CONTRIBUTIONS OF NURSING THEORISTS
NAME OF THEORIST PRACTICE EDUCATION RESEARCH
- Florence in 1844 decided to - She received instruction Environmental Theory:
work at the hospital. But, her from her well-educated,
parents were opposed to this learned father in areas like
idea. - This approach incorporates the
mathematics and philosophy, and
return of the clients of the nurse
as a result
- In England in the middle of the to their regular state of health in
nineteenth century, nursing was the provision of medical
- She developed knowledge treatment.
not a decent job. and conceptual thinking
skills that were exceptional for - Inductive reasoning
- In July 1850, she went to women at the time.
Germany and France and worked
as a volunteer in hospitals.
- Nightingale was provided with
- Florence - Then in 1853, she returned to
a classical education, 5 Essential Components of
including studies in mathematics A Healthy Environment:
Nightingale London and worked as a
manager in the hospital that was
along with German, French and
Italian.
called the Institute of the sick 1. Pure air
women.
- Nightingale eventually enrolled
2. Pure water
- A year later, something as a nursing student in 1850 at
happened that opened a new the Institution of Protestant 3. Efficient drainage
way in Florence life. Deaconesses in
Kaiserswerth, Germany. 4. Cleanliness
5. Light
Nursing Metaparadigm:
Nursing
- Nursing is very essential for
everybody's well-being. Notes on
nursing focus on the
implementation and rendering
efficient and effective nursing
care.
Person
- The patient is the focus of the
environmental theory. The nurse
should perform the task for the
patient and control the
environment for easy recovery.
Health
- Environmental control uplifts
maintenance of health. A healthy
body can recuperate and undergo
a reparative process.
Environmental
- Poor or difficult environments led
to poor health and disease.
Theoretical Assertions
• Prevention of interruption
• Nursing Practice (common sense,
observation, perseverance ingenuity).
• "If the person wants to
recuperate, he needs to
cooperate with the nurse.
• Disease came from the organic
materials from the patient and
environment not from the germ
theory.
- Jean Watson's contributions - Watson graduated from the Theory of Transpersonal
to nursing practice, particularly Lewis Gale School of Caring:
her theory of human caring, have Nursing in 1961, and then
influenced both nursing students continued her nursing studies at - According to Watson, nursing
and professionals. the University of Colorado at focuses on disease prevention
Boulder. and treatment, as well as
- Jean Watson’s theory has "promoting health, preventing
many contributions, especially on - She earned her bachelor’s illness, caring for the sick, and
the nursing practice itself. As a degree in 1964, a Master’s restoring health."
student nurse, you can benefit degree in psychiatric and
from her contributions in several mental health nursing in Four Major Concept:
- Jean ways.
1966, and a Ph.D. in
educational psychology and 1. Human-Being
Watson - Watson's holistic approach is
the main point of her theory. counseling in 1973. 2. Health
3. Environmental/Society
4. Nursing
- It emphasizes the - She served as Dean of
significance of addressing Nursing at the University 10 Carative Factors:
patients' physical, emotional, Health Sciences Center and
psychological, and spiritual was the President of the National
❏ Loving , Kindness, and
well-being. League for Nursing. She is a
equanimity should be
fellow of the American Academy
practiced.
- In essence, Jean Watson's of Nursing.
❏ Authentic presence and
contributions to nursing practice enabling of a deep belief
provide you with a Ten Carative Factors (1979): As system.
framework for providing part of her Theory of Human ❏ Developing spiritual
holistic, compassionate, and Caring, Watson outlined ten practice and
carative factors (later revised to
patient-centered care. caritas processes) that provide a transpersonal self.
framework for promoting healing ❏ Being supportive of
- It also enables you to and caring interactions between emotional expression.
comprehend the nurses and patients. These ❏ Using individuality and
nurse-patient relationship, factors guide nurses in knowledge to implement
fostering trust, empathy, and creativity in care.
build trust, communicate
compassion. ❏ Teaching-learning
effectively, and collaborate experience should be
with patients. The ethical present.
dimensions of Watson guide ❏ Establishing a healing
decision-making and professional environment at every
behavior. level.
❏ Engaging care
consciousness and
fulfilling basic needs.
❏ Accepting the possibility
of another dimension,
soul care, and miracles.
- Consider the disciplines of major
health and education paradigms
from the perspective of nurses,
nursing academics, and nursing
professionals.
