A 5.

Adjacent Angles two angles with a

common side and vertex that do not
otherwise overlap.
1. Absolute Value The distance
between a number and 0 on a number
line. The absolute value of a positive
number is the number itself, and the
absolute value of a negative number
is the opposite of the number. The
absolute value of 0 is 0. The symbol 6. Alternate Interior Angles are the angles
for the absolute value of n is |n|. formed when a transversal intersects two
coplanar lines. They lie on the inner side
of the parallel lines but on the opposite
sides of the transversal. The transversal
crosses through the two lines which are
Coplanar at separate points. These angles
2. Abundant Number (also known as represent whether the two given lines are
excessive numbers) is a positive parallel to each other or not. If these
integer such that the sum of its angles are equal to each other then the
proper divisors is greater than the lines crossed by the transversal are
number itself. For example, 12 is an parallel.
abundant number because 1 + 2 + 3
+ 4 + 6 = 16, and 16 is greater than
12. Compare to deficient number and
perfect number.

3. Acute Angle is a measure that is 7. Alternate exterior angles are a pair of

less than 90 ° angles that are outside the two parallel
lines but on either side of the transversal.
For example: ∠1, ∠2, ∠3, and ∠4 are
alternate exterior angles, with ∠1 being
equal to ∠4 and ∠2 is equal to ∠3.

4. Acute Triangle is a triangle with

three acute angles. 8. Analogy is the ability to reason with
relational pattern.

9. Angle is the union of two

noncollinear rays with a common
endpoint
1
10. Apex is located directly at the In symbols:
highest point above or opposite the For any numbers a, b, and c,
bottom of the shape called a base. (a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ (b ∗ c).
Division is not associative. For
11. Arc of a Circle is the part or example,
segment of the circumference of a (8 /2)/4 ≠ 8/(2 /4) because 1 ≠ 16.
circle.

12. Area is defined as the total space B

taken up by a flat (2-D) surface or
shape of an object. The space
enclosed by the boundary of a plane 15. Base (in exponential notation) A
figure is called its area. The area of a number that is raised to a power. For
figure is the number of unit squares example, the base in 5³ is 5 and
that cover the surface of a closed 8=2³=2×2×2.
figure. Area is measured in square
units like cm² and m². 16. Base of a Number System the
number of digits or combination of
13. Associative Property of Addition A digits that a system of counting uses
property of addition that three to represent numbers. A base can be
numbers can be added in any order any whole number greater than 0.
without changing the sum. The most commonly used number
For example, system is the decimal system,
(4 + 3) + 7 = 4 + (3 + 7) because 7 commonly known as base 10.
+ 7 = 4 + 10.

In symbols:
17. Base of a parallelogram the
For any numbers a, b, and c, length of one side and "height" to the
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c). length of a perpendicular segment
Subtraction is not associative. For between that side and the opposite
example, side. Any side of a parallelogram can
(4 - 3) + 7 ≠ 4 - (3 + 7) because 8 ≠ be a base.
-6.

14. Associative Property of

Multiplication A property of
multiplication that three numbers can
be multiplied in any order without
18. Base of a prism or cylinder a
changing the product. For example, (4
triangular prism has a triangle as its
∗ 3) ∗ 7 = 4 ∗ (3 ∗ 7) because 12 ∗ 7 =
base, a rectangular prism has a
4 ∗ 21.
rectangle as its base, and a cube is a
rectangular prism with all its sides of
2
equal length. A cylinder is another probability of attaining on particular
type of right prism which has a circle value.
as its base.
24.Bisect is a line that divides a line
or an angle into two equivalent parts.
To divide a segment, angle, or figure
into two parts of equal measure. See
bisector.

25. Bisector A line, segment, or ray

19. Base of a pyramid or cone The that divides a segment, an angle, or a
face of a pyramid or cone that is figure into two parts of equal measure.
opposite of its apex. The base of a See bisect.
cone is a circle.

20.Base of a Rectangle (1) One of the C

sides of a rectangle. (2) The length of
this side. The area of a rectangle is the
26. Chord a segment whose endpoints
base times the altitude or height. To
lie on the circle.
find the base, divide the area by the
width.
27. Center of a Circle The point in the
plane of a circle equally distant from
21. Base of a Triangle is any one of
all points on the circle.
the sides, and the height of the
triangle is the length of the altitude
28.Center of a Sphere The point
from the opposite vertex to that base.
equally distant from all points on a
sphere.

29.Circle is a shape consisting of all

points in a plane that are at a given
22. Binomial a mathematical
distance from a given point, the
expression consisting of two terms
centre. Equivalently, it is the curve
connected by a plus sign or
traced out by a point that moves in a
minus sign.
plane so that its distance from a given
point is constant.
23.Binomial distribution summarizes
the number of trials, or observations,
when each trial has the same
3
30. Circumference The distance 36. Combine like terms To rewrite
around a circle; its perimeter. The the sum or difference of like terms as
circumference of a sphere is the a single term. For example, 5a + 6 a
circumference of a circle on the can be rewritten as 11a, because 5 a
sphere with the same center as the + 6 a = (5 + 6) a = 11a. Similarly, 16t
sphere. - 3 t = 13t.

37.Common Denominator A nonzero

number that is a multiple of the
denominators of two or more
fractions. For example, the fractions
½ and ⅔ have common denominators
31. Cartesian plane is 6, 12, 18, and other multiples of 6.
defined by two perpendicular Fractions with the same denominator
number lines: x-axis, which already have a common denominator.
is horizontal, and the y-axis,
which is vertical. 38.Common Factor A factor of each of
two or more counting numbers. For
32.Cube Root is the factor that we example, 4 is a common factor of 8
multiply by itself three times to get and 12.
that number. For example. the cube
root of 27, denoted as ³√27, is 3, 39.Commutative Property of Addition
because when we multiply 3 by itself A property of addition that two
three times we get 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 = 3³. numbers can be added in either order
without changing the sum. For
33.Coordinate System is the example, 5 + 10 = 10 + 5.
Arrangement of reference lines or
curves used to identify the location of In symbols:
points in space. For any numbers a and b, a + b = b +
a.
34.Coefficient The number, or
constant, factor in a variable term in Subtraction is not commutative. For
an expression. For example, in 3c + example, 8 - 5 ≠ 5 - 8 because 3 ≠ -3
8d, 3 and 8 are coefficients.
40. Commutative Property of
35. Cone A geometric solid with a Multiplication A property of
circular base, a vertex (apex) not in Multiplication that two numbers can
the plane of the base, and all of the be multiplied in either order without
line segments with one endpoint at changing the product. For example, 5
the apex and the other endpoint on ∗ 10 = 10 ∗ 5.
the circumference of the base. In symbols:

For any numbers a and b, a ∗ b = b ∗ a.

