Unit-1 Database System Concepts

Presented By
Mrs. Neha Vachani
Lecturer (Computer Engg)
Contents

▶ Introduction to Database
▶ Data, Database, Database Management Systems
▶ Advantages of DBMS over file processing system
▶ Applications of DBMS
▶ Database Terms
▶ Data independence
▶ Components of DBMS
▶ Overall structure of DBMS
▶ Database Users
▶ Data Modeling: Relational , Hierarchical ,Network Model
Learning Objectives
By the end of the session Students will be able to:
▶ Define and Explain Basic concepts of DBMS
▶ Describe File Processing System
▶ Differentiate between File Processing System and DBMS
▶ Identify the applications of DBMS
▶ Describe the concepts of data abstraction and data
independence
▶ Describe architectures of DBMS
▶ Explain different components of DBMS
▶ Describe different Models of DBMS
 Data and Information

▶ Data is a set of values collected through observations. It

is a set of raw, unprocessed, unorganized random facts
which do not have much significance
▶ Information is a processed data which is organized and
carries certain meaning
▶ When data is processed, analyzed and interpreted by
some data management tool, it becomes information
Database and Database Management System

▶ Database: Set of inter related data is called database.It is a

repository of logically related and similar data
▶ An organized collection of related information so that it can easily
be accessed, managed and updated
▶ Eg. Airline Database ,Student Database , Railways Timetable etc
▶ DBMS : DBMS stands for Database Management System
▶ DBMS is a software system for creating, organizing and managing
the database
▶ It provides an environment to the user to perform operations on
the database for creation, insertion, deletion, updating and
retrieval of data.
▶ Eg. SQL sever, Mysql , Oracle.
File Processing System
▶ File system is basically a way of arranging the files in a storage
medium like hard disk
▶ File systems consists of different files which are grouped into
directories
▶ The directories further contain other folders and files
▶ File system performs basic operations like management, file naming,
giving access rules etc
Drawbacks of using file systems

▶ Data redundancy and inconsistency

Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
▶ Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
▶ Data isolation
multiple files and formats
▶ Integrity problems
Difficult to add new constraints or change existing ones
Advantages of DBMS
▶ Very less or No data redundancy
▶ Efficient data access
▶ Data integrity
▶ Data security
▶ Data administration
▶ Concurrent access and crash recovery
Applications of Database Management System(DBMS)

▶ Banking: For Transactions

▶ Airlines/Railways: Reservations, schedules
▶ Universities/Colleges: Registration, Results
▶ Sales: Customers, Products, Purchases
▶ Online retailers: Order placing and tracking
▶ Manufacturing: Production, Inventory, Orders
▶ Hospital: Doctors, Patients, Billing, Staff etc
 Data Abstraction

▶Data Abstraction is a process of hiding unwanted or irrelevant details from the

end user. It provides a different view and helps in achieving data independence
which is used to enhance the security of data.
The database systems consist of complicated data structures and relations. For
users to access the data easily, these complications are kept hidden, and only the
relevant part of the database is made accessible to the users through data
abstraction.
Three Levels of Abstraction:

▶ 1. Physical or Internal Level

It is the lowest level of abstraction for DBMS which defines how the data is
actually stored, it defines data-structures to store data and access methods used
by the database. Actually, it is decided by developers or database application
programmers how to store the data in the database.
So, overall, the entire database is described in this level that is physical or
internal level. It is a very complex level to understand. For example, customer's
information is stored in tables and data is stored in the form of blocks of storage
such as bytes, gigabytes etc.
 Data Abstraction
2. Logical or Conceptual Level:
Logical level is the intermediate level or next higher level. It describes what data is
stored in the database and what relationship exists among those data. It tries to
describe the entire or whole data because it describes what tables to be created and
what are the links among those tables that are created.
It is less complex than the physical level. Logical level is used by developers or
database administrators (DBA). So, overall, the logical level contains tables (fields
and attributes) and relationships among table attributes.

3. View or External Level:

It is the highest level. In view level, there are different levels of views and every view
only defines a part of the entire data. It also simplifies interaction with the user and it
provides many views or multiple views of the same database.
View level can be used by all users (all levels' users). This level is the least complex
and easy to understand.
For example, a user can interact with a system using GUI that is view level and can
enter details at GUI or screen and the user does not know how data is stored and
what data is stored, this detail is hidden from the user
Data Independence

▶ Data independence can be defined as property of dbms to modify

the schema at one level of the database system without altering
the schema at the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence
▶ Logical data independence : refers to property of dbms to change
the conceptual schema without having to change the external
schema. Logical data independence occurs at the user interface
level
▶ Physical data independence : refers to property of dbms to
change the internal schema without having to change the logical
(conceptual) schema. Physical data independence occurs at the
logical interface level.
Database Terms
▶ Data Dictionary : A data dictionary contains metadata i.e data
about the database. The data dictionary is very important as it
contains information such as what is in the database, who is allowed
to access it, where is the database physically stored etc

▶ Instance :The data which is stored in the database at a particular

moment of time is called an instance of the database.

