HEALTH & SAFETY

CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

Developed by: Ms. Sarah Ajodha

MSc. Occupational Environmental Health and Safety
Date: 27th July 2023
Code: HSE_MAN_01
Version: 001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Site Planning ……………………………………………………………………………………3
Job Safety Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………..4
Excavations ……………………………………………………………………………………..5
Scaffolding ………………………………………………………………………………………6
Ladders …………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Confined Spaces …………………………………………………………………………………9
Roof Work ………………………………………………………………………………………10
Steel Erection ……………………………………………………………………………………12
Piling …………………………………………………………………………………………….13
Vehicles ………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Cranes …………………………………………………………………………………………...15
Hoists ……………………………………………………………………………………………17
Gin and Pulley …………………………………………………………………………………..18
Manual Handling ………………………………………………………………………………..18
Hand Tools ………………………………………………………………………………………20
Electrical Equipment …………………………………………………………………………….22
Welding and Cutting …………………………………………………………………………….23
LPG ……………………………………………………………………………………………...24
Chemical Substances ……………………………………………………………………………26
Hazardous Substances …………………………………………………………………………..29
Noise and Vibration ……………………………………………………………………………..30
Heat Exposure …………………………………………………………………………………...31
Personal Protective Equipment ………………………………………………………………….31
Onsite Emergencies ……………………………………………………………………………..34
Fire Precautions …………………………………………………………………………………35
References ………………………………………………………………………………………38

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SITE PLANNING
A badly planned and untidy site is the underlying cause of many accidents resulting from falls of
material and collisions between workers and plant or equipment. Proper planning by
management is an essential part of preparation and budgeting for the safe and efficient running of
a construction operation.

Before work even begins on site, thought needs to be given to:

 the sequence or order in which work will be done and to any especially hazardous
operations or processes;
 access for workers on and around the site. Routes shall be free from obstruction and from
exposure to hazards such as falling materials, materials-handling equipment and vehicles.
Suitable warning notices should be posted. Routes to and from welfare facilities need
equal consideration.
 routes for vehicular traffic shall be “one way” as far as practicable. Traffic congestion
prejudices the safety of workers, especially when impatient drivers unload goods
hurriedly;
 storage areas for materials and equipment. Materials shall be stored as close as possible
to the appropriate workstation, e.g. sand and gravel close to the cement batching plant,
and timber close to the joinery shop. If this is not practicable, it is important to schedule
the arrival of materials;
 the location of construction machinery. This is usually dependent on operational
requirements so that tower cranes are subject to constraints such as their radius of
operation, and pick-up and unloading points;
 the location of medical and welfare facilities. On large sites sanitary facilities for both
sexes should be provided at several locations;
 artificial lighting at places where work continues or workers pass after dark;
 arrangements to keep the site tidy and for the collection and removal of waste;
 the need for low-voltage electric power supplies for temporary lighting, portable tools
and equipment.

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Housekeeping

There are many accidents due to tripping, slipping, or falling over materials and equipment
which have been left lying around, and stepping on nails which have been left projecting from
timber.

The following steps shall be performed:

 Clean up as you go – do not leave rubbish and scrap for the next person to clear.
 Keep gangways, working platforms and stairways clear of equipment and materials not in
immediate use.
 Clean up spilled oil and grease.
 Deposit waste material at a recognized disposal point.
 Remove or hammer down any nails you see projecting from timber.

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)

JSAs shall be developed in sufficient detail to preclude confusion and misunderstanding and
shall be commensurate with the size, complexity, and risk level of the construction project. When
used appropriately, it will incorporate the level of rigor for implementing the work planning and
control attributes based on the importance/ significance of the activity in relation to the
associated hazards and consequences.

The analyses shall contain and/or meet the following elements as applicable to the activity:

1. Identification of the definable work activity

2. Identification of the job steps for each work activity
3. Identification of foreseeable hazards for each step/activity and the planned protective
measures to include appropriate protective devices and/or equipment as needed
4. Identification of competent persons required for workplace inspections of the
construction activity, where required by OSHA standards.
5. Identification of Emergency Response Action relative information (e.g., gas shutoff valve
location, etc.)
6. Identification of project-required hold points or other logistical requirements

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 7. Address additional hazards revealed by supplemental site information (e.g., site
characterization data, as-built drawings)
8. Provide drawings and/or other documentation of protective measures.
9. Review and approval by management
10. Places for signatures of the involved workers to signify they have been briefed on and
understand the requirements of the JSA and acknowledge their intended compliance with
the JSA.

EXCAVATIONS

Safety precautions

1. The sides of the excavation or trench should be sloped or battered back to a safe angle of
repose, usually 45°, or be supported by timbering or other suitable means to prevent a
collapse.
2. The type of support necessary will depend upon the type of excavation, the nature of the
ground and the groundwater conditions. Planning is vital. Make sure that there are
enough materials to support the length of the trench to be cut, for the trench support must
be installed without delay as the excavation progresses.
3. At least random timbering or piling is required in all excavations, but excavations 1.2 m
or more in depth should be provided with adequate timbering or sheeting. Close boarding
or sheeting is required if the ground is unstable or lacks cohesion.
4. Never work ahead of the trench support. Shoring should be erected, altered or dismantled
only by a competent worker operating under supervision.
5. Wherever practicable, it should be installed before excavating to the final depth of the
trench – it is necessary to begin when the trench is less than 1.2 m deep.
6. The excavation and installation of shoring should then proceed by stages until the full
depth is reached. You should be fully aware of the procedures to follow to rescue a fellow
worker trapped by a fall of earth.
7. Workers often fall into excavations. Erect suitable barriers high enough (i.e. about 1 m) to
prevent falls. Projecting trench supports can often be used for this purpose.

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Inspections

Excavations shall be inspected by a competent person before work begins and at least once a day
where work is in progress. They shall be thoroughly examined by a competent person once a
week and a record kept of such inspections.

Access

There are safe means of access and egress, such as a properly secured ladder, when working in
an excavation. This is of particular importance when there is a risk of flooding and rapid escape
is essential.

Lighting

There shall be adequate lighting around the area of an excavation, particularly at access points
and openings in barriers.

Vehicles

Adequate and well-anchored stop blocks shall be provided on the surface to prevent vehicles
being driven into the excavation while tipping, a particular hazard when reversing.