4
Division is not commutative. For
example, 10/5 ≠ 5/10 because 2 ≠ ½.

Common Factor is a factor shared

41.
or joint between two or more
numbers. 46.Consecutive Angles two angles in a
polygon with a common side.
42.Common Multiple a multiple of
each of two or more numbers or
expressions. For example, 90 is a
common multiple of 6 and 10.

43.Complementary Angles s Two

angles whose measures add to 90°.
47.Consecutive Sides (1) Two sides of
Complementary angles do not need to
a polygon with a common vertex. (2)
be adjacent. Compare to
Two sides of a polyhedron with a
supplementary angles.
common edge. Same as adjacent sides.

48. Consecutive Vertices The vertices

of consecutive angles in a polygon.

49.Coordinates Numerical descriptive

reference of a point from the two axes.

44.Composite Number A counting 50.Coplanar points are points on the

number greater than 1 that has more same plane.
than two factors. For example, 10 is a
composite number because it has four 51.Conditional Statement If-then
factors: 1, 2, 5, and 10. A composite statement
number is divisible by at least three
whole numbers. 52.Corresponding angles (1) Angles
in the same relative position in
45.Congruent Figures Figures having similar or congruent figures. Pairs of
the same size and shape. Two figures corresponding angles are marked
are congruent if they match exactly either by the same number of arcs or
when one is placed on top of the other by the same number of hash marks
after a combination of slides, flips, per arc.
and/or turns. In diagrams of
congruent figures, the corresponding
congruent sides may be marked with
the same number of hash marks. The
symbol means “is congruent to.”
(2) Two angles in the same relative
5
position when two lines are 58. Cylinder a geometric solid with
intersected by a transversal. In the two congruent, parallel circular
diagram, ∠a and ∠e, ∠b and ∠f, ∠d regions for bases and a curved face
and ∠h, and ∠c and ∠ g are pairs of formed by all the segments with an
corresponding angles. If any two endpoint on each circle that are
corresponding angles in a pair are parallel to a segment with endpoints
congruent, then the two lines are at the centers of the circles.
parallel

53.Corollary is a theorem of less D

importance which can be readily
deduced from a previous, more
notable statement. 59.Debit An amount subtracted from
a bank balance; a withdrawal.
54.Congruent are two figures or
objects are congruent if they have the 60.Denominator is the number below
same shape and size, or if one has the the line in a common fraction; a
same shape and size as the mirror divisor.
image of the other.
61.Dependent Variable (1) A variable
55.Conic Section conic or a quadratic whose value is dependent on the
curve is a curve obtained from a value of at least one other variable in
cone's surface intersecting a plane. a function. (2) The variable y in a
function defined by the set of ordered
56.Cross Multiplication is the process pairs (x,y). Same as the output of the
of rewriting a proportion by function. Compare to independent
calculating cross products. Cross variable.
multiplication can be used in solving
open proportions. 62.Diagonal is a line that connects
two vertices of a polygon or a solid,
57.Cube (1) A regular polyhedron whose vertices are not on the same
with 6 squares, 8 vertices, and 12 edge.
edges.

6
63. Diameter of a circle is any straight 68.Decagon is a ten-sided polygon or
line segment that passes through the 10-gon. The total sum of the interior
center of the circle and whose angles of a simple decagon is 1440°.
endpoints lie on the circle

64. Distributive Property of

Multiplication over Addition is a
property relating multiplication to a
sum of numbers by distributing a
factor over the terms in the sum. For 69.Determinant is a single number
example, associated with a square matrix.
2 ∗ (5 + 3) = (2 ∗ 5) + (2 ∗ 3) = 10 +
6 = 16. In symbols: For any numbers
a, b, and c: a ∗ (b + c) = (a ∗ b) + (a ∗
c) or a(b + c) =ab+ ac

65.Dividend The number in division

that is being divided. For example, in
35/5 = 7, the dividend is 35. E

70.Edge A line is where two faces

meet in a three-dimensional
structure.

66. Division of Fractions Property A

rule for dividing that says division by
a fraction is the same a multiplication
by the reciprocal of the fraction. 71. Ellipse looks like a slightly
Another name for this property is the flattened circle and is also known as a
“invert and multiply rule.” For plane curve. Planetary orbits take the
example, form of ellipses.

67. Domain is the set of all abscissas 72.Embedded figure is a figure

in a relation entirely enclosed within
another figure.

7
73.Endpoint is a point at the end of a 80.Event In probability theory, an
line segment, ray, or arc. These event is a set of outcomes of an
shapes are usually named using their experiment to which a probability is
endpoints. assigned. A single outcome may be an
element of many different events, and
74.Equilateral is a term used to different events in an experiment are
describe a shape whose sides are all usually not equally likely, since they
of equal length. may include very different
groups of outcomes.
Equilateral polygon is a polygon in
75.
which all sides are the same length. 81. Exponent A small raised number
used in exponential notation to tell
76.Equilateral Triangle is a triangle how many times the base is used as a
with all three sides equal in length. factor. For example, in 5³ , the base is
Each angle of an equilateral triangle 5, the exponent is 3, and 5³ = 5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5
measures 60°, so it is also called an = 125.
equiangular triangle.
82.Exponential Notation is a way of
77.Equidistant Marks Two points are representing repeated multiplication
considered equidistant if they have by the same factor. For example, 2³ is
the same distance from a specific exponential notation for 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2. The
location which is usually said to be exponent 3 tells how many times the
the midpoint. base 2 is used as a factor.

78.Equivalent Fractions are fractions 83.Exterior angles are angles that are
that represent the same value, even parallel to the inner angles of a
though they look different. polygon but lie on the outside of it.
For example, if you have a cake, cut it The measure of an exterior angle is
into two equal pieces, and eat one of equal to the sum of the two internal
them, you will have eaten half the opposite angles.
cake.

