Gerunds and Infinitives, PRETEST: What do | already know? ‘Write “C” if a sentence has the correct gerund and infinitive form and “I” for incorrect. Check your answers below. After you complete each chart listed, make any necessary corrections. a Yasmin is returning home for to complete her medical studies. (15-1) 2, ___I was sorry to hear that Mila and Pablo are moving away from here. (15-2) 3. Your little puppy seems very eager to pleasing. (15-2) 4, ___The baby isn’t enough tired to sleep right now. (15-3) 5. —— It’s easy to be fool by Jordan’s charm. (15-4) 6. ___ Marcus mentioned having lost a large sum of money. (15-5) 7. —__I was happy to have been invited to the surprise party. (15-5) 8, The cars really dirty. It needs to be wash. (15-6) 9. ——The walls in our apartment are paper thin, and I could hear my roommate snoring loudly. (15-7) 10. ___ Could you help me to carry the groceries inside? There are several bags. (15-8) 11, ___ Rafael lets his young children to stay up past midnight on weekends. (15-8) 12, ___ Diana makes her kids clean their rooms once a week. (15-9) 13. J appreciate your helping me the plans for the party. (15-10) TE O18 5° ET. seouaauas soaucoouy EXERCISE 1» Warm-up. (Chart 15-1) ‘Which sentences answer the question “Why”? 1, The baby came to the hospital last week. 2. She has come to the hospital to get special treatment. 3. The doctor wore a clown nose to cheer up his patients. 4. The doctor will check the teddy bear first. 5. The doctor is going to check the teddy bear’s heart to relax the baby. 334 CHAPTER 15BES (a) ) © @ te) G) @ Sneed see aoe al He came herein order to study English In order to is used to express purpose. It answers the He came here o study English question "Why?" In orderis often omitted, asin (). inconrecr He came here for studying English. To express purpose, use (in order) to, not for, with a verb.” inconrecr He came here tor te-study English, Inconnecr He came here for etudy English. | went to the store for some bread. For can be used to express purpose, but itis a preposition Test 1S Wie Giana DSSS: and is followed by a noun object, as in (). ‘Exception: The phrase be used for expresses the typical or general purpose of a thing. In this case, the preposition for is followed by a gerund: A saw is used for cutting wood. Also possible: A saw is used to cut wood. However, to talk about a particular thing and a particular situation, be used + an infinitive is generally used: A chain saw was used to cut (wer for cutting) down the od oak tre. EXERCISE 2» Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-1) Complete the sentences with to or for. Isabella spent a month in Miami, She went there ... 1. noyeee EXERCISE 3 > Loo! —to___see her cousins. ——for__a vacation. business, meet with company executives. discuss long-term plans for the company. spend time with her parents. a visit with childhood friends. 1g at grammar. (Chart 15-1) Complete each sentence with an item from the right column, Why? 1, Gina went to the grocery store for __. a. cash 2. Gina went to the grocery store to b. her health 3. My father swims every day to ¢. get a prescription 4, My mother runs every day for d. food 5. Lwent to the doctor for €. make a deposit 6. I made a doctor’s appointment to £. pick up something for 7, Lwent to an ATM to dinner 8. I stopped at an ATM for - stay in shape h. a prescription Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2. 335EXERCISE 4 Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-1) Add in order wherever possible. If nothing should be added, write @. 1. a. Lydia went to the dentist to get some relief from her toothache. b, She doesn’t go often__to get checkups. ¢. She’s not enthusiastic about going __to the dentist. d. She’s very sensitive ______to pain, and she’s allergic _____ to Novocain. ¢. She also works long hours ____ to support her family and doesn’t have time for medical appointments. 2. a, Joe made cookies ___ to take a dessert to the party, b. He decorated them _____to impress his girlfriend. ¢. He likes ______to bake when he has free time, d. He cooks__to relax after a stressful day at work, ¢. His father was a pastry chef and taught him how to bake. EXERCISE 5» Let's talk: interview. (Chart 15-1) Ask two classmates each question. Share some of their responses with the class. What are two reasons why some people .. ‘go to Hawaii for vacation? exercise? cheat on exams? meditate? tell white lies?* become actors? oyeeye EXERCISE 6 > Warm-up. (Chart 15-2) Look at the adjectives in blue. What do you notice about the words that come before and after them? 1, Eva was sorry to hear that the used car she liked had been sold. 2, She is certain to find another soon. 3. She was happy to find a helpful dealer. 4. Her friend Kevin had a different experience. He was upset to learn that the salesperson hadn't given him all the facts 5. He is unlikely to buy a car from this dealer. ‘white et = ies that aren't considered serious, eg. telling a ftiend her dress looks nice when you don’t think it does, 336 CHAPTER 1515-2 Adjectives Followed by Infinitives (@) We wore sorry fo hear the bad news. Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives, as in (@) and () (©) | was surprised to see Ted at the meeting, In general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing. Many of these adjectives describe a person's feelings or attitudes. ‘Common adjectives followed by infinitives glad to (do it) somy to" ready to careful to surprised to” happy to sad tot prepared to hesitant to amazed to" pleased to" upset tot anxious to reluctant to astonished tot delighted to disappointed to ‘eager to afraid to shocked tot content to willing to stunned to* relieved to embarrassed to motivated to certain to lucky to proud to determined to likely to fortunate to ashamed to unikely to excited to *The expressions with asterisks are usually followed by infinitive phrases with verbs such as se, earn, discover, find out, hea. EXERCISE 7» Let's talk. (Chart 15-2) ‘Work in small groups. Complete the sentences with adjectives from Chart 15-2 that make sense. Discuss your answers. Srruatton 1: Mr. Wah was offered an excellent job in another country. He sees advantages and disadvantages to moving. Heis... 1 sad to / prepared to / reluctant to leave his country. 2, move away from his elderly parents. 3 take his wife and children away from family and friends. 4 _— try a new job. 5. _—___ learn a new language. Srruatton 2: There have been a lot of nighttime burglaries in the town of Viewmont. The residents have been 6 leave their homes overnight. it lock their doors and windows at night. 8 watch for strangers on the streets. 9. have weekly meetings with the police for updates on their progress. Wo, ear that the police suspect neighborhood residents. Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2. 337EXERCISE 8» Writing or speaking. (Chart 15-2) ‘Complete the sentences using the expressions listed in Chart 15-2 and your own words. Use infinitive phrases in your completions. 1. Nicole always speeds on the expressway. She’s > She’s certain to get stopped by the police. <> She’s likely to get a ticket. 2. Pve worked hard all day long. Enough! I'm 3, Next month, I’m going to a family reunion — the first one in 25 years. I'm very much looking. forward to it. I'm. 4, Some children grow up in unhappy homes. My family, however, has always been loving and supportive. I’m... 5. Ivan’s run out of money again, but he doesn’t want anyone to know his situation. He needs money desperately, but he’s 6. Rosalyn wants to become an astronaut, That has been her dream since she was a little girl. She has been working hard toward her goal and is .. 7. Our neighbors had extra tickets to the baseball game, so they invited us to go with them. Since both of us love baseball, we were ... 8. My sister-in-law recently told me what my brother is up to these days. I couldn't believe my ears! I was .. EXERCISE 9» Let's talk: interview. (Chart 15-2) ‘Make questions using the words in parentheses. Ask two classmates each question. Share some of their answers with the class ‘What are children sometimes (afraid \ do)? When you're tired in the evening, what are you (content \ do)? ‘What should drivers be (careful \ do) in traffic? If one of your friends has a problem, what are you (willing \ do)? What are people who don’t speak English well (reluctant \ do)? What are you (determined \ do) before you are too old? ‘What are things some students are (motivated \ do)? Can you tell me something you were (shocked \ find out)? Can you tell me something you were (sad \ hear)? What are you (eager \ do) in the near future? Sowpraueune EXERCISE 10> Warm-up. (Chart 15-3) Complete the sentences with too, to, and enough. Maria: Will these chilies work for your recipe? Atserto: They ate too spicy. I don’t want to cook with them. Ricarpo: They are spicy enough. I'll cook with them. 1, Alberto says they are _______spicy — cook with. 2. Ricardo says they are spicy cook with. 338 CHAPTER 15ne ncee neh uetr id (COMPARE: ‘Too can be followed by an infinitive, as in (a). In the speaker's mind, the use of foo imple & neqtive result In (a: too heavy =I i impossible or Bob to it that box. In (O}: very heawy = Itis possible but dificult for Bob to lift that box. (a) That box is f00 heavy for Bob to lt. (b) That boxis very heavy, but Bob can iti. (6) Lam strong enough to it that box. I can iit. Enough can aso be folowed by an infinitive. Note the following: + Enough follows the adjective, as in (c). + Usually enough precedes a noun, asin (0). + In formal English, it may folow a noun, as ine) (@) Ihave enough strength to lit that box. (@) Ihave strength enough to lif that box. EXERCISE 11> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-3) ‘Complete the sentences with too or enough. 1. a, Ir’s_______ stormy to go outside. I'll work inside today. b. The weather is severe to keep emergency workers indoors. 2, a, Your room needs to be cleaned. You are old ____ to do it yourself. b. Please do it now. It’s _____ messy to wait another day. 3. a, The conversation occurred ___________ long ago to remember any specific details. b. It was long _____ ago to make the details seem unimportant. 4. a, Its___ expensive to fly home on the weekend. We'll need to leave on a weekday. b. Jason has money ____to fly anywhere in the world. 5. a, Rebecca’s cold is really contagious. She has sense _____to stay home. b. Shehas — __ sense to not expose others to her cold. 6. a. When I injure my back, it’s often_____ painful to sleep at night. b. George's back injury was painful to keep him in bed for a week. EXERCISE 12 > Let's talk. (Chart 15-3) Answer the questions. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class. Your Thoughts? 1, What is your backpack/bag big enough to hold? What is it too small to hold? 2, What do you have enough time to do after class today? Are you too busy to do something you’ like to do or should do? 3, Is there enough space in this classroom for 100 people? Oris it too small to hold that many people? How many people is this room big enough to hold comfortably? 