SCAFFOLDING

Falls of persons from a height, and similarly of materials and objects, represent the most serious
safety risk in the construction industry. A high proportion of deaths are caused by falls. Many of
the falls are from unsafe working places or from unsafe means of access to working places.

1. Where work cannot safely be done from the ground or from the building or structure
being worked upon, then there should always be suitable and sufficient scaffolding. This
must be properly constructed of sound material which is of adequate strength to provide
you with both means of safe access and a safe place of work.
2. Scaffolds should be erected, altered, or dismantled only by competent persons under
supervision, and this training manual sets out general principles for the various common
types of scaffolds. After erection, scaffolds should be inspected at least once a week and a
written report on each inspection kept.

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 3. There are many different materials used to construct scaffolding, such as steel, aluminum,
wood and bamboo. Whatever the material, the principles of safe scaffolding remain the
same that it should be of adequate strength to support the weight and stress which the
processes and workers will place upon it, that it is securely anchored and stable, and that
it is designed to prevent the fall of workers and materials.

Erection

Whatever type of suspended scaffold is used, the services of a competent person able to
supervise construction and subsequent use is required. Erection should be carried out only by an
experienced person. The only people who should work from a suspended scaffold are those who
have been trained in the use of the equipment and of its safety devices, and who are aware in
practical terms of its safe working load and of emergency procedures. Working on a suspended
scaffold, always wear an approved safety harness with a lifeline securely attached to the
building.

LADDERS

Limitations

If using a ladder, remember that if properly used it:

1. enables only one person to climb or descend at any one time;

2. enables only one person to work from it at any one time;
3. if not lashed at the top, requires two workers for use;
4. one on the ladder and the other at the bottom;
5. leaves only one hand free; carrying tools or loads up a ladder is difficult and dangerous
and the weight which can be carried is severely limited. There is also the risk of dropping
items on passers-by;
6. restricts movement;
7. has to be safely situated and secured;
8. has a limitation on heights at which it can be used

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Secure

1. Make sure that you stand the foot of your ladder on a firm and level base. Never wedge
one side of the ladder up if the ground is uneven. If possible, level the ground or bury the
foot of the ladder.
2. If the ground is soft, put down a board. Never support the ladder by carrying its total
weight on the bottom rung – only the stiles or side members are meant for this.
3. The head of the ladder should rest against a solid surface able to withstand the loads
imposed on it; otherwise use a ladder stay.
4. Whenever practicable, tie or lash your ladder at the top – someone should hold the ladder
at the foot while you do so. If this is impracticable, secure the ladder at the bottom by
tying it to stakes in the ground or by using sandbags.
5. If neither is practicable, a fellow worker should be at the foot of the ladder to prevent it
slipping while you are working from it, but this precaution is only effective if the ladder
is not more than 5 m in length.
6. Your fellow worker should face the ladder with a hand on each stile and with one foot
resting on the bottom rung.
7. The use of non-slip pads on ladder feet helps to prevent ladders slipping at the base.

Safe Use

1. Make sure there are no overhead power lines with which the ladder might make contact;
2. wooden ladders with wire-reinforced stiles should be used with the wired side facing
away from you. Wire tie rods should be beneath and not above the rungs;
3. the ladder should extend at least 1 m above the landing place, or above the highest rung
on which you have to stand, unless there is a suitable handhold to provide you with
equivalent support. This is to stop the risk of over-balancing when you step off and on at
the top;
4. you should be able to step off the ladder at the working place without being required to
climb over or under guard-rails or over toe boards. However, keep the gaps in guard-rails
and toe boards as small as possible;
5. never use a ladder which is too short, and never stand it on something such as a box,
bricks or an oil drum to gain extra height;

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 6. place the ladder at a safe angle of about 75° to the horizontal, that is about 1 m out at the
base for every 4 m in height; – face the ladder when climbing or descending;
7. ensure that there is sufficient space behind the rungs to provide a proper footing;
8. for extension ladders, make sure you leave an overlap of at least two rungs for sections
up to about 5 m in length and at least three rungs for sections of more than 5 m in length;
9. always raise and lower extension ladders from the ground and make sure that hooks or
locks are properly engaged before you start to climb;
10. make sure that your footwear is free from mud or grease before you begin to climb a
ladder;
11. if possible carry your tools in your pockets or in a holster or bag when you climb ladders
so as to leave both hands free to grip the stiles;
12. try not to carry materials while you are climbing ladders – use a hoist line instead;
13. a common cause of accidents is overbalancing or overreaching, so do not be tempted to
stretch too far; instead move the ladder.

CONFINED SPACES

Safety Precautions

The following precautions shall be taken before entering a confined space:

1. Never enter without instructions from a supervisor and without a written permit to enter
or permit to work.
2. Equipment for monitoring the atmosphere at frequent intervals must be provided and
must be used by a competent person. You must not enter the confined space until the
competent person is satisfied that entry is safe.
3. There should be forced ventilation to remove and dilute dangerous gases and provide
fresh air.
4. Monitoring must continue while work proceeds, and you must leave immediately if told
to do so.
5. You should have received proper training and instruction in the precautions to be taken,
including the use of emergency breathing apparatus.

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 6. Rescue harnesses should be worn by everyone inside the confined space, with lifelines
attached to a point outside the space.
7. Not less than two persons should be present when there is work in a confined space. One
should be outside the confined space to keep watch and to offer rescue action or
assistance. Additional emergency and accident assistance must also be readily available.
8. A proper procedure for rescue in an emergency should be laid down, with specific duties
allocated to specific persons. If you play a part in this procedure, make sure that you
clearly understand what you have to do. Even if you think lives are at stake, you must
still follow the procedure and must not take short-cuts.
9. When working at a manhole in a road or public area, ensure that guard stands are
provided and the appropriate traffic signs displayed.
10. Make sure that you have been trained by a competent person in the use of the safety and
rescue equipment.

ROOF WORK

Flat roof

1. Flat roofs include those with a pitch of up to 10°. All the edges and openings on a roof
from or through which there is a possible fall of more than 2 m should be protected with
suitable guard-rails and toe boards erected to the same standard as described in Chapter 5
for scaffolding.
2. In the case of openings, the alternative is to provide a substantial cover which will bear
your weight, and which is not easily moved. It must be boldly and clearly marked as to its
purpose.
3. If there is an upstand at the edge of the roof of sufficient strength, conventional scaffold
tubes to support guard-rails and toe boards can be attached to this.
4. Alternatively, a system of simple precast counterweights can be used to support edge
protection, or a series of triangular tubular steel frames approximately 2.4 m apart and
using conventional scaffold tubes can be anchored to the roof, again by precast concrete
counterweights.