79.Equivalent Equations: Two

equations are said to be
equivalent when they have the same
solution set. For example, x + 2 = 6
and 2x = 8 are equivalent equations,
because when we solve each of them F
as follows, they have the same
solution set: x + 2 = 6. Subtract 2 84.Face is the flat surface on a
from both sides. x = 4. three-dimensional object.

8
85.Fact Family a set of related 91. Function A set of ordered pairs
arithmetic facts linking two inverse (x,y) in which each value of x is paired
operations. For example, with exactly one value of y. A function
is typically represented in a table, by
5 + 6 = 11 6 + 5 = 11 11 - 5 = 6 11 - points on a coordinate graph, or by a
6=5 rule such as an equation. For example,
for a function with the rule “Double,”
are an addition/subtraction fact 1 is paired with 2, 2 is paired with 4, 3
family. Similarly, is paired with 6, and so on. In symbols,
y = 2 ∗ x or y = 2 x.
5 ∗ 7 = 35 7 ∗ 5 = 35 35/7 = 5 35/5
=7 92.FOIL Method is used to multiply
two binomials together. To FOIL, first,
86.Factor is a number that divides multiply the first term in each
into another number exactly. The binomial. Then multiply the
factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, and 10 (1 x outermost two terms. Next, multiply
10, 2 x 5, 5 x 2, 10 x 1). the innermost terms.

87.Factor Tree A way to get the prime

factorization of a counting number.
Write the original number as a
product of factors. Then write
each of these factors as a G
product of factors, and
continue until the factors
are all prime numbers. 93.Girth The distance around a
3-dimensional object.

88.Fibonacci Sequence A sequence 94.Golden Ratio also known as the

beginning with a 0 and 1 whereby golden number, golden proportion, or
each number is the sum of the two the divine proportion, is a ratio
numbers preceding it. "0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, between two numbers that
8, 13, 21, 34..." is a Fibonacci equals approximately 1.618. Usually
sequence. written as the Greek letter phi, it is
strongly associated with the Fibonacci
89. Figure are two-dimensional shapes. sequence, a series of numbers
wherein each number is added to the
90.Furlong A unit of measurement last.
representing the side length of one
square acre. One furlong is 95.Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of
approximately 1/8 of a mile, 201.17 a set of numbers is the largest factor
meters, or 220 yards. that all the numbers share. For
example, 12, 20, and 24 have two

9
common factors: 2 and 4. The largest triangle has 3 interior angles. The
is 4, so we say that the GCF of 12, 20, other way to define interior angles is
and 24 is 4. "angles enclosed in the interior region
of two parallel lines when intersected
96.Graph Theory is the study of points by a transversal are known as interior
and lines. In Mathematics, it is a angles".
sub-field that deals with the study of
graphs. It is a pictorial representation
that represents the Mathematical
truth. Graph theory is the study of
relationship between the vertices
(nodes) and edges (lines).

97. Heptagon A 7-sided polygon.

105.Intersecting lines When two or
98.Horizontal In a left-to-right more lines cross each other in a
orientation. plane, The point at which they cross
each other is known as the point of
99. Hexagon A 6-sided polygon. intersection.

100.Hypotenuse In a right triangle, the

side opposite the right angle.

101.Independent Variable (1) A 106.Interval (1) The set of all

variable whose value does not rely on numbers between two numbers a and
the values of other variables. (2) The b, which may include one or both of a
variable x in a function defined by the and b. (2) The points and their
set of ordered pairs (x,y). Same as the coordinates on a segment of a
input of the function. number line. The interval between 0
and 1 on a number line is the unit
102. Integers: All whole numbers, interval.
positive or negative, including zero.

Improper Fraction A fraction with

103. 107.Irrational Numbers are numbers
a numerator that is greater than or that cannot be written as fractions
equal to its denominator. where both the numerator and
denominator are integers and the
104. Interior angles are those that lie denominator is not zero. For example,
inside a polygon. For example, a √2and π are irrational numbers. An

10
irrational number can be written as a or any terms that contain the same
non-terminating, non-repeating variable(s) raised to the same
decimal. For example, π = power(s). For example, 4y and 7y are
3.141592653 . . . continues forever like terms in the expression 4 y + 7y -
without any known pattern. The z.
number 1.10100100010000 . . . is
irrational because its pattern does not 113.Linear Equation is an equation
repeat. that contains two variables and can
be plotted on a graph as a straight line.
108.Isosceles Triangle A triangle with
at least two sides equal in length. 114.Linear Function is a function of
Angles opposite the congruent sides the form
are congruent to each other. f (x)=mx+b where m and b are real
numbers, and m≠0.

115.Least Common Denominator

is the smallest number of all the
common multiples of the
denominators when 2 or more
fractions are given.
Induction is a process of a
109.
drawing a conclusion based on sets of Line is a one-dimensional figure
116.
observation. composed of infinite number of points.

110.Intuition is a type of cognition 117.Line Graph is a graph in which

which should be an idea, a model or a data points are connected by line
system of belief; it supports reading a segments. Same as broken-line graph.
conclusion on the basis of incomplete
information. 118.Line of Symmetry is a
line that divides a figure into
two equal shapes.
L
119.Line Segment is a straight path
111.Least Common Multiple (LCM) ) that has two endpoints, a beginning
The smallest number that is a and an end.
multiple of two or more given
numbers. For example, common
multiples of 6 and 8 include 24, 48,
and 72. The least common multiple of
6 and 8 is 24.
120.Logarithm: The power to which a
Like terms In an algebraic
112. base must be raised to produce a
expression, either the constant terms given number. If nx = a, the
11
logarithm of a, with n as the base, is x. first count the number of data points
Logarithm is the opposite of (n) and arrange the data points in
exponentiation. increasing order.

121.Lemma A true statement that is 126.Midpoint a point

lesser important and is used in halfway between two
proving another important statement other points. The
true. It can also be said that a lemma midpoint of a line segment
is a small sub-theorem that needs to is the point halfway between the
be proven in the process of proving a endpoints.
larger result.
127.Metric System a measurement
M system based on the base-ten
(decimal) numeration system and
used in most countries and by
122.Monomial is one variable that is virtually all scientists around the
the product of a constant (a letter that world. Units for length include
stands just for one number) and a millimeter, centimeter, meter, and
variable with a non-negative integer kilometer; units for mass and weight
power. include gram and kilogram; units for
volume and capacity include milliliter
and liter; and the unit for
temperature change is degrees
Celsius.