4. Do you think it is very important to practice your English? Do you get enough practice? In your opinion, how much practice is enough? 5, Isit very difficult or too difficult to learn English articles (a, an, the)? 6. Think of a scientist you have learned about. What was he or she smart enough to do?G EXERCISE 13» Listening. (Chart 15-3) Choose the sentence that has the same meaning as the sentence you hear. Example: You will hear: I didn’t fill your cup full enough. You will choose: (@) You need more. ’. You have enough. He's old enough to drive. He shouldn’t drive. » oe 3. She is too young to stay home alone. . She stays home alone sometimes. ‘The test results are excellent. V’'m not sure about the test results. The room needs to be bigger. The room size is OK. a. You will have enough time. . You will need more time. 6. a. L want to eat them. b. Idon’t want to eat them. EXERCISE 14> Warm-up. (Chart 15-4) Choose the correct form of the passive verbs. Reminder: A passive verb has a form of be and a past participle, e.g., the patient was seen by a specialist. 1. The patient was hoping to be given / being given a good diagnosis. 2. He was worried about to be diagnosed / being diagnosed with cancer. 3, The patient appreciated to be seen / being seen by a specialist. 4. It was important for him to be seen / being seen by a specialist. 15-4 Passive Infinitives and Gerunds: Present (a) | didn't expect c be asked to his party. PASSE FUME: to be + past participle In (a): to be asked is a passive infinitive, “The understood by-phrase is by him: | didn't expect to be asked fo his party (oy him) (b) | appreciated being asked tohis party. PASSE GERUND: being + past participle In (Oy: being asked is a passive gerund. ‘The understood by-phrase is by him: / appreciated being asked to his party (oy him). EXERCISE 15» Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-4) Complete the sentences with the passive form of invit Ann's Party 1. Sam would like _____tobeinvited ____to Ann’s party. 340 CHAPTER 15oy rep ‘Mara also hopes, Maria has no doubts. She expects —___________toit ‘Omar is looking forward to —_____too. I would enjoy ___to it, but I probably won’t be. Everyone I know wants ______to Ann’s party. EXERCISE 16» Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-4) ‘Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Complaints 1 2. 3 - I don’t enjoy (laugh) being laughed at by other people. Ryan lied again. Unfortunately, it’s easy (foo! ) to be foo bd It’s not unusual for teenagers to complain about not (understand) by their parents. ‘Your compositions are not supposed (handtorite) supposed to (ype) - Dr. Davis is upset. She doesn’t want (call) is an emergency. Please don’t lie again. From now on, I insist on (tell) the truth. Lars is hoping (elect) ______ tothe city council, but he’s not qualified at all ‘My sister is a helicopter parent.* Her kids need (give) more independence. by his lies They're at home unless there “a helicoper parent = an overprotective or overinvelved parent Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2. 341G EXERCISE 17» Reading and listening. (Chart 15-4) First, read the paragraph and try to complete the sentences using the words in the box. Then listen to the paragraph and check your answers. to be understood to solve to read able to read using being An Issue in Health Care: Illiteracy According to some estimates, well over half of the people in the world are functionally illiterate. This means that they are ‘unable to perform everyday tasks because they can’t read, understand, and respond appropriately to information, One of the problems this creates in health care is that millions of people are not____ directions on medicine bottles or packages. Imagine ________a parent with a sick child and being unable ___________ the directions on a medicine bottle. We all know 3 that itis important for medical directions _________ ispictures, Many medical professionals are working today —_______ this pictures to convey health-care information. clearly. One solution problem by ——_____ EXERCISE 18 » Let's talk. (Chart 15-4) Agree or disagree with the following statements and give reasons. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class. 1. I appreciate being given advice by my family and friends. 2. Lalways expect to be told the absolute and complete truth by everyone at all times. 3. Lwould like 20 be invited to an event where there are a lot of famous people. EXERCISE 19 » Warm-up. (Chart 15-5) Look at the sentences. All are correct. Which forms are you most familiar with? What differences do you see between “b.” and “c.”? 1. a, Liam denied that he cheated on the test. . Liam denied cheating on the test. c. Liam denied having cheated on the test. 2. a, He was surprised that he was caught by the teacher. 'b. He was surprised to be caught by the teacher. c. He was surprised to have been caught by the teacher. 