made public, a
move which MIT opposed.[147]
Swartz allies have criticized MIT
for its opposition to releasing the
evidence without redactions.[148]
On July 26, 2013, the Abelson
panel submitted a 182-page
report to MIT president, L. Rafael
Reif, who authorized its public
release on July 30.[149][150][151]
The panel reported that MIT had
not supported charges against
Swartz and cleared the
institution of wrongdoing.
However, its report also noted
that despite MIT's advocacy for
open access culture at the
institutional level and beyond, the
university never extended that
support to Swartz. The report
revealed, for example, that while
MIT considered the possibility of
issuing a public statement about
its position on the case, such a
statement never
materialized.[152]

Press

Aaron Swartz mural by

Brooklyn graffiti artist
BAMN
The Huffington Post reported that
"Ortiz has faced significant
backlash for pursuing the case
against Swartz, including a
petition to the White House to
have her fired."[153] Other news
outlets reported
similarly.[154][155][156]

Reuters news agency called

Swartz "an online icon" who
"help[ed] to make a virtual
mountain of information freely
available to the public, including
an estimated 19 million pages of
federal court documents."[157]
The Associated Press (AP)
reported that Swartz's case
"highlights society's uncertain,
evolving view of how to treat
people who break into computer
systems and share data not to
enrich themselves, but to make it
available to others,"[67] and that
JSTOR's lawyer, former U.S.
Attorney for the Southern District
of New York Mary Jo White, had
asked the lead prosecutor to
drop the charges.[67]

As discussed by the editor Hrag

Vartanian in Hyperallergic,
Brooklyn, New York muralist
BAMN ("By Any Means
Necessary") created a mural of
Swartz.[158] "Swartz was an
amazing human being who
fought tirelessly for our right to a
free and open Internet," the artist
explained. "He was much more
than just the 'Reddit guy'."
Speaking on April 17, 2013, Yuval
Noah Harari described Swartz as
"the first martyr of the Freedom
of Information movement".
However, according to Harari,
Swartz's stance did not illustrate
the belief in the freedom of
persons or speech but stemmed
from the increasing belief among
the young generation that above
anything else, information should
be free.[159]
Swartz's legacy has been
reported as strengthening the
open access to scholarship
movement. In Illinois, his home
state, Swartz's influence led state
university faculties to adopt
policies in favor of open
access.[160]
Internet

Hacks

On January 13, 2013, members

of Anonymous hacked two
websites on the MIT domain,
replacing them with tributes to
Swartz that called on members
of the Internet community to use
his death as a rallying point for
the open access movement. The
banner included a list of
demands for improvements in
the U.S. copyright system, along
with Swartz's Guerilla Open
Access Manifesto.[161] On the
night of January 18, 2013, MIT's
e-mail system was taken offline
for ten hours.[162] On January 22,
e-mail sent to MIT was redirected
by hackers Aush0k and
TibitXimer to the Korea
Advanced Institute of Science &
Technology. All other traffic to
MIT was redirected to a
computer at Harvard University
that was publishing a statement
headed "R.I.P Aaron Swartz,"[163]
with text from a 2009 posting by
Swartz,[164] accompanied by a
chiptune version of "The Star-
Spangled Banner". MIT regained
full control after about seven
hours.[165] In the early hours of
January 26, 2013, the U.S.
Sentencing Commission website,
USSC.gov, was hacked by
Anonymous.[166][167] The home
page was replaced with an
embedded YouTube video,
Anonymous Operation Last
Resort. The video statement said
Swartz "faced an impossible
choice".[168][169] A hacker
downloaded "hundreds of
thousands" of scientific-journal
articles from a Swiss publisher's
website and republished them on
the open Web in Swartz's honor a
week before the first anniversary
of his death.[170]
Petition to the White House

After Swartz's death, more than

50,000 people signed an online
petition[171] to the White House
calling for the removal of Ortiz,
"for overreach in the case of
Aaron Swartz."[172] A similar
petition[173] was submitted
calling for prosecutor Stephen
Heymann's firing.[174][175] In
January 2015, two years after
Swartz's death, the White House
declined both petitions.[176]
Commemorations