123.Multinomial is an Algebraic 128. Minuend In subtraction, the

expression containing more than one number from which another number
term. is subtracted. For example, in 19 - 5 =
14, the minuend is 19.
124.Mean is the average of a data set,
found by adding all numbers together
and then dividing the sum of the N
numbers by the number of numbers.
For example, with the data set: 8, 9, 5, 129.Negative numbers are numbers
6, 7, the mean is 7, as 8 + 9 + 5 + 6 + less than 0; the opposites of the
7 = 35, 35/5 = 7. positive numbers, commonly written
as a positive number preceded by a -.
125.Median is the value in the middle Negative numbers are plotted left of 0
of a data set, meaning that 50% of on a horizontal number line or below
data points have a value smaller or 0 on a vertical number line.
equal to the median and 50% of data
points have a value higher or equal to Nonlinear Equation is such
130.
the median. For a small data set, you which does not form a straight line. It
12
looks like a curve in a graph and has a 135. Nonagon a 9-sided polygon.
variable slope value.

131.Number Line A line on which O

points are indicated by tick marks
that are usually at regularly spaced
intervals from a starting point called Obtuse Angle: An angle with
136.
the origin, the zero point, or simply 0. measure between 90∘ and 180 ∘.
Numbers are associated with the tick
marks on a scale defined by the unit
interval from 0 to 1. Every real
number locates a point on the line,
and every point corresponds to a real
number.

137.Obtuse Triangle: A triangle with

an angle measuring more than 90∘.

132.Numerator the number of parts

out of the whole, which is the
denominator. Here is an example of a 138. Octa- A prefix meaning 8.
numerator: Out of a pizza having 6
slices, Rena gets 1 slice. That means 139. Octagon an 8-sided polygon.
the fraction for Rena is 1⁄6 , where 1 is
the numerator.

133. Nonlinear Function is a function

whose graph is NOT a line. Its
equation is of the form f(x) = ax + b.
Its equation can be in any form except
of the form f(x) = ax + b. Its slope is 140.Octahedron A polyhedron with 8
constant for any two points on the faces. An octahedron with 8
curve. equilateral triangle faces is one of the
five regular polyhedrons.
Nonconvex polygon: A polygon is
134.
convex if all the interior angles is 141.Odd number A counting number
more than 180 degrees. If one or that is not divisible by 2.
more of the interior angles is more
than 180 degrees, the polygon is 142.1-Dimensional (1-D) figure A
non-convex (or concave). figure such as a line segment, arc, or
part of a curve that has length but no

13
width or depth. visual comprehension. The numeric
values in an ordered pair can be
143.Open Sentence A number integers or fractions.
sentence with one or more variables.
An open sentence is neither true nor
false. For example, 9 + __ = 15, ? - 24
< 10, and 7 = x + y are open
sentences.

144.Operation Symbol A symbol used

in expressions and number sentences
to stand for a particular mathematical 148.Ordinal Number The position or
operation. Symbols for common order of something in a sequence,
arithmetic operations are: such as first, third, or tenth. Ordinal
numbers are commonly used in dates,
addition + as in “May fifth” instead of “May five.”
subtraction -
multiplication ×, ∗, • 149.Origin The zero point in a
division ÷, / coordinate system. On a number line,
powering ^ the origin is the point at 0. On a
coordinate grid, the origin is the point
145.Opposite Angle in a Triangle: (0,0) where the two axes intersect.
The angle opposite a side of a
triangle that is not one of the sides of
the angle.

146.Opposite Angles in a Quadrilateral:

Two angles in a quadrilateral that do
not share a side.

150.Parallel Lines are lines in a plane

that never meet. Two parallel lines
are always the same distance apart.
Line segments or rays on parallel
lines are parallel to each other.
147.Ordered Pair is a composition of
the x coordinate (abscissa) and the y
coordinate (ordinate), having two
values written in a fixed order within
parentheses. It helps to locate a point
on the Cartesian plane for better
14
151.Parallel Planes in space that never the length of all the sides and edges
meet. Two parallel planes are always enclosing the shape. It is measured in
the same distance apart. A figure in linear units of measurement like
one plane is parallel to the other centimeters, meters, inches, or feet. A
plane. Polygons in one plane are said formula for the Perimeter is
to be parallel to polygons in the other P=2*(l+w).
plane. However, 1-dimensional
shapes such as lines, segments, and
rays in one plane are not necessarily
parallel to 1-dimensional shapes in a
parallel plane.

152.Parallelogram A quadrilateral Perpendicular (⊥) are defined as

156.

with two pairs of parallel sides. two lines that meet or intersect each
Opposite sides of a parallelogram other at right angles.
have the same length and opposite
angles have the same measure. All
rectangles are parallelograms, but not
all parallelograms are rectangles
because parallelograms do not
necessarily have right angles.

157. Perpendicular Bisector A line, ray,

or segment that bisects a line segment
at a right angle.
153. Pentagon a 5-sided polygon.

154.Perfect Number A counting

number that equals the sum of its
proper factors. For example, 6 is a
158.Pi (π) The ratio of the
perfect number because the sum of its
circumference of a circle to its
proper factors is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
diameter. Pi is also the ratio of the
Compare to abundant number and
area of a circle to the square of its
deficient number.
radius. Pi is the same for every circle
and is an irrational number that is
155.Perimeter is defined as the total
approximately equal to 3.14.
length of its boundary. The perimeter
of a shape is determined by adding
15
159.Perfect Cube When we multiply indeterminate x is x2 − 4x + 7.
the same integer thrice, the number
we get is called a perfect cube number. 165.Proportion is an equation in
For example, if we multiply the which two ratios are set equal to each
number 2 thrice, the product is 8. other. For example, if there is 1 boy
Therefore, 8 is a perfect cube. and 3 girls you could write the ratio
as: 1 : 3 (for every one boy there are 3
160.Plane A two-dimensional surface, girls) 1 / 4 are boys and 3 / 4 are girls.
any two of whose points can be joined 0.25 are boys (by dividing 1 by 4)
by a straight line that lies entirely in
the surface. 166.Polygon a 2-dimensional figure
formed by three or more line
161.Plane Figure A 2-dimensional segments (sides) that meet only at
figure that is entirely contained in a their endpoints (vertices) to make a
single plane. For example, triangles, closed path. The sides may not cross
squares, pentagons, circles, and one another.
parabolas are plane figures; lines,
rays, cones, cubes, and prisms are not.