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Sloping roof

1. Edge protection is necessary for all sloping roofs, that is of more than 10° pitch, or which
have a slippery surface and where there is the possibility of a fall of more than 2 m from
the edge of the roof.
2. It should take the form of barriers or guard-rails high enough and strong enough to stop
you if you are rolling or sliding down the roof slope.
3. The roof surface may be slippery because of the material from which the roof is
constructed or because of the growth of moss or lichen, or it may quickly become
slippery after rain or snow.
4. Unless tile battens on a roof are of adequate strength and themselves provide adequate
handholds and footholds, you should use purpose-made crawling ladders or crawling
boards, even for inspection or work of short duration.

Fragile roof

1. Before you use any roof as a means of access or a place of work, make sure that no part is
covered with fragile material. Some roof coverings give a false sense of security and the
impression of a surface which is solid enough to bear your weight, but they will not carry
a concentrated load such as that applied by the heel of your foot, or if you stumble or fall.
2. A common example is single-thickness asbestos cement sheeting which may shatter
without warning. Do not make the common mistake of believing that it is safe to walk
along the lines of sheeting bolts.
3. Other examples of fragile material are wired glass, corrugated plastic sheeting for roof
lights, rusted corrugated iron sheeting and unreinforced insulating slabs.
4. Sometimes fragile materials are not easily recognizable beneath a paint or tar covering,
particularly when they have been used to patch or repair a roof.
5. Once fragile material has been identified, or if you are in any doubt, use at least two
crawling boards or roof ladders, so that one is available to stand on while you are moving
the other.

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Crawling boards and roof ladders

1. Crawling boards and roof ladders should be properly designed and constructed, and not
made up from odd timber found at the site.
2. Boards should have cross battens at least 32 mm thick and not more than 380 mm apart,
and should be secured in position.
3. The ridge anchorage or ridge iron at the top of the board or ladder should not rely for
support on the ridge capping which is liable to break away, but should bear on the
opposite slope of the roof or be secured by a rope.
4. Eaves gutters should not be used as a footing or to support a roof ladder, as they are not
strong enough.

STEEL ERECTION

Designers should provide sufficient information so that the erection contractor is aware of the
precautions which need to be taken to ensure the stability of the steelwork during erection. The
contractor in turn should provide a statement of the proposed erection method and submit this to
the designer for acceptance. A safe method of work includes the identification of hazards and
difficulties which could lead to departures from the planned sequence of erection.

Safe Use

1. The layout of the storage area for steelwork and materials needs to be arranged so that
vehicles and cranes can move about without fear of collision.
2. To assist in safe lifting and movement of structural steelwork by crane, or by guy and
pole derricks where cranes cannot be used, there should be clear indications of the weight
of components and, wherever possible, markings giving suitable slinging points. Use
should be made, wherever practicable, of hand lines attached to any item being moved.
3. The weather should be constantly monitored in relation both to wind and rain. There is
danger in using cranes in high winds, and in working on steelwork in high winds and on
wet surfaces.

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 4. Holding-down bolts are usually provided and fixed before the steel erectors arrive, and
their importance is often underestimated. Errors in position, alignment and level can lead
to improvisation, and careful checking is necessary before erection begins.
5. During the early stage of construction, excess loadings can be applied to the bolts and
there is a danger of collapse unless adequate temporary bracing is provided in the form of
props or guys.
6. Erection planning should include the provision of sufficient guys, props, bracings and
temporary connections.
7. During steel erection by crane, two hand lines should always be attached at each end of
the steelwork. Workers controlling the placement of the steelwork using these hand lines
should be positioned at a safe distance at least 5 m away from the point of placement.
8. If sufficient anchorage points are provided and used correctly, safety nets, safety belts and
harnesses can save lives or prevent serious injury from falls, and their overall advantages
outweigh any possible inconveniences. A harness should be used in preference to a belt. A
safety net should always be installed when the potential fall is more than two storey.

PILING

General Precautions

1. prior to piling, all underground services should be located and made safe. A check should
be made to ensure there are no cellars, underground water courses or ground conditions
which might cause hazards;
2. there should be a firm level base for the crane, or crane mats provided;
3. when working on piling operations you must wear a safety helmet, and ear and eye
protection where necessary;
4. all cranes, lifting appliances and lifting gear must have appropriate certificates of testing
and thorough examination, and should be large enough for the job;
5. particular attention should be paid to the risk of damage to lifting gear from sharp edges;
6. cranes used for raising or lowering workers must be fitted with a dead man’s handle and
lowering should be done under power; you must be carried in properly constructed cages
which cannot spin or tip;

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 7. piling contractors should be asked to provide a written method statement setting out the
precautions relevant to the type of piling they are to employ;
8. induction training and information for you as supervisor or operative should be
specifically related to the method statement.

VEHICLES

Safety Precautions

1. As a driver you must be properly trained and if you take a vehicle on or across a public
road you usually need to possess a national driving license.
2. Routes should be levelled, marked and planned in such a way as to avoid potential
hazards such as overhead power lines and steeply sloping ground. Where possible a
oneway system should be used.
3. Speed limits should be required and clearly displayed, they should be reduced for adverse
site conditions and for areas near work in progress.
4. If routes have to approach overhead structures or overhead power lines, contact with
them can be avoided by erecting warning barriers of the goalpost type.
5. In the case of power lines, there should be a barrier on both sides of the line and set at
least 6 m horizontal distance away.
6. If operating a crane in the area of overhead power lines, make sure that arrangements
have been made in advance with the power company for power to be diverted or cut off
whenever the crane is in use.
7. Enlist the help of another worker before always reversing and keep him or her in view.
8. An unattended vehicle should have the engine switched off, and unless the vehicle is on a
marked incline the gear should be left in neutral and the handbrake on, on sloping ground
the wheels should also be chocked.

Overturning

1. Falls of vehicles into excavations or openings occur frequently when vehicles get too
near the edge of an excavation and cause the side to cave in, or when in tipping materials
over the edge the driver approaches too close and cannot stop in time.