342 CHAPTER 15BES alae aN ee Le LL e e NeELe d SIMPLE PAST ACTIVE PAST PASSIVE totell to have told tohave been told telling having told having been told (2) Tim appeared fo have fold his wife about his job promotion. (0) Tim's wite was happy to have been told immediately about his job promotion. (6) He mentioned having told his wife immediately about his job prometion. (8) She appreciated having bo his job promotion. {old immediately about (©) Tim mentioned teling his wite. Tim mentioned having fold his wie. (1), She was happy to be told ‘She was happy to have been told Past infinitives and gerunds use a form of have + past participle. PAST INFINITIVE: fo have + past participle ‘The event expressed in past phrases happened before the time of the main verb. ‘The meaning in(a): It appeared that Tim had told his wite about his job promotion. PAST PASSIVEINENITVE: f0 have been + past participle ‘The meaning in (b}: Tim's wite was happy that she had been told immediately about his job promotion. PAST GERUND: having + past participle ‘The meaning inc): He mentioned that he had told his wife immediately about his job promotion. PAST PASSE GERUND: having been + past participle ‘The meaning in (d): She appreciated that she had been told immediately about his job promotion. Use of the past infinitive or gerund emphasizes that ‘something occurred in the past, prior to another event In practice, however, there is ttle difference in meaning between the simple and past forms, as in (e) and () EXERCISE 20> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-5) Rewrite the sentences with the appropriate past infinitive or gerund phrase. 1. It seems that Thomas has received some upsetting news. —* Thomas seems to have received some upsetting news. aueenr ‘The workers mentioned that they lost the conwact. > The workers mentioned having lost the contract. ‘Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez regret that they missed your wedding. It appears that Nicholas has gotten a new job. The mechanic admitted that he had overcharged for repairs. Mariah claims that she has met several celebrities. EXERCISE 21> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-5) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. 1. I'm not sure I’ve ever met Billy Williams. (meet) a. I don’t remember that I met. b. Idon’t recall having met ¢. Idon’t recall him. d. I don’t remember e. I don’t remember having him, him, him, him, Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2 3432, Ben was in the army during the war. (survive) a. He was lucky to b. He was lucky to have ¢. He was fortunate to d. He told us about having He told us about It was fortunate that he He was caught by the enemy, but he was able to escape. the war. the war. the war. the war, the war. the war. EXERCISE 22 » Looking at grammar. (Charts 15-4 and 15-5) ‘Work with a partner. Choose the correct verbs. Several sentences have more than one correct answer. Discuss your answers. 1. Carlos looks great! He appears a. losing . to have lost . to losing I don’t like ___ by friends. a. being lied to ». lying to c. to lie to |. Mr. Gow mentioned a, being injured . having been injured c. injured I was expecting a, being invited b. to be invited c. to have been invited . My husband talked of. a. being misunderstood . having been misunderstood ¢. misunderstood . The employees were happy Mr. Larson as their next president. a. to choose b. to have chosen ¢. to have been chosen some weight. in an accident as a child. to the party, but I wasn’t. by his parents. 7. Mr. Larson was happy as the next company president. a. to choose b. to be chosen c. to have been chosen EXERCISE 23 » Warm-up. (Chart 15-6) ‘Make statements that are true for you. Use the same noun to complete each sentence. Do the sentences have the same or different meanings? 1. [need to clean my —__ 2, My ___. 3. My 344 CHAPTER 15, needs cleaning. needs to be cleaned,15-6 Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following Need (@) | need to paint my house. Usually an infinitive follows need, as in (a) and (b). (©) John needs fo be fold the truth. (c) My house needs painting, Incertain circumstances, a gerund may follow need, as in (c). In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or (©) Mynouse needs tobe painted, | fe Sora caren 3 Examples (c) and (d) have the same meaning, EXERCISE 24» Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-6) ‘Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Some verbs are active, and some are passive. Farm Chores 1. The tractor is broken. I need (fix) _____to f_it. The tractor needs (fix) fixing / to be fixed _ 2. The horses are hungry. They need (feed) —__________-_. 3. Their stalls are dirty. We need (clean) 4. The hens have laid eggs. You need (gather) the eggs. . The dog’s been digging in the mud. He needs (wash) 5 6. The vegetable garden is dry. It needs (zwater) — —3 7. The apples on the tree are ripe. We need (pick) ____________ them. 8 . There is a hole in the fence. The fence needs (repair) EXERCISE 25» Let's talk. (Chart 15-6) Lawrence and Kara have been looking for a house. They've found one on a beautiful piece of land — shown in the photo — but it needs a lot of work. What needs doing or needs to be done? Make sentences using the words in the box or other appropriate vocabulary. Work in pairs or small groups. A Fixer Upper fix paint replace the foundation porch roof front steps rebuild siding* repair windows Example: The windows need to be replaced. on The windows need replacing. +S = material offen wood at goes around the oasde of the house Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2. 