162.Point is an exact location in space.

Points are usually labeled with capital
letters.

163.Point symmetry is when, given a

167.Polyhedron a 3-dimensional
central point on a shape or object,
figure formed by polygons with their
every point on the opposite sides is
interiors (faces) and having no holes.
the same distance from the central
point.

164.Polynomial is an expression
consisting of variables (also called
indeterminates) and coefficients, that Prime Number A counting
168.
involves only the operations of number greater than 1 that has
addition, subtraction, multiplication, exactly two whole-number factors, 1
and non-negative integer and itself. For example, 7 is a prime
exponentiation of variables. An number because its only factors are 1
example of a polynomial of a single and 7. The first five prime numbers

16
are 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11. 173.Protractor A tool used for
measuring or drawing angles. A
169.Product The result of multiplying half-circle protractor can be used to
two numbers, called factors. For measure and draw angles up to 180°.
example, in 4 ∗ 3 = 12, the product is A full-circle protractor can be used to
12. measure and draw angles up to 360°.

170.Prism A polyhedron with two

parallel and congruent polygonal
regions for bases and lateral faces
formed by all the line segments with
endpoints on corresponding edges of
the bases. The lateral faces are all
parallelograms. Lateral faces intersect
at lateral edges. In a right prism, the
lateral faces are rectangular. Prisms
get their names from the shape of
their bases.

171.Pyramid A polyhedron made up of

any polygonal region for a base, a 174.Population Density The number
vertex (apex) not in the plane of the of people living in a defined
base, and all of the line segments with geographic region, usually given as a
one endpoint at the apex and the rate, such as 876 people per square
other on an edge of the base. All faces
triangular. mile. positive numbers Numbers
except perhaps the base are greater than 0; the opposites of the
negative numbers.
172.Prime factorization of any
number means to represent that 175. Positive numbers are plotted to
number as a product of prime the right of 0 on a horizontal number
numbers. A prime number is a line or above 0 on a vertical number
number that has exactly two factors, 1 line.
and the number itself. For example, 176. Power of a Number A product of
the prime factorization of 18 = 2 × 3 factors that are all the same; the
× 3. Here 2 and 3 are the prime result of ab for any numbers a and b.
factors of 18. For example, 5³ = 5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5 = 125 is
read “5 to the third power” or “the

17
third power of 5” because 5 is a factor
three times. POSTULATES
177.Probability Tree Diagram A
drawing used to analyze a probability 183. Postulate 1: Line Postulate
situation that consists of two or more
choices or stages. For example, the Two points determine one line.
branches of the probability tree
diagram below represent the four
equally likely outcomes of HEADS H
and TAILS T when one coin is flipped
two times. Line t passes through points A and B.
Line t is the only line that passes
through both points.

184. Postulate 2

Three collinear points are contained

in at least one plane and three
178.Proper Factor Any factor of a
noncollinear points are contained in
counting number except the number exactly one plane.
itself. For example, the factors of 10
are 1, 2, 5, and 10, and the proper
185. Postulate 3
factors of 10 are 1, 2, and 5.
If two distinct planes intersect, then
179.Predict In mathematics, to say
their intersection is a line.
what will happen in the future based
on experimental data or theoretical
calculation.

180.Population Density The number

of people living in a defined
geographic region, usually given as a
rate, such as 876 people per square
mile. Plane RST and plane WST intersect in
ST.
181.Pound (lb) A U.S. customary unit
of weight equal to 16 ounces and 186. Postulate 4
defined as 0.45359237 kilograms.
If two points of a line are in a plane,
182. Per Capita For each person. Often then the line is in the plane.
used to describe an average of a data
set, as in The per-capita debt for U.S.
citizens in July 2005 was $26,451.95.
18
Points A and B lie in plane K, so line m
(which contains A and B) is in plane K

187. Postulate 5: The Ruler Postulate

There is one-to-one correspondence

between the points of a line and the Postulate
192. 10: Linear Pair
set of real numbers such that the Postulate
distance between any two points of
the line is the absolute value of the If two angles form a linear pair, then
difference between the corresponding they are supplementary.
numbers.

188. Postulate 6

Given two points P and S on a line, a

coordinate system can be chosen in
such a way that the coordinate of P is
0 and the coordinate of S is greater
than 0. 193. Postulate 11: Parallel Postulate

Postulate 7: Angle Measurement

189.
Through a point outside a line, there
Postulate is one and only one line parallel to the
given line.
To every angle there corresponds
aunique real number r where
0<r<180.

Postulate
190. 8: The Angle
Construction Postulate

Postulate
191. 9: Angle Addition
Postulate 194.Postulate 12: Parallel-Alternate
Interior Angle Postulate
If D is in the interior of <ABC, then
If two parallel lines are cut by a
m<ABC=m<ABD+m<CBD. transversal, then any pair of alternate
interior angles are congruent.

19
195. Arc Addition Postulate
Quadruple: To multiply or to be
201.

The measure of an arc formed by two multiplied by 4.

adjacent, nonoverlapping arcs is the
sum of the measures of the two arcs. Quartic: A polynomial having a
202.
degree of 4.

Q Quintic: A polynomial having a

203.
degree of 5.

196. Quadrangle Same as quadrilateral. Qualitative: Properties that must

204.
be described using qualities rather
197. Quadrant One of the four sections than numbers.
into which a rectangular coordinate
grid is divided by the two axes. The R
quadrants are typically numbered I, II,
III, and IV counterclockwise
beginning at the upper right. 205.Radius (1) A line segment from
the center of a circle (or sphere) to
198. Quadrilateral A 4-sided polygon. any point on the circle (or sphere). (2)
The length of this line segment. The
199.Quadratic Equation is an algebraic length of a radius is half the length of
equation of the second degree in x. a diameter.
The quadratic equation in its
standard form is ax² + bx + c = 0,
where a and b are the coefficients, x is
the variable, and c is the constant
term.