Swartz' father Robert

accepting his son's induction
into the Internet Hall of
Fame, 2013

On August 3, 2013, Swartz was

posthumously inducted into the
Internet Hall of Fame.[21] There
was a hackathon held in Swartz'
memory around the date of his
birthday in 2013.[177][178] Over the
weekend of November 8–10,
2013, inspired by Swartz's work
and life, a second annual
hackathon was held in at least 16
cities around the
world.[179][180][181] Preliminary
topics worked on at the 2013
Aaron Swartz Hackathon[182]
were privacy and software tools,
transparency, activism, access,
legal fixes and a low-cost book
scanner.[183] In January 2014,
Lawrence Lessig led a walk
across New Hampshire in honor
of Swartz, rallying for campaign
finance reform.[184][185]

In 2017, the Turkish-Dutch artist

Ahmet Öğüt commemorated
Swartz through a work entitled
"Information Power to The
People" which depicted his
bust.[186]
 A clay statue of Aaron
Swartz at the Internet
Archive

Legacy
Open Access

A long-time supporter of open

access, Swartz wrote in his
Guerilla Open Access
Manifesto:[47]
The world's entire
scientific ... heritage ... is
increasingly being
digitized and locked up
by a handful of private
corporations....

The Open Access

Movement has fought
valiantly to ensure that
scientists do not sign
their copyrights away
but instead ensure their
 work is published on the
Internet, under terms
that allow anyone to
access it.

Supporters of Swartz responded

to news of his death with an
effort called #PDFTribute to
promote Open Access.[187][188]
On January 12, Eva Vivalt, a
development economist at the
World Bank, began posting her
academic articles online using
the hashtag #pdftribute as a
tribute to Swartz.[188][189][190]
Scholars posted links to their
works.[191] Swartz' story has
exposed the topic of open
access to scientific publications
to wider audiences.[192][193] In
Swartz' wake, many institutions
and personalities have
campaigned for open access to
scientific knowledge.[194]
Swartz's death prompted calls
for more open access to
scholarly data (e.g., open science
data).[195][196] The Think
Computer Foundation and the
Center for Information
Technology Policy (CITP) at
Princeton University announced
scholarships awarded in memory
of Swartz.[197] In 2013, Swartz
was posthumously awarded the
American Library Association's
James Madison Award for being
an "outspoken advocate for
public participation in
government and unrestricted
access to peer-reviewed
scholarly articles."[198][199] In
March, the editor and editorial
board of the Journal of Library
Administration resigned en
masse, citing a dispute with the
journal's publisher,
Routledge.[200] One board
member wrote of a "crisis of
conscience about publishing in a
journal that was not open
access" after the death of
Swartz.[201][202] In 2002, Swartz
had stated that when he died, he
wanted all the contents of his
hard drives made publicly
available.[203][204]

Congress

Several members of the U.S.

House of Representatives –
Republican Darrell Issa and
Democrats Zoe Lofgren and
subsequent Colorado Governor
Jared Polis – all on the House
Judiciary Committee, raised
questions regarding the
government's handling of the
case.

Calling the charges against him

"ridiculous and trumped up," Polis
said Swartz was a "martyr",
whose death illustrated the need
for Congress to limit the
discretion of federal
prosecutors.[205] Speaking at a
memorial for Swartz on Capitol
Hill, Issa said
 Ultimately, knowledge
belongs to all the people
of the world.... Aaron
understood that.... Our
copyright laws were
created for the purpose
of promoting useful
works, not hiding them.

Massachusetts Democratic
Senator Elizabeth Warren issued
a statement saying "[Aaron's]
advocacy for Internet freedom,
social justice, and Wall Street
reform demonstrated ... the
power of his ideas ..."[206]

In a letter to Attorney General

Eric Holder,[207] Texas Republican
Senator John Cornyn asked, "On
what basis did the U.S. Attorney
for the District of Massachusetts
conclude that her office's
conduct was 'appropriate'?" and
"Was the prosecution of Mr.
Swartz in any way retaliation for
his exercise of his rights as a
citizen under the Freedom of
Information Act?"[208][209][210]

Congressional investigations

Issa, who chaired the House

Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform, announced
that he would investigate the
Justice Department's actions in
prosecuting Swartz.[205] In a
statement to The Huffington Post,
he praised Swartz's work toward
"open government and free
access to the people." Issa's
investigation has garnered some
bipartisan support.[206]

On January 28, 2013, Issa and

ranking committee member
Elijah Cummings published a
letter to U.S. Attorney General
Holder, questioning why federal
prosecutors had filed the
superseding indictment.[103][211]
On February 20, WBUR reported
that Ortiz was expected to testify
at an upcoming Oversight
Committee hearing about her
office's handling of the Swartz
case.[212] On February 22,
Associate Deputy Attorney
General Steven Reich conducted
a briefing for congressional
staffers involved in the
investigation.[213][214] They were
told that Swartz's Guerilla Open
Access Manifesto played a role in
prosecutorial decision-
making.[46][213][214] Congressional
staffers left this briefing believing
that prosecutors thought Swartz
had to be convicted of a felony
carrying at least a short prison
sentence in order to justify
having filed the case against him
in the first place.[213][214]