345EXERCISE 26» Reading and speaking. (Chapter 14 and Charts 15-1 > 15-6) Read the blog entry by author Stacy Hagen and answer the questions. BlueBookBlog muititasking Doing homework, checking text messages, group chatting — these are common activities, but are ‘we capable of doing all of them at the same time and doing them well? According to research, itis, impossible to multitask successfully. We either do the tasks more slowly, or we make mistakes. And with each additional task, the mistakes multiply. We make fewer mistakes with one task, more with two, and even more with three. (Our brain functions better when it stays focused on one task. This is why it is more efficient to do things in batches. We have a particular routine or mindset when we pay bills or answer emails, and these routines are different. So we want to pay all our bills or answer all our emails at one time before we move on to something else. Se ‘There is a related technique from organizational psychology a’ that can help us stay on task. Itis called “OHIO,” which stands for “only handle it once.” The idea is that once we start a single task like deleting photos from a phone, we should stay withit. We don't put some photos aside to make decisions about later. The result is that instead of looking at something multiple times, we deal with it only once. Think about what tasks you have that need to be done for school, work, or at home. Maybe there is something that you have started many times but haven't ever finished. You might want to give the OHIO technique a try to see how it works for you. ‘What types of activities are you likely to multitask? Is multitasking an effective approach for you? |. Have you tried to do things in batches in order to be more efficient? |. Do you have difficulty completing tasks you have started? Do you have any that still need to be finished? 5. Is OHIO a technique that could be helpful to you? eye EXERCISE 27» Warm-up. (Chart 15-7) See and hear are called “verbs of perception.” In other words, they express things that we can perceive (become aware of) through our physical senses. What do you notice about the verb forms following see and hear? 1, a, Correct: I saw Mr. Reed give something to the boss. b. Correct: I saw Mr. Reed giving something to the boss. c. INcoRRECT: I saw Mr. Reed £0 give something to the boss. 2. a, Correct: I heard Mr. Reed say something to the boss. b. Correct: I heard Mr. Reed saying something to the boss. Incorrecr: I heard Mr. Reed to say something to the boss. 346 CHAPTER 15,ean ede (@) I saw my friend run down the street. Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the simple form” (©) saw my friend running down the street, oF the «ing form” of a verb. (©) heard the rain fall on the root Examples (a) and (b) have essentially the same meaning, except that the -ing form emphasizes the idea of “while.” In (: | saw my friend hreard the rain fallin 2) Ngee the rein tation the roc while she was running down the street. (©) When t walked into the apartment, | heard Sometimes (not always) there is a clear difference between using the my roommate singing in the shower. simple form or the sing form. (1) heard a famous opera star sing at the The use of the ~ing form gives the idea that an activity is already in concert last night. progress when itis perceived, as ine): The singing was in progress When | first heard it. In (1): t heard the singing from beginning to end. It was not in progress when | first heard it \Verbs of perception followed by the simple form or the -ing form see look at hear feel smell notice observe listen to watch "*The simple form of a verb = the infinitive form without eo. incorrect: I saw my friend te run down the street. ‘** The -ing form isthe present participle of the verb EXERCISE 28> Let's talk. (Chart 15-7) Work in small groups. Describe what is going on. 1. Ask a classmate to stand up and sit back down. What did you just see him/her do? 2. Close your eyes. What do you hear happening right now? 3, Ask a classmate to go to the board and write something. As he/she does this, describe what you see and hear him/her doing. 4. If possible, find a hotel webcam on the Internet for a vacation spot. What do you see happening? EXERCISE 29> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-7) ‘Complete the sentences with any appropriate verbs. Both the simple form and the -ing form are possible with little or no difference in meaning. An Earthquake 1, As] stood in the grocery store, I felt the ground shake /shaking __ 2. [heard someone ____ “earthquake.” 3. I saw cans of food off shelves, 4. I watched customers in the store ___________ outside. 5. [listened to people___the size of the earthquake. 6. Lobserved store staff people outside. EXERCISE 30> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-7) Read each situation. Complete the sentence below it with the verb form that seems better to you. Remember that the -ing form gives the idea that an activity is in progress when it is perceived. Srrvation 1: I smell smoke, Something must be burning. Do you smell something burning 2 Ido.Strvation 2: The front door slammed. I got up to see if someone had come in. When I heard the front door_____, I got up to see if someone had come in. Srruation 3: Uncle Ben is in the bedroom. He is snoring. I know Uncle Ben is in the bedroom because I can hear him Srruation 4: When I walked past the park, some children were playing softball. softball ‘When I walked past the park, I saw some children —____ Struaion 5: It was graduation day in the auditorium. When the school principal called my name, I walked to the front of the room. When I heard the school principal _____ my name, I walked to the front of the auditorium to receive my diploma. Srruarion 6: I glanced out the window. Adam was walking toward the house. I was surprised. I was surprised when I saw Adam ______ toward the house. Srruarion 7: Someone is calling for help in the distance. I suddenly hear that. Listen! Do you hear someone ________ for help? I do. EXERCISE 31» Warm-up. (Chart 15-8) Check (V) the sentences that are grammatically correct. 