Quotient The result of dividing

200. 206.Ratio A comparison by division of
one number by another number. For two quantities with the same units.
example, in 10/ 5 = 2, the quotient is Ratios can be fractions, decimals,
2. percents, or stated in words. Ratios
can also be written with a colon
between the two numbers being

20
compared. For example, if a team
wins 3 games out of 5 games played,
the ratio of wins to total games is ⅗,
3/ 5, 0.6, 60%, 3 to 5, or 3:5 (read
“three to five”).

207.Rate is usually defined as a ratio 212.Real Numbers All rational and

of two quantities with different units. irrational numbers; all numbers that
Usually, the rate is written as a can be written as decimals. For every
fraction, with the first quantity as the real number there is a corresponding
numerator and the second quantity as point on a number line, and for every
the denominator. We can express the point on the number line there is a
rate by reducing them to the lowest real number.
form possible. For example, if a
person takes 30 steps in 20 seconds, 213.Radical-the √ symbol that is used
then the rate at which they walk is 30 to denote square root or nth roots.
steps/20 seconds or 3 steps/2
seconds. 214.Random Draw: taking an object
from a set of objects in which each
208.Range The difference between the object has an equally likely chance of
maximum and the minimum in a set being chosen. For example, drawing a
of data. Used as a measure of the card from a deck and drawing a
spread of the data. domino from a bag of dominoes are
random draws.
209. Rank (1) To put in order by size;
to sort from smallest to largest or vice Random
215. Experiment an
versa. (2) A row in an array. In the experiment in which all outcomes are
military, rows and columns of equally likely. No one outcome is
rectangular formations are more predictable than any other.
sometimes called rank and file.
210. Rational Numbers is any number 216. Random Number a number
that can be written as a fraction, produced by a random experiment,
where both the numerator (the top such as rolling a die or spinning a
number) and the denominator (the spinner. For example, rolling a fair die
bottom number) are integers, and the produces random numbers because
denominator is not equal to zero. In each of the six possible numbers 1, 2,
other words, a rational number can 3, 4, 5, and 6 has the same chance of
be expressed as p/q, where p and q coming up.
are both integers and q ≠ 0. 217. Rate of Change of a function is the
slope of the graph of the equation at a
211.Ray is a line with a single given point on the graph. The tangent
endpoint (or point of origin) that line to the graph has the same slope
extends infinitely in one direction. as the graph at that point. The tangent
21
line to the graph has the same slope
as the graph at that point.

218.Rational Expression is the ratio

of two polynomials. If f is a rational
expression then f can be written in
the form p/q where p and q are 224.Reduce to decrease the size of an
polynomials. object or figure without changing its
shape.
219.Reciprocal, is simply one of a pair
of numbers that, when multiplied Reflex Angle An angle with a
225.
together, equal 1. measure between 180° and 360°.

220. Rectangle is a parallelogram with

all right angles.

Regular Polygon A polygon in

226.
which all sides are the same length
and all angles have the same measure.

221.Rectangular Prism are prism with 227.Regular Polyhedron A polyhedron

rectangular bases. The four faces that whose faces are all congruent regular
are not bases are either rectangles or polygons and in which the same
parallelograms. number of faces meet at each vertex.
The five regular polyhedrons, known
as the Platonic solids, are shown
below.

222.Rectangular Pyramid A pyramid

with a rectangular base.

223. Rectilinear Figure (1) a closed

2-dimensional shape having line
segments for sides and only 90° or
270° angles. (2) Any shape made up
of line segments.

22
228.Regular Tessellation a tessellation converse is true for remote exterior
of one regular polygon. The only three angles. Remote exterior angles are the
regular tessellations are shown below. angles that do not share a vertex with
the interior angle.

234.Rhombus a parallelogram with all

229. Relation between two sets is a sides the same length. All rhombuses
collection of ordered pairs containing are parallelograms. Every square is a
one object from each set. If the object rhombus, but not all rhombuses are
x is from the first set and the object y squares. Also called a diamond.
is from the second set, then the
objects are said to be related if the
ordered pair (x,y) is in the relation.

230.Rectangular Coordinate system

is also called the xy-plane or the
'coordinate plane'. The horizontal 235. Right Angle a 90° angle.
number line is called the x-axis. The
vertical number line is called the
y-axis. The x-axis and the y-axis
together form the rectangular
coordinate system.

Relation Symbol a symbol used to

231.
express a relationship between two 236.Right Cone or Pyramid:
quantities. A cone or pyramid
whose base is perpendicular
to the line segment joining
the apex and the center
of the base.

237.Right Cylinder: a
cylinder whose bases
are perpendicular to
Remainder an amount left over
232.
the line segment joining
when one number is divided by the centers of the bases.
another number.

233.Remote Interior Angles are 238.Right Prism is a

the angles that do not share a vertex prism whose bases are
with a given exterior angle. The perpendicular to all
23
of the edges that connect point P around a center of
the two bases. rotation C if P is on the circle
with center C and radius CP.
239.Right Triangle a triangle with a If all the points in one figure are
right angle. rotation images of all the points in
another figure around the same
center of rotation and with the same
angle of rotation, the figures are
rotation images. The center can be
inside or outside of the original image.
240.Roman Numerals: Letters that are Informally called a turn. (2) If all
used alone and in combination to points on the image of a
represent numbers in an ancient 3-dimensional figure are rotation
Roman system of numeration. Roman images around a point on a line called
numerals are found on clocks, the axis of rotation, then the image is
building cornerstones, preliminary a rotation image of the original figure.
pages in books, movie copyright dates,
and other places.
S

243.Scalene Triangle A triangle with

sides of three different lengths. The
three angles of a scalene triangle have
different measures.

244.Scientific Notation is a way of

writing very large or very small
241.Rotation Symmetry A figure has numbers. A number is written in
rotation symmetry if it is the rotation scientific notation when a number
image of itself after less than a 360° between 1 and 10 is multiplied by
turn around a center or axis of a power of 10. For example,
rotation. 650,000,000 can be written in
scientific notation as 6.5 ✕ 10^8.

245.Sector A region bounded by and

including an arc and two radii of a
circle. A sector resembles a slice of
pizza. Circle graphs are made with
sectors corresponding to parts of a
data set. Also called a wedge.