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 2. The precautions are barriers, banksmen and fixed stops.
3. Construction vehicles are often basically unstable and liable to overturn, and it is
therefore important not to turn at an excessive speed.
4. Vehicles such as tractors and lift trucks should be equipped with protection to prevent the
driver being hit by falling objects and from being thrown from the cab in the event of
overturning.

Loading

1. Loads within the capacity of the vehicle should be evenly distributed and properly
secured, and should not project beyond the plan area of the vehicle.
2. If some degree of projection is unavoidable, it should be clearly shown by the attachment
of flags.
3. Uneven loading can cause a loss of control when cornering or braking, and insecure loads
may swerve or fall off the vehicle during travel. The body of a tipper lorry should always
be lowered before you drive off.

CRANES

Before a crane is used on site, consider all the factors that could affect its safe use, such as:

1. the weight, size and type of load it will have to lift;

2. the maximum reach or radius required of it; restrictions on use such as overhead power
lines, the state of the site and the type of ground;
3. the need for trained operators and signalers.

Erection

Both the erection and dismantling of cranes should be done by skilled workers under the
immediate direction of a competent and experienced supervisor. The manufacturers’ instructions
should be closely followed.

Signaling

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Crane operators and signalers must be over the age of 18 and trained and sufficiently
experienced. There should always be a signaler, or a signaling system such as a telephone, if the
crane operator cannot see the load throughout the lift. Hand signals should be clear and distinct
and should follow a recognized code or system.

Overloading

Overloading, causing vital parts to be stressed beyond rated capacities, can easily occur when
neither the operator nor the supervisor is able to estimate the weight of material to be lifted,
which is likely in the case of odd-shaped items. An operator who is not properly trained may then
lower a load at too high a speed so that when the brake is abruptly applied the jib snaps. All
cranes should be marked with their safe working load which must not be exceeded during the use
of the crane. In the case of cranes with a derricking jib, that is with a variable operating radius,
the safe working load should be shown for every radius of the jib. Winches and pulley blocks
should be similarly marked.

Safe Load Indicators

The safe load indicator is an aid to safe crane operation but does not guarantee it. If you are
lifting a load that you know or believe to be close to the safe working load, do not proceed
immediately to a full lift. Rather raise the load a short distance and stop to check the stability of
the crane before continuing with the lift. If a load is allowed to swing or is lowered rapidly, the
radius of the jib may be increased unintentionally by flexing of the jib. Some indicators operate
also as an overload cut-out. Never bypass the indicator to lift an overload.

Inspection and Maintenance

Cranes should be tested and examined by a competent person before they are used on a
construction site, operator checks, and maintenance should be followed and any damage or
defect should be reported to the supervisor. Never use a crane if you think it unsafe. Particularly
susceptible components are wire ropes, brakes and safety devices. The constant contact of wire
ropes with the sheaves on the jib accelerates wear. Brakes are in constant use and need to be
checked, adjusted or renewed regularly. Safe load indicators and other safety devices such as
overload cut-outs and limit switches are often susceptible to breakdown under site conditions and
are sometimes deliberately disconnected.

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HOISTS

The principal dangers are of falling down the hoist way from a landing on the platform, being
struck by the platform or other moving parts, and being hit by materials falling down the hoist
way.

Erection

The erection, extension and dismantling of hoists is a specialized job and you should carry it out
only under the charge of a competent supervisor. The tower or mast of the static hoist needs to be
securely tied to a building or scaffold and maintained vertical, so that no undue stress is imposed
on the tower, with consequent misalignment and interference with the platform. Mobile hoists
should be used only to a maximum height of 18 m unless a greater height is specified by the
manufacturer.

Enclosure

A substantial enclosure should be erected at ground level around the hoist way to a height of at
least 2 m. It should have suitable gates giving access to the platform. The remainder of the hoist
way should be enclosed (e.g. with wire mesh) throughout its height sufficiently to contain falling
material within the enclosure. Gates should be fitted at every landing level where access to the
platform is needed, and you must keep the gates closed except when you are actually loading and
unloading at that level.

Safety devices

An overrun device should be fitted just above the highest platform position required, or near the
top of the mast. An arrestor device should be fitted to support the platform, fully loaded, in the
event of failure of the hoist rope or driving gear. There should be at least three turns of rope on
the winch-drum when the platform is in its lowest position.

Operation

To prevent the hoist operator, who should be trained and aged at least 18, from moving the
platform while someone is trying to load or unload materials, the controls need to be set up so
that the hoist can be operated from one position only. Make sure that from this position the
operator can see all landing levels clearly. If this is not possible, a signaling system must be used

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during loading and unloading. There should be overhead protection for the operator if, as is
usually the case, he or she is at ground level.

Loads

The platform should be clearly marked with its safe working load and the platform should not be
overloaded. Barrows should not be overfilled, and their wheels should be chocked or secured so
that they cannot move about on the hoist platform while it is moving. Loose bricks or other
materials should never be carried on an open hoist platform. No one should be allowed to ride on
the platform and there should be a notice on the platform forbidding riding.

Testing and examination

Every hoist should be tested and examined after installation, and checks made on the arrester and
overrun devices. Weekly recorded checks should then be made by a competent person.

GIN OR PULLEY WHEELS

Safety Precautions

1. if liquid is transported in a bucket, there should always be a cover;

2. when you are hoisting the bucket, always use gloves to protect your hands;
3. if the height of the pulley is over 5 m, a ratchet and pawl mechanism should be
considered;
4. where the pulley is mounted near the edge of a roof or floor, guard-rails and toe boards
are required;
5. if two or more of you are lifting, one should give instructions to ensure that the team
works together.

MANUAL HANDLING

When approaching the problem of safe manual handling of materials there are three important
questions you should ask:

1. Can mechanical equipment be used in place of manual handling?

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 2. Can the load be lightened or suitably shaped for manual handling?
3. Have you been trained in proper methods of lifting and carrying?

Lifting and Carrying

General Precautions:

1. putting the load on wheels if you can instead of carrying it;

2. using mechanical handling equipment if you have been trained to use it;
3. wearing the right equipment for the job such as safety boots,
4. checking the weight of the load before lifting;
5. not lifting loads higher than is necessary;
6. checking that there are no overhead power lines or obstructions when you are carrying a
long load such as scaffold tubes or reinforcing rods;
7. removing or securing loose objects on the load;
8. getting assistance if the load is too heavy or awkward for you to handle on your own;
9. making sure that there is a clear walkway to your destination and a safe stacking place.