1, ___I’'m not a morning person. My parents let me sleep late on weekends. 2 ‘My parents let me to sleep late on weekends, 3. After I wake up, I help them do the chores. 4, ____ After I wake up, I help them to do the chores. uae ee (2) My father lets me crive is car. Let is folowed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (0) Het my trend dorow my bike. nconsecr My father ets me to drive his car. (6) Let's goto amovie (8) My brother helped me wash my car, ‘Help is often followed by the simple form of a verb, as in (0), (©) My brother hejped me ‘o wash my car Although less common, an infinitive is also possible, asin (e) Both (d) and (e) are correct. EXERCISE 32» Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-8) Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. At Breakfast 1. I forgot to tell you last night. My advisor is letting me (challenge) a course. All I need to do is pass the test. 2. Could you help me ( figure) _________ out my credit card statement before you go? 3. You really shouldn’t let the dog (siz) _______under the table. 348 CHAPTER 154. How’s our new neighbor, Mrs. Vitale? Did you help her (move) her furniture? 5. Don’t let me ( forget) ______to take my keys with me when I leave. 6. Ineed to go soon. Could you help me (clear) the table? 7. You've been working so hard. Let me (cook) _____ dinner tonight. EXERCISE 33 » Warm-up. (Chart 15-9) Match each of Andy’s statements with the correct meaning. * a. “Weed the dandelions right now! I don’t want you to leave until it's done.” . “You did a good job with the dandelions. I’m glad I asked you to weed.” ¢. “I told my son I would double his allowance if he weeded the dandelions.” . 1, Andy got his son to weed the dandelions. —_ 2. Andy made his son weed the dandelions. 3. Andy had his son weed the dandelions. SER Urner erst (ase) a Lad (a) | mademy brother carrymy suitease. Make, have, and get can be used to express the idea that (0) | had my brother carry my suitcase, ‘causes *Y" to do something. When they are used as causative haiieetwiftncthes isearttn sutoase: verbs, their meanings are similar but not identical In (a: My brother had no choice. | insisted that he carry my Simple form: X makes Y dosomething. _ Sutcase. Simple form: X has YY dosomething In (b: My brother carried my suitcase because | asked him to. Infinite: X gets Y__ to-do somettvng. In (c): | managed to persuade my brother to cary my suitcase. Causative Make (6) Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room. Causative make is followed by the simple form of a verb, not | (©) Sad movies makeme cn. an eon, inconnect: She made him te clean hs room. ‘Make gives the idea that "X" gives "Y" no choice. In(d}: Mrs. Lee's son had no choice. | Causative Have (g) Jane had the waiter bring her some tea. an infinitive. | Have gives the idea that "X” requests “Y" to do something In(f): The plumberrepaired theleak hecauseLasked him to. | | Causative Get (p) Thestudents 90! the teacher (0 clsmiss class early | Causative get is followed by an infinitive. (Jack 90t is fiends to ay soccer with him after Get gives the idea that "x" persuades "Y” to do something school In (hy: The students managed to persuade the teacher to let | them eave early. | Passive Causatives |G) had my watch repaired (by someone). ‘The past participle is used after have and get to give a passive (©) [-99tmy watch repaired (by someone). ‘meaning. In this case, there is usually little or no difference in ‘meaning between have and get Inj) and (W): caused my watch to be repaired by someone. Gerunds and infinitives, Part 2 349EXERCISE 34> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-9) ‘Match each conversation with the correct meaning. a. Apam: Mom, can I go out and play? Mrs. Lee: No, Adam, you cannot go out and play until you clean up your room. I don’t know how many times I have to say this. Go clean up your room, and I mean now! Apam: OK, OK! b. ADAM: Mom, can I go out and play? Mrs. Lee: Well, let’s make a deal. First you clean up your room. Then you can go out and play. How does that sound? It needs to be cleaned before Grandma comes for a visit this evening. And if you do it now, you can stay out and play until dark, You won't have to come home early to clean your room. OK? Apam: OK. ¢. ApaM: — Mom, can I go out and play? Mrs, Lee: Sure, but first you need to clean up your room. OK? Apa: OK, 1, Mrs. Lee got Adam to clean up his room. __ 2. Mrs. Lee made Adam clean up his room. —__ 3. Mrs. Lee had Adam clean up his room. EXERCISE 35> Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-9) Choose the meaning that is closest to the meaning of the verb in blue. 1. The teacher had her class write a composition. a. gave them no choice b. persuaded them c. requested them to do this 2. Mrs. Wilson made the children wash their hands before dinner. a. gave them no choice ‘b. persuaded them c. requested them to do this 3. Kostas got some neighborhood kids to help him clean out his garage. a. gave them no choice b. persuaded them c. requested them to do this 4. My boss made me redo my report because he wasn’t satisfied with it. a. gave me no choice b. persuaded me ¢. requested me to do thi 5. I got Rosa to lend me some lunch money. a. gave her no choice b. persuaded her ¢. requested her to do this 6. The police officer had the driver get out of his car. a. gave him no choice b. persuaded him . requested