242. Rotation (1) A point P

is a rotation image of a
24
 that children use for recording
responses during group exercises and
informal group assessments.

252.Slide an informal name for a

translation.

246. Segment same as line segment. 253.Span is defined as the set of all
linear combinations of the vectors in
247.Semicircle is defined as a half S. For example, two linearly
circle formed by cutting the circle into independent vectors span a plane.
two halves.
254.Special Case In Everyday
248.Similar figures are two figures Mathematics, a specific example of a
having the same shape. The objects general pattern. For example, 6 + 6 =
which are of exactly the same shape 12 is a special case of y + y = 2 y and
and size are known as congruent 9 = 4.5 ∗ 2 is a special case of A = l ∗
objects. w.

249. Simplest Form of a Fraction A 255.Sphere is defined as the set of all

fraction that cannot be renamed in points in three-dimensional Euclidean
simpler form. Same as lowest terms of space that are located at a
a fraction. A mixed number is in distance. (the "radius") from a given
simplest form if its fractional part is point (the "center"). Twice the radius
in simplest form. is called the diameter, and pairs of
points on the sphere on opposite
sides of a diameter are called
250.Skew Lines are two or more lines antipodes.
which have no intersections but are
not parallel, also called agonic lines.
Since two lines in the plane must
intersect or be parallel, skew lines can
exist only in three or more
dimensions.
256.Slope of a Line the measure of
steepness of the line. The general
slope of a line formula is given as,
y=mx+b.

257.Square A rectangle with all sides

of equal length. All angles in a square
are right angles.
251.Slate A lap-size (about 8-inch by
11-inch) chalkboard or whiteboard
25
258.Square Root The number which Straight Angle an angle which is
263.
when multiplied by itself gives you equal to 180°.
the original number. For example, 6 is
the square root of 36. 264.Straight Line The shortest
distance between two points. It
Square Corner same as a right
259. continues indefinitely in both
angle. directions.

260.Square Array a rectangular array 265.Supplementary Angles two angles

with the same number of rows as whose measures add to 180°.
columns. For example, 16 objects will Supplementary angles do not need to
form a square array with 4 objects in be adjacent.
each row and 4 objects in each
column.

266. Surface In geometry, a

two-dimensional collection of points
261.Square Numbers Figurate (flat surface), a three-dimensional
numbers that are the product of a collection of points whose cross
counting number and itself. For section is a curve (curved surface), or
example, 25 is a square number the boundary of any
because 25 = 5 ∗ 5. A square number three-dimensional solid. In general, a
can be represented by a square array surface is a continuous boundary
and as a number squared, such as 25 dividing a three-dimensional space
= 5². into two regions.
262.Square Unit A unit to measure 267.Surface Area the area of the
area. A model of a square unit is a surface of a 3-dimensional figure. The
square with each side a related unit of surface area of a polyhedron is the
length. For example, a square inch is sum of the areas of its faces.
the area of a square with 1-inch sides.
Square units are often labeled as the Symmetric Figure A figure that
268.
length unit squared. For example, 1 exactly matches with its image under
cm² is read “1 square centimeter” or a reflection or rotation. See line
“1 centimeter squared.” symmetry, point symmetry, rotation
symmetry.

26
 273.Triangle: A three-sided closed
figure. It contains three angles that
when combined the sum equals 180°.

274.Trinomial: An expression in
algebra which consists of three terms.
Tangent A line, segment, ray, or
269.
curve that intersects a curve or
curved surface at exactly one point. 275.Tetrahedron A polyhedron with 4
faces. A tetrahedron is a triangular
pyramid.

276.Time Graph A graph representing

a story that takes place over time. The
units on the horizontal axis are time
units.

Tangent Circles two circles with

270. 277.Toggle A key on a calculator that
exactly one point in common. changes back and forth between two
displays each time it is pressed. For
example, on some calculators toggles
between a number and its opposite.

278.Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with

one pair of opposite sides parallel. It
271.Term in math is defined as the can have right angles (a right
values on which mathematical trapezoid), and it can have congruent
operations occur in an algebraic sides (isosceles), but those are not
expression. required.

272.Transversal A line which crosses 279.Tree Diagram A network of points

two or more parallel or nonparallel connected by line segments and
lines in a plane. containing no closed loops. Factor
trees and probability trees are tree
diagrams used, respectively, to factor
numbers and to represent probability

27
situations in which there is a series of no turn-around facts for subtraction
events. The first tree diagram below or division. Turn-around facts are
shows the prime factorization of 30. instances of the Commutative
The second tree diagram models Properties of Addition and
flipping one coin two times to get Multiplication.
HEADS H or TAILS T.
283.Turn-around Rule A rule for
solving addition and multiplication
problems based on the Commutative
Properties of Addition and
Multiplication. For example, if you
know that 6 ∗ 8 = 48, then, by the
turn-around rule, you also know that
8 ∗ 6 = 48.
Triangular Prism A prism whose
280.
bases are triangles. 284. Truncate (1) In a decimal, to cut
off all digits after the decimal point or
after a particular place to the right of
the decimal point. For example,
12.345 can be truncated to 12.34,
12.3, or 12. Integers cannot be
truncated. Same as rounding down in
281.Triangular Pyramid A pyramid in places to the right of the decimal
which all faces are triangles, any one point. See round and Section 16.2:
of which is the base. A regular Approximation and Rounding. (2)
tetrahedron has four equilateral Informally, to cut off a part of a solid
triangles for faces and is one of the figure
five regular polyhedrons.

282.Turn-around Facts A pair of

multiplication (or addition) facts in
which the order of the factors (or
addends) is reversed. For example, 3
∗ 9 = 27 and 9 ∗ 3 = 27 are
turn-around multiplication facts, and
4 + 5 = 9 and 5 + 4 = 9 are
turnaround addition facts. There are

28
 ThEOrEmS
285. Theorem 1 that lies at a distance x from A.

Two distinct lines intersect at one 290. Theorem 6

point.
Every Segment has exactly one
midpoint.