Lifting Technique:

1. Stand close to the load on a firm footing and with feet about 30 cm apart.
2. Bend the knees and keep your back as straight as you can.
3. Take a firm grip on the load.
4. Breathe in and throw the shoulders backwards.
5. Straighten the legs, continuing to keep the back as straight as you can.
6. Make sure that your view is not obstructed by the load.
7. Keep the load close to the body.
8. Lift slowly and smoothly.
9. When carrying a load, avoid twisting the spine to turn; move your feet instead.
10. If two or more of you are lifting, one should give instructions to ensure that the team
works together.

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HAND TOOLS

Selection, Use and Maintenance

There are basic considerations in selecting, using, and maintaining hand tools:

1. avoid static load at the shoulder or arm due to the continuous holding of a tool at a raised
position or the gripping of a heavy tool;
2. avoid awkward wrist angles while using tools such as snips and pliers;
3. reduce uncomfortable pressure on the palm or joints of the hand, e.g. from pliers that are
too small;
4. select the correct weight, size and tool for the job;
5. use only tools of good-quality steel
6. tools made of inferior steel chip and may even shatter when struck, tool heads mushroom,
tool jaws open out and cutting tools lose their edge;
7. handles should have a smooth finish, should be easy to grasp and should have no sharp
edges or corners;
8. tools should be firmly fixed and should be regularly checked for splits and cracks;
wedges should be checked for tightness of fit;
9. tools should be kept free of grease and dirt, and moving and adjustable parts should be
well oiled;
10. cutting edges should be kept sharp for accurate working and to avoid the need for
unnecessary pressure;
11. for work on or near electrical apparatus only properly insulated tools should be used;
12. tools should be properly stored in boxes, racks, holders or pocket belts and should not be
left so that they can fall, roll or be tripped over; cutting edges should be sheathed;
13. damaged tools should be immediately repaired or replaced.

POWER DRIVEN MACHINERY

Safety Precautions

1. all protective devices and safety measures supplied with the machine are in position,
adjusted and working;
2. the machine appears to be safe to use even for an inattentive worker;

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 3. safety devices are strong enough to withstand wear from ordinary use; and
4. safety devices do not prevent efficient use of the machine.

Circular Saws

1. The top of the blade should be covered by a form of hood which is designed to prevent
your hands touching the part of the blade above the wood being cut. It should be adjusted
at the front or leading edge of the saw so that it almost touches the surface of the material
being cut, leaving no space for a hand to pass through. Behind the blade and set not more
than 12 mm from it at bench level, should be fitted the device called the riving knife. This
prevents the cut closing on the back of the blade causing the material to be thrown back
at the operator.
2. Parallel to the blade is the fence which acts as a support and guide for the wood being
sawn and allows a true cut to be made. It should be locked securely in position before the
cut is made.
3. When hand-feeding material to the saw blade, use a push-stick to keep your hands away
from the blade. Use the push-stick also to remove the cut pieces from between the blade
and the fence and to remove offcuts from the bench. When you are ripping long lengths
of material, they should be supported as they come off the table.
4. Always keep the saw teeth sharp and properly set. A dull blade is much more likely to
break than a sharp one. Never use a blade which is defective in any way.

Cartridge Operated Tools

1. Cartridge-operated tools, which are used for direct fixing to concrete, brick and steel,
should be fitted with a guard which does not allow the tool to be fired until the guard is
accurately positioned against the work.
2. Head and eye, and hearing protection should always be worn. The area around the fixing
should be cleared of workers in case the material splinters or there is a rejection or a
ricochet of the fixing. Firing against too soft or thin material may allow the fixing to
penetrate it and injure someone on the opposite side.
3. The recoil from firing the tool may cause the operator to lose balance – it should never be
used from a ladder.

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Compressed Air Tools

1. If air under compression is allowed to penetrate the skin through a scratch, it can cause
painful swelling and may result in serious damage if directed at the eyes, nose or ears.
2. The most common cause of accidents with compressed air is its use to dust off clothing at
the end of a working shift. There are also serious injuries caused by workers directing
compressed air at a colleague in horseplay.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Fire and explosion from sparks in flammable atmospheres and radiation from electric arc
welding or microwave heating are also possible causes of injury.

Electrical Shock

It is the voltage that determines the current through the body. Since reduced voltage reduces the
severity of electric shock, it is common sense to use reduced voltage of 110 V wherever possible.

The main causes of electric shock are as follows:

1. the earth or ground wire becomes disconnected from its plug terminal and touches a live
terminal so that the metal case becomes live;
2. wrong connections are made to terminals on the plug or the equipment;
3. damaged or missing covers on fuse and terminal boxes, or on socket outlets, expose bare
live conductors;
4. flexible cables are damaged when they are dragged over sharp surfaces or run over;
5. makeshift repairs are made to flexible cables with insulating tape alone.

Treatment for electric shock

1. Switch off the current, but if this is not possible free the victim by using something that is
non-conductive, long, clean and dry such as a piece of wood or rubber, or a piece of cloth
such as a jacket.
2. Stand on nonconductive material such as a dry piece of wood when carrying out this
effort. Do not touch the victim before the current is turned off.

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 3. If the victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, send for help and call a doctor.
Continue artificial respiration until the doctor or ambulance arrives.

Safety Precautions for electrical equipment:

1. inspect it for any defects;

2. check that the correct plug and fuse have been fitted
3. never use makeshift connections to equipment, or to plugs, by sticking bare wires into
sockets or contacts;
4. check that the insulation covering wires and cables is not worn or broken;
5. check that there is a good electrical connection at each joint of the earthing system.

Portable electrical tools and equipment

1. there is no damage to the portable leads and plugs

2. they are subject to heavy wear on construction sites;
3. there is a correct fuse; – the tool is set at the right speed for the job;
4. leads and cables are kept out of the way of other workers and are not in contact with
water.

WELDING AND CUTTING

Electrical Arc Welding

1. The welder and anyone assisting should wear suitable protective goggles or use a face
mask or shield to protect the eyes and face from invisible ultraviolet and infrared rays
given off by the welding arc.
2. Goggles must also be worn when carrying out weld chipping to protect the eyes from
flying pieces of slag.
3. The welder should wear protective gloves long enough to protect wrists and forearms
against heat, sparks, molten metal and radiation. Leather is a good insulator.
4. The welder should wear high-top boots to prevent sparks from entering footwear.
5. The work area should be screened off with sturdy opaque or translucent materials so that
other workers cannot see the arc.