him to do this EXERCISE 36 » Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-9) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Tasks 1, Henry made his son (wash) ____wash____ the car before he could go outside to play. 2. Mrs. Crane had her house (paint) __painted _ 3. I went to the bank to have a check (cash) 4 ‘Tom had a bad headache yesterday, so he got his roommate (cook) ________ dinner for him. 350 CHAPTER 15,5. Scott needed a suit for work. The sleeves were too long, so he had them (shorten) 6. When my laptop stopped working, I took it to the computer store to have it (fix) —_—_____ 7, Benjamin was supposed to wash the windows, but he didn’t want to, Somehow he got his little brother (do) —_____it for him. 8, We had our cousin (take) ____ pictures of everyone at the wedding. We had over 500 pictures (take) EXERCISE 37 > Let's talk, (Chart 15-9) ‘Think about the shopping area nearest your home. What can people do there? Make sentences with can / can’t + get. At the shopping area nearest my home, people canican’t get their ... 1. car\ fix 4, laundry \ do 7. shoes \ repair 2. hair \ cut 5. passport photo \ take 8. clothes \dry-clean 3. checks \ cash 6, blood pressure \ check 9. money \ exchange EXERCISE 38 » Let's talk. (Chart 15-9) Ask and answer the questions. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class. What do children sometimes try to get their parents to do (perhaps at a toy store or grocery store)? 1 2. What do bosses sometimes make their employees do? 3, What does our teacher sometimes have us do? 4. Do teachers usually let their students leave the classroom whenever they want to? What kinds of things do teachers usually not let their students do inside a classroom? 5. What do your classmates (or friends) sometimes help you do? (Change roles if working in pairs.) 6, What didn’t your parents let you do when you were a child? 7. Will you let your children do those things? (Or, if you're a parent, do you let your children do those things?) 8. Did your parents make you do certain things when you were a child? 9. What do you sometimes have the server at a restaurant do? 10. What do you sometimes get your friends to do? Gerunds and Infinitives,EXERCISE 39» Warm-up. (Chart 15-10) Which sentence sounds more like everyday English to you? Which sounds more formal? 1. L appreciate your helping me. 2.1 appreciate you helping me. eer ker ata — We came to class late. Mr, Lee complained about _In formal English, a possessive adjective (@.g., our) is that fact. Used to mocity a gerund, as in (a). (@) Fommat: Mr, Lee complained about our coming to Ininformal English, the object form of a pronoun class late, (e.g. us) is requenty used, as in (b) (b) iNronmal: Mr. Lee complained about us coming to class late {¢) romma: Mr. Lee complained about Mory's coming to _In formal English, a possessive noun (e.g., Mary's) is class late used to modity a gerund. (@) InronvaL: Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to As in (d), the possessive form is often not used in ciass late informal English. EXERCISE 40 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 15-10) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Before the Wedding 1L@ . Format: My parents don’t understand _____ wanting a small wedding. b. INForMaL: My parents don’t understand ___ wanting a small wedding. (she) a, Format: My mom has been too involved. We dislike ______ interfering in the wedding plans. s . INFORMAL: We dislike __ interfering in the wedding plans. Format: Everyone else understands _______ planning a quiet celebration. ve . INFORMAL: Everyone else understands ___ planning a quiet celebration. Format: The Ricardos are coming from out of town. [look forward to ____ coming. ve InFoRMAL: I look forward to _____ coming. 5. (you) a. Format: We appreciate ___ helping us find a restaurant for the reception. s . INFoRMaL: We appreciate ____ helping us find a restaurant for the reception. 6. (he) a. Format: Wait! Uncle Harry doesn’t like Aunt Ethel. I insist on _______ being at a different table. b. Inrormat: I insist on ____eing at a different table. CY ae he fet = * SF aw x ad ie is ae si a ~ sy ‘mas YC 352 cHaPTER 15EXERCISE 41» Looking at grammar. (Chapters 14 and 15 Review) ‘Choose the correct completions. i 10. ‘My cousins helped me ___ into my new apartment. @ move ©) to move c. moving d. being moved Tt was a hot day, and the work was hard. I could feel sweat down my back. a. run b. torun c. running d. ran He’s an amazing soccer player! Did you see him. that goal? a. make b. to make c. makes d. made We spent the entire class period ___ about the revolution. a. talk b. to talk c. talking d. being talked Fifty people applied for the sales job, so Maleek was fortunate ___ for an interview. a. chosen b. being chosen . to choose d. to be chosen If you hear any news, I want ___ immediately. a, told b. being told ©. tobe told 4. telling Victor stood in line ___ to buy a movie ticket, a. wait b. waits c. waiting d. waited telling Roberto about the party was a mistake. a. We b. My el 40 I was getting sleepy, so I had my friend ___ the car. a, drive . being driven . to be driven d. to drive ‘The witness to the murder wanted her name kept secret. She asked not ___ in the newspaper. a. identify b. being identified ¢. to be identified d. to identify EXERCISE 42> Looking at grammar. (Chapters 14 and 15 Review) ‘Complete each sentence with an appropriate form of the verb in parentheses. 