- In order to achieve this,
research must be carried out to
determine the diagnostic process
quality by applying a holistic
critical thinking approach
reasoning, exhibiting accuracy
and audacity in prioritizing
diagnoses that are suitable for the
individuals participating in the
care procedure.
- Benner proposes nurses rely Patricia Benner started her “From Novice to Expert”
heavily on past experience and college career at Pasadena City
nurses must deepen their College, where she graduated - This concept explains that
with a bachelor's degree in nurses develop skills and an
process of acquiring
nursing in 1964. She earned her
knowledge through their clinical understanding of patient care
master's degree in
situations. over time from a combination of a
Medical-Surgical Nursing from
strong educational foundation and
the University of California,
- She emphasizes personal experiences.
Berkeley.
knowledge development
through experience but does not - She became an Associate
neglect analytical thinking. Critical • According to Dr. Benner, a
Professor in the Department of
- Patricia thinking is necessary at all skill Physiological Nursing at the
nurse, might learn new skills and
information without ever studying
levels. University of California, San
Benner Francisco, after completing her
a theory.
- The acquisition of doctorate in 1982.
knowledge is strengthened • She describes this as a nurse
through reflection. The Catherine Lynch Gilliss, PhD, "knowing how" without
process of reflection should be "knowing that". She goes on
R.N., FAAN, former to say that knowledge
combined with the use of
narratives as nurses often know President (2009-2011 ) of the development in domains like
more than they can communicate American Academy of Nursing nursing is made up of knowledge
(Benner, 1984). and Dean at the Duke University extension through research and
School of Nursing named Patricia understanding through clinical
Benner as one of the American experience.
- The use of narratives helps
Academy of Nursing's "Living
to articulate meaning and
further help develop learning from Legends". Five levels of nursing
decision making related to their experience:
respective outcomes. - And stated that Dr. Benner's
contribution to the field of nursing 1. Novice
included: "articulating
knowledge embedded in 2. Advanced beginner
nursing practice, skill
acquisition, clinical 3. Competent
reasoning and the ethics of
care." 4. Proficient
5. Expert
Research highlighted:
- Experiential learning
- Mentorship
- Reflective practice in the
development of expertise
Major Contributions:
• To our understanding of how
competence is acquired and
developed, notably in the
profession of nursing.
• Her idea has had a long-lasting
influence on nursing education,
training, and practice, as well as
other fields involving skill
development and experience
learning.
The Theory of Caritative Caring - Katie Eriksson graduated in Caritative Caring Theory:
was developed by Katie Eriksson. 1965 in Helsinki Swedish School
of Nursing, and in 1967, she - It is a theory that prescribes a
• This model of nursing completed her public health set of values, principles, and
distinguishes between caring nursing specialty education at the ethical guidelines that nurses
- Katie ethics, the practical relationship
between the patient and the
same institution. should follow in their practice,
emphasizing the importance of
Eriksson nurse, and nursing ethics.
- She graduated in 1970 from the love, compassion,
understanding in nursing care.
and
nursing teacher education
• Nursing ethics are the ethical
program at Helsinki Finnish
principles that guide a nurse’s
School of Nursing.
decision-making abilities. Nursing Paradigm Theory:
- She continued her academic
• Caritative caring consists of studies at University of Helsinki, Person
love and charity, which is also where she received her MA
known as caritas, and respect degree in philosophy in 1974 and - Patient
and reverence for human holiness her licentiate degree in 1976; she - Human
and dignity. defended her doctoral dissertation - Focus
in pedagogy (The Patient Care
• According to the theory, Process—An Approach to Environment
suffering that occurs as a result of Curriculum Construction within
a lack of caritative care is a Nursing Education: - External
violation of human dignity.
- Global
- The Development of a Model for - Effect on the person
• Caring is a human natural the Patient Care Process and an
phenomenon and patient Approach for Curriculum
means the suffering human Health
Development Based on the
being. Process of Patient Care) in
- Physical
1982 (Eriksson, 1974, 1976, - Mental
• In the caritative caring 1981).
theory, the substance and core - Social
of caring is described as 'to care - Well-being
is to tend, play and learn in faith,
hope and love'. The starting point Nursing
is love, mercy, human kindness,
compassion and a caring - Nursing Process
relationship. - Dynamic
- Science
- By being attentive, open, and
respectful and treating the patient
as a person, nurses can enhance
both their own and the patient's
sense of personal meaning in the
caring relationship.
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