Excoriating the Department of

Justice as the "Department of
Vengeance", Stinebrickner-
Kauffman told the Guardian that
the DOJ had erred in relying on
Swartz's Guerilla Open Access
Manifesto as an accurate
indication of his beliefs by 2010.
"He was no longer a single issue
activist," she said. "He was into
lots of things, from healthcare, to
climate change to money in
politics."[46]

On March 6, Holder testified

before the Senate Judiciary
Committee that the case was "a
good use of prosecutorial
discretion."[215] Stinebrickner-
Kauffman issued a statement in
reply, repeating and amplifying
her claims of prosecutorial
misconduct. Public documents,
she wrote, reveal that prosecutor
Stephen Heymann "instructed the
Secret Service to seize and hold
evidence without a warrant... lied
to the judge about that fact in
written briefs... [and] withheld
exculpatory evidence... for over a
year," violating his legal and
ethical obligations to turn such
evidence over to the defense.[216]
On March 22, Senator Al Franken
wrote Holder a letter expressing
concerns, writing that "charging a
young man like Mr. Swartz with
federal offenses punishable by
over 35 years of federal
imprisonment seems remarkably
aggressive – particularly when it
appears that one of the principal
aggrieved parties ... did not
support a criminal
prosecution."[217]
Amendment to Computer Fraud
and Abuse Act

In 2013, Rep. Zoe Wikisource

has
Lofgren (D-Calif.) original
introduced a bill, text related
to this
Aaron's Law article:
(H.R. 2454 (https:// Rep Zoe
Lofgren
www.congress.gov/ Introduces
bill/113th-congress/ Bipartisan
Aaron's
house-bill/2454) , Law
S. 1196 (https://ww
w.congress.gov/bill/113th-congr
ess/senate-bill/1196) [218]) to
exclude terms of service
violations from the 1986
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
and from the wire fraud
statute.[219]

Lawrence Lessig wrote of the bill,

"this is a critically important
change.... The CFAA was the
hook for the government's
bullying.... This law would
remove that hook. In a single
line: no longer would it be a
felony to breach a contract."[220]
Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist
in the nexus between computer
law and criminal law, wrote that
he had been arguing for precisely
this sort of reform of the Act for
years.[221] The ACLU, too, has
called for reform of the CFAA to
"remove the dangerously broad
criminalization of online
activity."[222] The EFF has
mounted a campaign for these
reforms.[223] Lessig's inaugural
Chair lecture as Furman
Professor of Law and Leadership
was entitled Aaron's Laws: Law
and Justice in a Digital Age; he
dedicated the lecture to
Swartz.[224][225][226][227]

The Aaron's Law bill stalled in

committee. Brian Knappenberger
alleges this was due to Oracle
Corporation's financial interest in
maintaining the status quo.[228]
Fair Access to Science and
Technology Research Act

The Fair Access to Science and

Technology Research Act
(FASTR) is a bill that would
mandate earlier public release of
taxpayer-funded research. FASTR
has been described as "The
Other Aaron's Law."[229]

Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and

Senator John Cornyn (R-Tex.)
introduced the Senate version in
2013, 2015, and 2017 while the
bill was introduced to the House
by Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.),
Mike Doyle (D-Pa.) and Kevin
Yoder (R-Kans.). Senator Wyden
wrote of the bill, "the FASTR act
provides that access to taxpayer
funded research should never be
hidden behind a paywall."[230]

While the legislation had not

passed as of August 2017, it
helped to prompt some motion
toward more open access on the
part of the US administration.
Shortly after the bill's original
introduction, the Office of
Science and Technology Policy
directed "each Federal agency
with over $100 million in annual
conduct of research and
development expenditures to
develop a plan to support
increased public access to the
results of research funded by the
Federal Government."[231]
Media
Swartz has been featured in
various works of art and has
posthumously received
dedications from numerous
artists. In 2013, Kenneth
Goldsmith dedicated his "Printing
out the Internet" exhibition to
Swartz.[232][233] There are also
dedicated biographical films for
Aaron:
The Internet's Own Boy: The
Story of Aaron Swartz