1 2 My teenagers enjoy (allow) ____being.gllowed _ to stay up later in the summer. I couldn’t get to sleep last night, so for a long time I just lay in bed (think) — about my career and my future. 3. Jacobs at an awkward age. He’s old enough (have) .dult problems but too young (know) ______ how (handle) them, 4, I don’t anticipate (have) any difficulties (adjust) ——______ to a different culture when I go abroad. 5. I was tired, so I just watched my friends (play) _____ volleyball instead of (join) them. 6, Emily stopped her car (lee) ___a cat (run) _ across the street. 7. I'm tired. I wouldn’t mind just (stay) ____ home tonight and (get) —_____ to bed early. Gerunds and infinitives, Part 2. 3538. Idon’t like ( force) ___________ (leave) __________ the living room (study) whenever my roommate decides (have) —______a party. 9. Let’s (have) __________ Ron and Maureen ( join) _________us for dinner tonight, OK? 10. Do you know that your co-workers complain about your (come) late to work and (leave) —________ early? 11. Fish don’t use theirteeth for (chew) __________. They use them for (grab) » (hold) » oF (tear) . Most fish (sallow) ____ their prey whole. 12. I can’t seem (ge?) ________ rid of the cockroaches in my apartment. Every night I see them (run) _____all over my kitchen counters. It drives me crazy. ’'m considering (have) the whole apartment (spray) ________ bya pest control expert. EXERCISE 43» Looking at grammar. (Chapters 14 and 15 Review) Complete each paragraph with the correct form of the given verbs. 1, be / commute | do / move ‘Traffic has become too heavy for the Steinbergs —________easily to _—_——— to an apartment in the city their jobs in the city. They're considering —____. closer to their work. They want to spend more time things they really enjoy rather than being tied up on the highway during rush hour. 2. ask I cough I feel | get | go I sneeze Last week I was sick with the flu. Itmade me _____ awful. I didn’t have enough energy ____ out of bed. I just lay there. When my father heard me and___, he opened my bedroom door to see if I needed anything. It was kind of him _____, but there wasn’t anything he could do to make the flu____ away. EXERCISE 44» Check your knowledge. (Chapter 15 Review) Correct the errors. 1. Twent tothe library for study lastnight, 2. Barbara always makes me laughing. She has a great sense of humor. 3. The teacher opened the window for letting some fresh air into the room. 4, You shouldn’t let children playing with matches, 5, I raveled to Osaka for to visit my sister. 354 CHAPTER 15,. My parents made me to promise contact them once a week. . Lasked my roommate to let me borrowed his sleeping bag for my camping trip. Theard a car door to open and closing. Thad my friend to lend me his car. 10. I’ve finally gathered enough information for beginning writing my research paper. 11, My parents want that I marry soon. 12. Lilly deserves to be tell the truth about what happened last night. 13, I went to the pharmacy for having my prescription to be filled. 14, Stop telling me what to do! Let me to make up my own mind, 15. Victoria didn’t like her school photo, so she had it taking again. 16. Look at the kitchen windows. They really need to washing. Will you do it? 17. I saw Omar sitting on a park bench look at the ground. The blank expression on his face made me to worry about him. EXERCISE 45 » Reading and writing. (Chapter 15) Part I, Read the passage. Underline the gerunds and infinitives. Po you know these words? How many gerunds begin sentences? How many infinitives? “understatement | ~ remedies Why Do Onions Make Us Cry? ~ foolproof Cutting onions is no fun! Most people end up in tears, and the reason is quite simple. Onions contain a gas: sulfur. When an onion is cut, a very fine spray of sulfur is released into the air. It is an understatement to say that our eyes don't enjoy coming into contact with it. They immediately react by trying to wash the sulfur away with tears. ‘There are a few remedies that may be helpful to you, though not foolproof. Washing an onion with water can help to keep the sulfur away from your eyes. Refrigerating it weakens its strength. Some people find safety goggles effective. You might look foolish when you put them on, but there’s a good chance they will keep you from crying. If you enjoy cooking, it’s hard to avoid onions, but one of these simple solutions may be of help. Part Il. Think about an everyday problem that needs a remedy. Describe the problem and provide ‘one or more solutions. Use one of the suggestions below or choose your own, Be sure to include some gerunds and infinitives. + stopping the itch in a mosquito bite + removing a stain from fabric + removing something sticky from a surface + soothing a sore throat * soothing a sunburn Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2 355Using a gerund as the subject of a sentence rather than an infinitive is more common. In the passage about onions, cutting onions or washing an onion is preferable to the infinitive forms: to cut of to wash. However, if you want to express the idea of in order to, use an infinitive: To cut an onion, use a sharp knife, The meaning is “In order to cut an onion, use a sharp knife.” Part fff, Edit your writing. Check for the following: 1, Gcorrect use of gerunds with the required verbs 2. Ccorrect use of infinitives with the required verbs 3. Ccorrect use of infinitives with the required adjectives 4, Ocorrect use of a gerund if followed by a preposition 5. Osingular verb when a gerund is the subject 6. Ocorrect spelling (use a dictionary or spell-check) 356 CHAPTER 15,