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 6. The workpiece should be well earthed, and all equipment should be earthed and
insulated.
7. Precautions should be taken against starting fires from sparks from the work area:
burning particles can start a fire 20 m away.

Gas Welding

1. The cylinders should be stored separately since any mixture from gas leakages could be
highly explosive.
2. They should be kept away from any source of heat and shielded from direct sunlight.
3. If not stored outdoors, the storage must be well ventilated.
4. The cylinders in use should be retained upright in a rack or trolley and not left free-
standing.
5. All joints, especially on the cylinders, should be kept tight.
6. If an acetylene cylinder becomes accidentally heated, shut off the valves, raise the alarm,
clear the area of personnel, apply water (if possible, totally immerse) and send for the fire
brigade.

Fumes

Welding in a confined space, the use of some types of welding rod, or welding on certain painted
metals may cause an accumulation of toxic gases and fumes. If local ventilation cannot be
arranged, the welder should be provided with respiratory protection and a supply of fresh air.
Welding carried out on metals covered with alloys of lead, cadmium, mercury or zinc may lead
to a build-up of dangerous fumes requiring exhaust ventilation. Fumes may also be produced
from paint and plastic on the surface being welded, and they should first be cleaned off.

LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

Storage

1. Where LPG cylinders are stored on site, it should be in an open-air compound at ground
level surrounded by a fence at least 2 m high; there should be sufficient shelter to prevent
cylinders being exposed to extremes of temperature.

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 2. There should be no excavations, drains or basements nearby.
3. The compound floor should be paved or compacted level, and kept clear of flammable
material, weeds or rubbish.
4. Cylinders should be kept at least 1.5 m from the compound fence and 3 m from the site
boundary.
5. Cylinders should never be stored below ground level or closer than 3 m to cylinders
containing oxygen or materials which are toxic or corrosive, e.g. ammonia or chlorine.
6. There should be notices stating “LPG – Highly flammable” and prohibiting smoking and
naked lights.
7. Cylinders, full or empty, should be stored upright with the valve uppermost.
8. The valves of empty cylinders should be kept closed, for if they are left open, air will
diffuse into the cylinder and may form an explosive mixture.
9. There should be a dry powder fire extinguisher at the store.

Handling

1. A damaged or leaking valve can have serious consequences.

2. When cylinders are not in use, valves and regulators should be protected by appropriate
caps.
3. When moving cylinders use trolleys, skids or mats and never lift by the valve assemblies.
4. Before using a cylinder, ensure that all joints are gas tight by using soapy water and a
brush.
5. If a leak is detected, move the cylinder as soon as possible to an open space and inform
your supervisor at once.
6. Cylinders used for heating huts should be kept outside the building.
7. If, when lighting a burner, the match or taper goes out before the burner ignites, turn off
the burner valve before lighting another match or taper.

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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

The routes into your body are by:

1. inhalation or breathing in. This is the most important route of entry. Some toxic gases and
vapors cause irritation in the nose and throat and so give warning of their presence; others
do not and penetrate to the lungs or blood stream. It is the smallest dust particles, those
not visible to the naked eye, which reach furthest into the lungs. Inhaled dust accumulates
in the lungs, producing changes and causing an incurable disease called
“pneumoconiosis”. Breathlessness and inability to work are the eventual consequence.
Some dusts such as quartz and asbestos destroy the lung tissue and may lead to the
development of tuberculosis or cancer;
2. ingestion or swallowing. This is possible when you handle chemicals such as lead based
paints and then eat or smoke without first washing your hands, when toxic vapors
contaminate cups, plates or eating utensils, or when you eat meals at the work site;
3. absorption through the skin. Some solvents can be absorbed through the skin into the
blood stream and may travel to internal organs such as the brain and liver.

Preventative Measures

1. Substitute the chemical with a harmless or less hazardous one.

2. Enclose the process using the chemical or provide other engineering controls such as
exhaust ventilation; this is often difficult in construction processes.
3. Use personal protective equipment (PPE).
4. Keep containers of chemicals in a separate and secure store.
5. Because two containers look the same, do not assume that they contain the same material.
6. Make sure there is a label on the container if there is no label, then do not use the
contents.
7. Some chemical hazards are easy to see or smell. However, there are also chemicals that
you cannot see or smell, and which therefore present an extreme danger.
8. Read the label and make sure you understand what it says, then follow the instructions.

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 9. If the information is not sufficient to tell you how to handle the chemical safely, ask your
supervisor for the chemical safety data sheet and do not use the chemical until you have
seen it; if you do not understand it, ask questions until you do.
10. Check that you are wearing the correct PPE before you handle chemicals (the chemical
safety data sheet should say whether you need gloves, eye protection, protective clothing,
rubber boots or respirators) and that the equipment is in good order.
11. When opening containers, hold a rag over the cap or lid as some volatile liquids tend to
spurt up when this is released; transfer the contents of containers in the open air.
12. Avoid breathing in any fumes from chemicals. Provide good ventilation, or work in the
open air. Leave the work area immediately if you feel dizzy or unwell.
13. If you are using large quantities of solvents, wear impermeable clothing. Remove any
clothing wetted by solvents and leave it to dry in a well-ventilated place.
14. Use the smallest quantity of chemicals that is necessary for the particular job.
15. Eye protection should be worn when chemicals are being moved or transferred on site.
16. When mixing or pouring chemicals using temporary containers, make sure they are
suitable and correctly labelled. Never use food or drink containers.
17. Wash before you eat and do not eat or smoke at your workstation.
18. If the skin is splashed with a chemical, it should be rinsed immediately with plenty of
clean running water. Eyes should be flushed out thoroughly with water and should
receive immediate medical attention.
19. If you are burned by a chemical, or feel unwell after using a chemical, seek medical
attention without delay.
20. If there is a spillage of chemicals on the ground or floor, report the matter at once so that
the right action can be taken, such as soaking it up with dry sand.