On January 11, 2014, marking

the first anniversary of his death,
a preview was released of The
Internet's Own Boy: The Story of
Aaron Swartz,[234] a documentary
about Swartz, the NSA and
SOPA.[235][236] The film was
officially released at the January
2014 Sundance Film Festival.[237]
Democracy Now! covered the
release of the documentary, as
well as Swartz's life and legal
case, in a sprawling interview
with director Brian
Knappenberger, Swartz's father,
brother, and his attorney.[238] The
documentary is released under a
Creative Commons
License;[239][240] it debuted in
theaters and on-demand in June
2014.[241]

Mashable called the

documentary "a powerful
homage to Aaron Swartz". Its
debut at Sundance received a
standing ovation. Mashable
printed, "With the help of experts,
The Internet's Own Boy makes a
clear argument: Swartz unjustly
became a victim of the rights and
freedoms for which he
stood."[242] The Hollywood
Reporter described it as a
"heartbreaking" story of a "tech
wunderkind persecuted by the
U.S. government", and a must-
see "for anyone who knows
enough to care about the way
laws govern information transfer
in the digital age".[243]

Killswitch

In October 2014, Killswitch, a

documentary film featuring
Swartz, as well as Lawrence
Lessig, Tim Wu, and Edward
Snowden, received its world
premiere at the Woodstock Film
Festival, where it won the award
for Best Editing. The film focuses
on Swartz's role in advocating for
internet freedoms.[244][245]

In February 2015, Killswitch was

invited to screen at the Capitol
Visitor's Center in Washington,
D.C. by Congressman Alan
Grayson. The event was held on
the eve of the Federal
Communications Commission's
historic decision on Net
Neutrality. Congressman
Grayson, Lawrence Lessig, and
Free Press CEO Craig Aaron
spoke about Swartz and his fight
on behalf of a free and open
Internet at the event.[246][247]

Congressman Grayson states

that Killswitch is "one of the most
honest accounts of the battle to
control the Internet – and access
to information itself."[246] Richard
von Busack of the Metro Silicon
Valley writes of Killswitch, "Some
of the most lapidary use of found
footage this side of The Atomic
Café".[244] Fred Swegles of the
Orange County Register remarks,
"Anyone who values unfettered
access to online information is
apt to be captivated by Killswitch,
a gripping and fast-paced
documentary."[245] Kathy Gill of
GeekWire asserts that "Killswitch
is much more than a dry
recitation of technical history.
Director Ali Akbarzadeh,
producer Jeff Horn, and writer
Chris Dollar created a human-
centered story. A large part of
that connection comes from
Lessig and his relationship with
Swartz."[248]

Other films

Another biographical film about

Swartz, Think Aaron, is being
developed by HBO Films.[249]

Works
Specifications

Markdown: Swartz was a major

contributor to John Gruber's
Markdown,[250][251] a
lightweight markup language
for generating HTML, and
author of its html2text
translator. The syntax for
Markdown was influenced by
Swartz's earlier atx language
(2002),[252] which today is
primarily remembered for its
syntax for specifying headers,
known as atx-style headers:[253]
Markdown itself remains in
widespread use, with websites
such as Reddit and GitHub
using it.
RDF/XML at W3C: In 2001,
Swartz joined the RDFCore
working group at the World
Wide Web Consortium
(W3C),[254] where he authored
RFC 3870,
Application/RDF+XML Media
Type Registration. The
document described a new
media type, "RDF/XML",
 designed to support the
Semantic Web.[255]

Software

DeadDrop: In 2011–2012,
Swartz, Kevin Poulsen, and
James Dolan designed and
implemented DeadDrop, a
system that allows anonymous
informants to send electronic
documents without fear of
disclosure. In May 2013, the
first instance of the software
was launched by The New
Yorker under the name
Strongbox.[256][257][258] The
Freedom of the Press
Foundation has since taken
over development of the
software, which has been
renamed SecureDrop.[259]
Tor2web: In 2008,[260] Swartz
worked with Virgil Griffith to
design and implement
Tor2web, an HTTP proxy for
Tor-hidden services. The proxy
was designed to provide easy
 access to Tor from a basic web
browser.[261][262] The software
is now maintained by Giovanni
Pellerano within the
GlobaLeaks project.