▶ Schema : The overall design of a database is called schema

A database schema is the skeleton structure of the database.
It represents the logical view of the entire database.
Components of Database System
▶ 1. Users: People who interact with the database
• Application Programmers
• End users
• Data Administrator
▶ 2. Software: Lies between the stored data and the users
• DBMS
• Application Software
• User Interface
▶ 3. Hardware: Physical device on which database resides
• Computers , Hard Drives, Cables, etc
▶ 4. Data: Numbers, characters, pictures.
Functions of DBA(Database Administrator)

▶ DBA is a person in the organization who controls the design and the
use of the database
▶ Functions of DBA
▶ 1. Schema Definition
▶ 2. Storage Structure and Access Method Definition
▶ 3. Assisting Application Programmers
▶ 4. Physical Organization Modification
▶ 5. Approving Data Access:
▶ 6. Monitoring Performance:
▶ 7. Backup and Recovery
 DBMS Architecture

▶ The design of a DBMS depends on its

architecture.The simplest Database
Architecture is
▶ 1 tier Architecture : where the Client,
Server, and Database all reside on the
same machine.
▶ Anytime you install a DB in your system
and access it to practice SQL queries it
is 1 tier architecture. But such
architecture is rarely used in
production.
 DBMS Architecture

▶ Two-tier architecture : A two-tier

architecture is a database
architecture where
▶ Presentation layer runs on a client
(PC, Mobile, Tablet, etc)
▶ Data is stored on a Server
▶ An application interface API which
allows the client-side program to
call the DBMS.
▶ 2 tier architecture provides added
security to the DBMS as it is not
exposed to the end user directly.
 DBMS Architecture
▶ 3-tier Architecture: It is an extension
of the 2-tier architecture. 3-tier
architecture has following layers
1. Presentation layer
(your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc.)
2. Application layer (server)
3. Database Server
▶ This DBMS architecture contains an
Application layer between the user
and the DBMS, which is responsible
for communicating the user's request
to the DBMS system and send the
response from the DBMS to the user
▶ Three tier architecture is the most
popular DBMS architecture.
Overall Structure of DBMS
 Overall Structure of DBMS
▶ The database system is divided into three components:
▶ Query Processor
▶ Storage Manager
▶ Disk Storage.
These are explained as follows
▶ 1. Query Processor :
It interprets the requests (queries) received from end user via an application program into
instructions. It also executes the user request which is received from the DML compiler. Query
Processor contains the following components –

DML Compiler –
It processes the DML statements into low level instruction (machine language),
so that they can be executed
DDL Interpreter –
It processes the DDL statements into a set of table containing meta data
Embedded DML Pre-compiler –
It processes DML statements embedded in an application program into procedural calls
Query Optimizer –
It optimize and executes the instruction generated by DML Compiler.
 Overall Structure of DBMS
▶ 2. Storage Manager :
Storage Manager is a program that provides an interface between the
data stored in the database and the queries received. It is also known as
Database Control System. It maintains the consistency and integrity of the
database by applying the constraints and executes the DCL statements. It
is responsible for updating, storing, deleting, and retrieving data in the
database.

It contains the following components –

▶ Authorization Manager –
It ensures role-based access control, i.e,. checks whether the particular
person is privileged to perform the requested operation or not.
▶ Integrity Manager –
It checks the integrity constraints when the database is modified.
 Overall Structure of DBMS

▶ Transaction Manager –
It controls concurrent access by performing the operations in a
scheduled way . Thus, it ensures that the database remains in the
consistent state before and after the execution of a transaction.

▶ File Manager –
It manages the file space and the data structure used to represent
information in the database.

▶ Buffer Manager –
It is responsible for cache memory and the transfer of data between
the secondary storage and main memory
Overall Structure of DBMS

▶ 3. Disk Storage : It contains the following components

▶ Data Files –
It stores the data.

▶ Data Dictionary –
It contains the information about the structure of any database
object. It is the repository of information that governs the metadata.

▶ Indices –
It provides faster retrieval of data item.
 Data Models

▶ A Database model defines the logical design and structure of a

database and defines how data will be stored, accessed and
updated in a database management system.
▶ Hierarchical Model
▶ Network Model
▶ Relational Model
▶ Object Oriented Model
 Hierarchical Model

▶ This database model organises data

into a tree-like-structure, with a single
root, to which all the other data is
linked. The hierarchy starts from
the Root data, and expands like a
tree, adding child nodes to the
parent nodes.
▶ In this model, a child node will only
have a single parent node.
▶ This model efficiently describes many
real-world relationships like index of
a book, recipes etc.
▶ In hierarchical model, data is
organised into tree-like structure with
one one-to-many relationship
between two different types of data
 Network Model

▶ It is an extension of hierarchical
model in which data is
represented in graph-like structure
▶ A child record may have more
than one parent
▶ Data is organized in records which
are connected using links
▶ Each record is collection of fields
(attributes)
 Relational Model

▶ Simplest and widely used data

Model
▶ Data is represented in the form of
relations or tables
▶ Relational Model was proposed
by E.F.Codd in 1970
▶ Table/relation is a set of rows and
columns
Key concepts of Relational model

▶ Attribute: Each relation is defined in terms of some properties each

of which is known as attribute
▶ Domain of an attribute: The possible values an attribute can take in
a relation is called its domain.
▶ Tuple: Each row of a relation is known as tuple
▶ NULL values: Values of some attribute for some tuple may be
unknown, missing or undefined which are represented by NULL
▶ Degree : The number of attributes of the relation is known as degree
of relation
References :

Database System concepts by Abraham Silberschtz, Henry Korth&

S. Sudarshan, Tata McGraw Hill International

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