Highly Flammable Chemical

The following precautions should be followed when handling or using them:

1. Study the label and the instructions on the chemical safety data sheet about safe handling
and first-aid measures.

27
 2. Remember that all flammable liquids give off vapors which travel unseen into the air and
are easily ignited. Never smoke if there are flammable chemicals in the area. Find out
what action to take in the case of fire.
3. Keep containers in the store until required for use and return them there when you have
finished with them. Store drums upright.
4. Treat empty drums with as much care as full ones – they will still contain flammable
vapor. – Always transfer the contents of large containers to small containers in the open
air.
5. Use funnels and spouts to prevent spillage. Soak up any spillage with dry sand and
remove the contaminated sand to a safe place in the open air.
6. If you cannot avoid using highly flammable liquids in an enclosed area, make sure there
is an adequate supply of fresh air. This can usually be achieved by opening windows and
doors to the full. If it is necessary to use a fan, check that the fan is electrically safe to use
in a flammable atmosphere.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

An MSDS must give the following information:

1. Substance name, both chemical and common;

2. Chemical and physical characteristics, including appearance and odor;
3. Physical and health hazards;
4. Primary routes of entry into the body;
5. Recommended and required exposure limits;
6. Known control measures;
7. Measures to protect workers during use or cleanup of the substance;
8. First-aid measures to be used in case of accidental exposure;
9. Name, address and telephone number of the responsible MSDS preparer or distributor,
and the date prepared.

Labelling

1. The substance’s chemical and common names;

2. Physical and health hazards, including target organs;

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 3. Manufacturer’s or distributor’s name and address.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

Cement

The following precautions should be taken:

1. Avoid breathing in cement dust, as well dust created by the surface treatment of hardened
concrete which may contain a high silica content, by wearing suitable respiratory
protective equipment.
2. Protect the skin from contact by wearing long-sleeved clothing and full-length trousers,
with rubber boots and gloves when required.
3. Protect the eyes; if any cement gets into the eyes, rinse them immediately with plenty of
warm water.
4. Immediately wash off any dust or freshly mixed cement that gets on to the skin.
5. Clean off your clothing and boots after work.

Asbestos

Methods of limiting exposure to asbestos dust include:

1. removing asbestos materials before starting major demolition work. This prevents
accidental exposure to asbestos;
2. wet methods of removal (to suppress dust);
3. prompt removal and bagging of waste asbestos, and disposal at an approved waste
disposal site;
4. separating asbestos work areas from other general work areas.

Lead

Working with lead in any form, take the following precautions:

1. Wash your hands regularly, and always before eating; you are at higher risk if you smoke
with lead on your hands.

29
 2. Use the protective clothing and respiratory protective equipment which should be
provided whenever lead levels exceed national control limits.
3. Wear work clothing on the job and store your “street” clothing where it cannot be
contaminated by your work clothing.
4. Wash thoroughly and if possible, change out of work clothing before you leave the site,
otherwise you may be taking dangerous dust and dirt into your home.

NOISE AND VIBRATION

There are several steps that can be taken on site to reduce noise:

1. Check that exhaust outlets are fitted with silencers or mufflers, and do not keep
machinery running unnecessarily.
2. Keep compressor motor covers closed when they are running.
3. Check that concrete breaker mufflers and similar devices are securely fitted.
4. Check that machinery panels are secured and do not rattle.
5. Ensure that sound-insulating screens are provided to reduce noise from stationary plant,
and that where practicable noisy machinery is sited behind earth mounds or brick stacks
to isolate or screen it as far as possible.

Hearing Protection

1. remember that noise which is continuous at a level of 85-90 decibels (dB(A)) or more is
injurious to hearing;
2. appropriate earmuffs or ear plugs if you work with or near a noisy machine and make
sure they fit properly and are comfortable;
3. wear them all the time you are in a noisy part of the site;
4. keep your hearing protection clean and in a safe place when you are not using it;
5. insert ear plugs with clean hands;
6. look out for damage: if the earmuffs no longer fit properly or the seals have become hard
or damaged, ask for a replacement.

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Vibration

Many noisy machines or hand-operated tools also transmit vibrations to the body – pneumatic
rock drills or concrete breakers are common examples. In this way they can injure muscles and
joints and affect blood circulation causing what is known as ‘‘white finger disease”. When using
these tools you should wear gloves, which help to cushion the vibrations.

HEAT EXPOSURE

It is helpful to learn how to keep the body cool:

1. Keep out of direct sunlight as much as possible.

2. Avoid unnecessary quick movements.
3. Ensure that there is air circulation in operators’ cabins.
4. Avoid wearing tight clothes or those which prevent evaporation of perspiration such as
some plastic materials.
5. Take cool drinks regularly to replace moisture lost through perspiration.
6. Add salt to food or eat food that contains natural salt.
7. Find a shady place for rest pauses.
8. If the urine you pass is less than usual and strong and dark in colour, you are not drinking
enough water to replace loss through perspiration.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Head Protection

1. Safety helmets protect the head effectively against most of these hazards, and you should
wear a helmet whenever you are on site and particularly when you are in an area where
overhead work is going on.
2. These areas, known as “hard-hat areas”, should be clearly marked with safety signs at
entrances and other suitable places.
3. The same rule applies to managers, supervisors and visitors.
4. Only safety helmets which have been tested to national or international standards should
be used.

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 5. A chin-strap on the helmet prevents it from failing off and should be used when
appropriate.

Foot Protection

1. light, low-cut leather safety shoes for climbing jobs;

2. normal safety shoes or boots for heavy-duty work;
3. rubber or plastic safety wellingtons or gumboots which provide protection against
corrosive substances, chemicals and water.

Hand and Skin Protection

Among the common hazardous tasks where hand protection should be provided are:

1. operations involving contact with rough, sharp or jagged surfaces;

2. contact with or splashes from hot, corrosive or toxic substances such as bitumen and
resins;
3. working with vibratory machines such as pneumatic drills where some cushioning of the
vibrations is desirable;
4. electrical work in humid and cold weather.

Safety Precautions:

1. In addition to gloves, use barrier creams.

2. Wear long-sleeved shirts, full-length trousers and rubber boots.

Eye Protection

Eye injuries occur as a result of flying material, dust or radiation when the following jobs are
being carried out:

1. breaking, cutting, drilling, dressing or laying of stone, concrete and brickwork with hand
or power tools;
2. chipping and dressing painted or corroded surfaces;
3. cutting off or cutting out cold rivets and bolts;
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 4. dry grinding of surfaces with power grinders; – welding and cutting of metals.