Publications

Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James

(October 2001). "The Semantic
Web: A network of content for
the digital city" (http://blogspac
e.com/rdf/SwartzHendler) .
Proceedings of the Second
Annual Digital Cities Workshop.
Kyoto, JP: Blogspace.
Swartz, Aaron (January–
February 2002). "MusicBrainz:
A Semantic Web service" (htt
p://www.csee.umbc.edu/cours
es/771/papers/ieeeIntelligentS
ystems/webservices/musicBrai
nz.pdf) (PDF). IEEE Intelligent
Systems. 17 (1): 76–77.
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.9338 (htt
ps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/view
doc/summary?doi=10.1.1.380.
9338) .
doi:10.1109/5254.988466 (http
s://doi.org/10.1109%2F5254.9
88466) . ISSN 1541-1672 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/154
1-1672) .
Gruber, John; Swartz, Aaron
(December 2004). "Markdown
definition" (http://daringfireball.
net/projects/markdown/) .
Daring Fireball. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20040
402182332/http://daringfirebal
l.net/projects/markdown/)
from the original on April 2,
2004.
Swartz, Aaron (July 2008).
"Guerilla Open Access
Manifesto" (https://archive.org/
stream/GuerillaOpenAccessMa
nifesto/Goamjuly2008_djvu.tx
t) .
Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James
(2009). Building programmable
Web sites. S.F.: Morgan &
Claypool. ISBN 978-1-59829-
920-5.
Swartz, Aaron (Interviewee).
We can change the world (http
s://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=JUt5gjqNI1w) (Video).
Archived (https://ghostarchive.
org/varchive/youtube/2021122
1/JUt5gjqNI1w) from the
original on December 21, 2021
– via YouTube.
Swartz, Aaron (Speaker) (May
21, 2012). Keynote address at
Freedom To Connect 2012: How
we stopped SOPA (https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=Fgh2dF
ngFsg) (Video). D.C. Archived
(https://ghostarchive.org/varch
ive/youtube/20211221/Fgh2dF
ngFsg) from the original on
December 21, 2021 – via
YouTube.
Swartz, Aaron (February 2013)
[2009]. "Aaron Swartz's A
Programmable Web: An
Unfinished Work" (https://www.
morganclaypoolpublishers.co
m/catalog_Orig/978162705169
9_WEB.pdf) (PDF). Synthesis
Lectures on the Semantic Web:
Theory and Technology ( PDF).
Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
3 (2): 1–64.
doi:10.2200/S00481ED1V01Y2
01302WBE005 (https://doi.org/
10.2200%2FS00481ED1V01Y2
01302WBE005) .
S2CID 42502385 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:42
502385) . "To Dan Connolly,
who not only created the Web
but found time to teach it to
me."
Swartz, Aaron; Lucchese,
Adriano (November 2014).
"Raw Thought, Raw Nerve:
Inside the Mind of Aaron
Swartz" (http://www.discoveryp
ublisher.com/publication/aaron
-swartz-raw-thought-raw-nerv
e/) ( PDF/ePub). New York
City: Discovery Publisher.
 Swartz, Aaron (January 2016).
The Boy Who Could Change the
World: The Writings of Aaron
Swartz (https://thenewpress.co
m/books/boy-who-could-chang
e-world) . The New Press.
OL 25886237M (https://openlib
rary.org/books/OL25886237
M) .

See also
Alexandra Scholia
has a
Elbakyan
profile for
Aaron
 List of Wikipedia Swartz
(Q302817).
people
Sci-Hub
Shadow library
Z-Library

Notes
1. Swartz' involvement in Reddit
is debated. He is considered
the co-founder of Reddit by Y
Combinator owner Paul
Graham as a result of the
merger of Swartz' project
 Infogami and Reddit.[3] With
the merger of Infogami and
Reddit, Swartz became a co-
owner and director of parent
company Not A Bug, Inc.,
along with Reddit cofounders
Steve Huffman and Alexis
Ohanian.[4] Ohanian considers
Swartz a co-owner of
Reddit.[5][6]

2. The MIT network

administration office told MIT
police that "approximately 70
gigabytes of data had been
downloaded, 98% of which
was from JSTOR."[15] The first
federal indictment alleged
"approximately 4.8 million
articles", "1.7 million" of which
"were made available by
independent publishers for
purchase through JSTOR's
Publisher Sales Service."[16]
The subsequent DOJ press
release alleged "over four
million articles". The
 superseding indictment
removed the estimates and
instead characterized the
amount as "a major portion of
the total archive in which
JSTOR had invested."[16]