291. Theorem 7

If two angles are complements of

286. Theorem 2 congruent angles, then the two angles
are congruent.
If a line not contained in a plane
intersects the plane, then the Theorem
292. 8: The Supplement
intersection contains only one point. Theorem.
If line l and plane E
intersects two points
A and B, then line l If two angles are supplements of
lies in the plane E by congruent angles, then the two angles
postulate 5. But this are congruent.
could not be since
line l is not
contained in plane E 293. Theorem 9
287. Theorem 3 If two angles are both congruent and
supplementary, then each is a right
Exactly one plane contains a given angle.
line and a point not on the line.
Theorem 10: The Vertical Angles
294.
288. Theorem 4 Theorem
Exactly one plane contains two Vertical Angles are Congruent.
intrsecting lines.
295. Theorem 11
289. Theorem 5
Any two right angles are Congruent.
On ray AB, there is exactly one point P
296.Theorem 12: Parallel-Alternate
Exterior Angle Theorem

29
If two parallel lines are cut by a 302. Theorem 18
transversal, then any pair of alternate
exterior angles are congruent. The Sum of the measures of the
angles of a triangle is 180∘.
Theorem 13:
297.
Parallel-Corresponding Angles 303. Theorem 19
Theorem
The sum of the measures of the
If two parallel lines are cut by a exterior angles of a convex
transversal, then the corresponding quadrilateral, one at each vertex is
angles are congruent. 360∘.

Theorem 14: Parallel-Interior

298. Theorem 20:
304. Exterior Angle
Angles-Same Side Theorem Equality Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a The measure of an exterior angle is

transversal, then the interior angles equal to the sum of its remote interior
on the same side of a transversal are angles.
supplementary.
305. Theorem 21
Theorem 15: Parallel-Exterior
299.
Angles-Same Side Theorem The whole is greater than any of its
parts.
If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then the exterior angles 306.Theorem 22: Exterior Angle
on the same side of a transversal are Inequality Theorem
supplementary.
The measure of an exterior angle of a
Theorem
300. 16: Perpendicular triangle is greater than the measure
Parallel Lines Theorem of either of the two remote interior
angles.
In a plane, a line perpendicular to one
of the two parallel lines is Theorem 23:
307. Triangle Inequality
perpendicular to the other. Theorem

301. Theorem 17 In any triangle, the sum of the lengths

of any two of its sides id greater than
The sum of the measures of the the length of its third side.
interior angles of a convex polygon S
with sides s is

S=(s-2)180

30
 Theorem 24: The Pythagorean
308. 312.Union The set made by combining
Theorem the elements of two sets. So the union
of sets A and B is the set of elements
in A, or B, or both. The symbol is a
special "U" like this: ∪

313. Unit A general term meaning 1

Examples:
• a unit cube is a cube whose sides are
1 in length
• a unit fraction has one on the top,
In any right triangle, the square of the such as 1/2 or 1/5
length of the hypotenuse is equal to • a unit circle has a radius of 1
the sum of the squares of the lengths • a unit vector has a length of 1
of the two legs. If the legs of a right • the unit point is the point at location
triangle have lengths a and b and the (1,1)
hypotenuse has length c, then a² + b²
= c².

309. Theorem 25

If a radius is perpendicular to a chord,

then it bisects the chord.

U
314.Unit Cost The cost per liter, per
310.Unary Operation An operation
kilogram, per pound, etc, of what you
that has only one input.
want to buy.
Example: the square root function.
Example: You can buy 2 liters for
√(16) = 4 has just one input "16" to
$3.80
produce an output of 4.
The Unit Price = $3.80 / 2 liters =
$1.90 per liter
311.Undecagon An 11-sided polygon
(a flat shape with straight sides).The
315.Unit Fraction A fraction where the
more correct name is Hendecagon.
top number (the "numerator") is 1.
Example: 1/4 (one quarter), which
has a numerator of 1

Unit Vector A vector with a

316.
magnitude (length) of 1
31
 320.Vanishing Point The point or
points to which the extensions of
317.Universal Set The set that has all parallel lines appear to converge in a
elements relevant to our question. perspective drawing.
Often shown using the symbol U.
When we are studying integers then 321.Variable A letter or other symbol
the universal set is all the integers. that represents a number. A variable
When we are working out what can represent a single number, as in 5
sports our friends play then the + n = 9, because only n = 4 makes
universal set is all our friends (no the sentence true. A variable can also
matter if they play sport or not). stand for many different numbers, as
in x + 2 < 10, because any number x
less than 8 makes the sentence true.
In formulas and properties, variables
stand for all numbers. For example, a
+ 3 = 3 + a for all numbers a.

322.Variable Term A term that

contains at least one variable. For
example, in 4 b - 8 = b + 5, 4 b and b
are variable terms.

V 323. Venn diagram A picture that

uses circles or rings to show
relationships between sets. In this
diagram, 22 + 8 = 30 girls are on the
318.Value of a Variable A specific track team, and 8 are on both the
number or quantity represented by a track and the basketball teams.
variable. For example, in y = 4x + 3, if
the value of x is 7, then the value of y 324.Volume The amount of
that makes the equation true is 31. 3-dimensional space something takes
up.
319.Vanishing Line A set of parallel
planes in 3D intersect in a single line.

32
325.Vertex The point at which the
rays of an angle, the sides of a polygon, X
or the edges of a polyhedron meet.
Plural is vertexes or vertices.
331.X-axis The line on a graph that
runs horizontally (left-right) through
zero.

332.X-coordinate: The horizontal

value in a pair of coordinates: how
far along the point is. The X
Vertex Point A point where the
326. Coordinate is always written first in
corners of tessellation tiles meet. an ordered pair of coordinates (x,y),
such as (12,5). In this example, the
327.Vertical: Upright; perpendicular value "12" is the X Coordinate. Also
to the horizon. Compare to horizontal. called "Abscissa"

328.Vertical Angles The angles made

by intersecting lines that do not share
a common side. Same as opposite
angles. Vertical angles have equal
measures.
Y

333.Yard A unit of length (or distance)

in US units equal to 3 feet or 36 inches.
The abbreviation is: yd

Example: 5 yards can be written 5 yd

W
One yard is exactly 0.9144 meters in
the Metric.
Whole Numbers The counting
329.
numbers and 0. The set of whole
numbers is {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.
Z
330.Width of a rectangle The length
of one side of a rectangle or
334.Zero (of a Function) Where a
rectangular object, typically the
function equals the value zero (0).
shorter side.
Example: −2 and 2 are the zeros of
the function x2 − 4.

33
34
35