Personal eye protection (goggles, safety glasses or shields) is the only practical solution.

Respiratory Protection

On construction sites there are often tasks where harmful dust, mist or gas may be present, such
as: – rock crushing and handling.

1. sandblasting;
2. dismantling buildings containing asbestos insulation;
3. welding or cutting materials with coatings containing zinc, lead, nickel or cadmium; –
paint spraying;
4. blasting.

The simplest masks are disposable paper types. Remember that these are only effective against
nuisance dusts.

Choice of respirator

1. for protection against airborne particles, e.g. stone dust, with a coarse filter fitted in the
cartridge (note, these filters have a specific lifetime and should be changed as necessary);
2. for protection against gases and fumes, e.g. when using paints containing solvents, with a
filter containing activated carbon;
3. a combination filter containing both a dust and a gas filter. Cartridges must be replaced
regularly.

Safety Harness

A safety harness and its lanyard must:

1. limit your fall to a drop of not more than 2 m by means of an inertia device;
2. be strong enough to support your weight;
3. be attached to a strong structure through a firm anchorage point above the place at which
you are working.
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ONSITE EMERGENCIES

First Aid

When there is an accident on site and someone is hurt, you can help by:

1. calling for help from someone on site trained in first aid, or in cases of severe injury by
calling an ambulance;
2. preventing others (including yourself) from being injured from the same cause;
3. providing life-saving first aid, even if you are not a trained first-aider;
4. reporting the accident at once to your supervisor.

Emergency Action

1. check breathing: turn an unconscious person from his or her back to the side to prevent
choking on the tongue; be cautious, keeping in mind the possibility of a neck injury;
2. provide artificial respiration if breathing has stopped, using the mouth-to-mouth method;
3. stop heavy bleeding by direct pressure on the wound and by raising the injured limb (do
not try to use a tourniquet);
4. cool a burn with water for some ten minutes, never with anything else
5. extinguish burning clothing by rolling the person on the ground or wrapping them in a
blanket;
6. flush a burn from corrosives, or contamination of the eyes from any chemical, with water
for at least ten minutes;
7. treat shock by lying the injured person on his or her side; loosen any tight clothing and
cover the person with a blanket to keep him or her warm;
8. immobilize a broken limb by bandaging it to two sticks if no splint is available; even
tightly rolled newspaper will do.

You should not:

1. move an injured person except to remove him or her from danger;

2. remove any foreign object embedded in the body;
3. give the person anything to drink – you may moisten the lips and tongue if asked to;
4. move a broken limb.

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FIRE PRECAUTIONS

Class A combustibles

These include common combustible materials (wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and plastics) that can
act as fuel and are found in non-specialized areas, such as offices. To handle Class A
combustibles safely the onsite superintendent will ensure the following happens:

1. Dispose of waste daily.

2. Keep trash in metal-lined receptacles with tight-fitting covers. Metal wastebaskets that are
emptied every day do not need to be covered.

3. Keep work areas clean and free of fuel paths that could allow a fire to spread.

4. Keep combustibles away from accidental ignition sources, such as hot plates, soldering irons,
or other heat- or spark-producing devices.

5. Store paper stock in metal cabinets.

6. Store rags in metal bins with self-closing lids.

7. Do not order excessive amounts of combustibles.

8. Frequently inspect areas where combustibles are kept.

Water, multi-purpose dry chemical (ABC), and halon 1211 are approved fireextinguishing agents
for Class A combustibles.

Class B combustibles

These include flammable and combustible liquids (oils, greases, tars, oil-based paints, and
lacquers), flammable gases, and flammable aerosols. To handle Class B combustibles safely:

1. Use only approved pumps, taking suction from the top, to dispense liquids from tanks, drums,
barrels, or similar containers (or use approved self-closing valves or faucets).

35
2. Do not dispense Class B flammable liquids into containers unless the nozzle and container are
electrically interconnected by contact or a bonding wire. Either the tank or container must be
grounded.

3. Store, handle, and use Class B combustibles only in approved locations where vapors are
prevented from reaching ignition sources, such as heating or electric equipment, open flames, or
mechanical or electric sparks.

4. Do not use a flammable liquid as a cleaning agent inside a building. The only exception is in a
closed machine approved for cleaning with flammable liquids.

5. Do not use, handle, or store Class B combustibles near exits, stairs, or other areas normally
used as exits.

6. Do not weld, cut, grind, or use unsafe electrical appliances or equipment near Class B
combustibles.

7. Do not generate heat, allow an open flame, or smoke near Class B combustibles.

8. Know the location of and how to use the nearest portable fire extinguisher rated for Class B
fire.

Do not use water to extinguish Class B fires caused by flammable liquids. Water can cause
burning liquid to spread, making the fire worse. To extinguish a fire caused by flammable
liquids, exclude the air around the burning liquid. The following fire-extinguishing agents are
approved for Class B combustibles: carbon dioxide, multi-purpose dry chemical (ABC), halon
1301, and halon 1211.

Every worker on the construction site shall know:

1. Locations of fire extinguishers;

2. How to operate fire extinguishers and the hazards involved with the beginning stage of
firefighting;
3. Classifications of fire extinguishers and classes of fires;
4. Location of telephone and how to call the fire department;

36
 5. How to make sure that a used fire extinguisher has been recharged before it is returned to
its holder;
6. Who to notify that the extinguisher has been used and needs recharging.

Emergency Action Plan

The elements of this plan include:

1. Emergency-escape procedures and emergency escape-route assignments;

2. Procedures for employees who remain to operate critical equipment before they evacuate;
3. Procedures to account for all employees after an emergency evacuation;
4. Rescue and medical duties for employees who perform them;
5. The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies;
6. Names and job titles of persons who can be contacted for further information or
explanation of duties under this plan.

Fire alarms

In the event of a fire, means should be available for calling the fire department quickly. Post
signs instructing personnel how and where to turn on an alarm, whether it is by telephone, siren
or horn. Finally, always make sure firefighters have easy access to all parts of the project.

37
REFERENCES

ILO Safety, health and welfare on construction sites: A training manual Geneva, International
Labour Office, 1995. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---
protrav/---safework/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_110237.pdf (Accessed: 27 July
2023).
Construction environment, Safety & Health manual - NREL. Available at:
https://www.nrel.gov/about/assets/pdfs/construction-ehs-manual.pdf (Accessed: 27 July 2023).

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