References
1. Yearwood, Pauline (February 22,
2013). "Brilliant life, tragic death"
(https://web.archive.org/web/201
31017101458/http://chicagojewis
hnews.com/story.htm?sid=1&id=2
55829) . Chicago Jewish News.
p. 1. Archived from the original (ht
tp://chicagojewishnews.com/stor
y.htm?sid=1&id=255829) on
October 17, 2013. "Aaron Hillel
Swartz was not depressed or
suicidal ... a rabbi's wife who has
known him since he was a child
says.... At age 13 he won the
ArsDigita Prize, a competition for
young people who create
noncommercial websites...."
2. Skaggs, Paula (January 16, 2013).
"Aaron Swartz Remembered as
Internet Activist who Changed the
World" (http://patch.com/illinois/e
vanston/aaron-swartz-remembere
d-as-internet-activist-who-chanf22
9b36e26) . Patch. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2019121
5052636/https://patch.com/illinoi
s/evanston/aaron-swartz-rememb
ered-as-internet-activist-who-chan
f229b36e26) from the original on
December 15, 2019. Retrieved
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External links
Official website (ht Aaron
tp://www.aarons Swartz
at
w.com) Wikipedia's
sister
Github.com/aaron
projects
sw (Aaron Swartz)
(https://github.co Media
from
m/aaronsw) Common
s
Aaron Swartz (htt
News
ps://twitter.com/a from
Wikinews
aronsw) on
Twitter
Remembrances (h Quotation
s from
ttps://web.archive. Wikiquot
org/web/2013011 e
Texts
4025008/http://w from
ww.rememberaaro Wikisourc
e
nsw.com/) Data
(2013– ), with from
Wikidata
obituary and
official statement from family
and partner
The Internet's Own Boy: The
Story of Aaron Swartz (https://w
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=vXr-2
hwTk58) , The Documentary
Network, June 29, 2014, a film
by Brian Knappenberger –
Luminant Media
The Aaron Swartz Collection (htt
ps://archive.org/details/aarons
w) at Internet Archive (2013– )
(podcasts, e-mail
correspondence, other
materials)
Aaron Swartz (https://www.imd
b.com/name/nm2290901/) at
IMDb
Posting about Swartz as
Wikipedia contributor (http://th
ewikipedian.net/2013/01/14/re
membering-aaron-swartz/)
Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20180113232502/htt
p://thewikipedian.net/2013/01/
14/remembering-aaron-swart
z/) January 13, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine (2013), at
The Wikipedian

Case Docket: US v. Swartz (http

s://archive.org/details/gov.usc
ourts.mad.137971)
Report to the President: MIT
and the Prosecution of Aaron
Swartz (http://swartz-report.mi
t.edu)
JSTOR Evidence in United
States vs. Aaron Swartz (http://
docs.jstor.org/) – A collection
of documents and events from
JSTOR's perspective. Hundreds
of emails and other documents
they provided the government
concerning the case.
 Federal law enforcement
documents about Aaron Swartz
(https://swartzfiles.com/)
Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20201212094612/http
s://swartzfiles.com/)
December 12, 2020, at the
Wayback Machine, released
under the Freedom of
Information Act

Further reading

Nanos, Janelle (January 2014).

"Losing Aaron" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/
External
20171026160
video
508/http://ww
Presentation
w.bostonmag
by Justin
azine.com/ne
Peters on The
ws/article/20 Idealist, June
14/01/02/bob 11, 2016 (http
-swartz-losing s://www.c-spa
-aaron/) . n.org/video/?4
Boston. 09990-4/justin-
peters-discusse
Archived from
s-idealist) , C-
the original (ht
SPAN
tp://www.bost
onmagazine.com/news/articl
e/2014/01/02/bob-swartz-losin
g-aaron/) on October 26, 2017.
Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Peters, Justin (2016). The
Idealist: Aaron Swartz and the
Rise of Free Culture on the
Internet. Scribner. ISBN 978-
1476767727. Biography of
Swartz.
Poulsen, Kevin. "MIT Moves to
Intervene in Release of Aaron
Swartz's Secret Service File (htt
 ps://www.wired.com/threatleve
l/2013/07/mit-swartz-interven
e/) ." Wired. July 18, 2013.

Documentary

Brian Knappenberger (Producer

and Director), The Internet's
Own Boy: The Story of Aaron
Swartz. Participant Media:
2014. Via The Internet Archive,
www.archive.org/ Run time:
105 minutes.
Ali Akbarzadeh (Director),
Killswitch: The Battle to Control
 the Internet, Akorn
Entertainment: 2014

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Aaron_Swartz&oldid=1175018426"

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