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Communication 101

The document provides an overview of communication principles and ethics. It discusses the communication process, including the elements of communication like sender, receiver, message, channel, and feedback. It also covers common communication models such as the linear, interactive, and transactional models. Additionally, it outlines key communication principles including that communication involves symbols, requires meaning, is culture and context dependent, and is both presentational and representational. Finally, it discusses ethics in communication and qualities of mindful communication.

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Edgar Vergara Camoro
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34 views

Communication 101

The document provides an overview of communication principles and ethics. It discusses the communication process, including the elements of communication like sender, receiver, message, channel, and feedback. It also covers common communication models such as the linear, interactive, and transactional models. Additionally, it outlines key communication principles including that communication involves symbols, requires meaning, is culture and context dependent, and is both presentational and representational. Finally, it discusses ethics in communication and qualities of mindful communication.

Uploaded by

Edgar Vergara Camoro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Process,

Principles, and Ethics


An excerpt from Fundamentals of Communication
in Essence and Essentials of Purposive
Communication in the 21st Century (Dapat &
Chang, 2018)
Lesson 1

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
What is Communication?
□ exchange of thoughts, feelings,
expressions, and observations among
people
□ builds human relationships
□ transmission of messages
□ verbal
□ non-verbal
The Communication Process

□ stimuli □ speaker □ channel

□ listener □ feedback
Elements of Communication
□ Sender
□ Receiver
□ Message
□ Channel
□ Noise
□ Situation
□ Feedback
Elements of Communication
The SENDER (speaker) holds an idea that
needs to be conveyed as a message in
oral or written form influenced by
experiences, knowledge, skills, situation,
purpose, and attitude toward self and
listener.
Elements of Communication
The RECEIVER (listener) decodes the
conveyed message; filters the message
based on his/her frame of reference,
which includes the level of knowledge,
about the subject, language proficiency,
experiences, values, and attitudes.
Elements of Communication
The MESSAGE is any idea delivered by
the sender to the receiver. A message
can be in verbal form and with
nonverbal content.
Elements of Communication
The CHANNEL is the medium or means
through which the message is
transmitted. The primary channels in
face-to-face communication are sound
and sight. Other channels communicate
nonverbal messages through the use of
other human senses.
Elements of Communication
The NOISE is also known as the barrier
that affects the message from being
sent, received, or understood. Noise is
classified in the following forms:
□ Physical noise
□ Physiological noise
□ Semantic noise
□ Psychological noise
Elements of Communication
The SITUATION (setting) is the time and
place in which communication occurs.
Communication adapts to the setting.
Elements of Communication
The FEEDBACK is the receiver’s message
that he or she sends to the source in
response to the sender’s message.
Feedback can be in the form of verbal
or nonverbal response.
Elements of Communication
□ Sender
□ Receiver
□ Message
□ Channel
□ Noise
□ Situation
□ Feedback
Communication Models

□ Linear Communication Model

□ Interactive Communication Model

□ Transactional Communication Model


Communication Models
LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
This is the basic concept of
communication where a speaker simply
transmits a message to the listener
(Shannon & Weaver, 1949).

Linear Communication Model (Dapat, Sadorra, & Lumabi, 2016)


Communication Models
LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
Dapat, Sadorra and Lumabi (2016) have
given the following characteristics of the
simplest model of communication:
a. It is a unidirectional model.
b. It presents a simple communication
act.
Communication Models
LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
Dapat, Sadorra and Lumabi (2016) have
given the following characteristics of the
simplest model of communication:
c. It involves persuasion, not mutual
understanding.
d. It values psychological effects over
social effects.
Communication Models
INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL
This model recognizes the involvement of
more than one participant at the same
time using two-directional
communication (Schramm, 1954).

Interactive Communication Model (Lorente et al., 2017)


Communication Models
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
The transactional model generates social
expectancies in communal, relative, and
ethnic contexts among communicators.
Communication Models
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
The transactional model is a more
complex understanding of
communication because it considers
social, relational, and cultural contexts
and their influence to the
communication.
Communication Models
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
Social context refers to the stated rules or
unstated norms that guide
communication. Some common rules
influence social contexts, which serve as
reminders to students where there could
be consequences for not following them.
Communication Models
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
Relational context refers to the social
history and relationship between or
among people. Initial interactions among
people are more predictable and ruled
by norms, but in relational context, people
are more flexible whether to follow or to
get away from these social customs.
Communication Models
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
Cultural context incorporates the aspects
of human identity specifically the sexual
characteristics, ethnic group, way of life,
sexual orientation, social class, and skill.
Let’s play!
Conflict Scenario Presentation Rubric

□ Problem-Solving 25 %

□ Focus on Task 25 %

□ Working with Others 25 %

□ Attitude 25 %
Conflict Resolution Methods
1. Deal with each conflict as it arises. Do
not try to ignore it; it will probably
fester and become worse if not dealt
with early.
Conflict Resolution Methods
2. Present the conflict as evidence that
people are involved and excited
about their work, and that they are
showing a passionate commitment to
what they are doing.
Conflict Resolution Methods
3. Confront the issue as a problem to be
solved. Focus on working together to
solve the problem.
4. Do not engage in blaming or
character assassination.
5. Be open-minded and fair by listening
to all sides of the issue.
Conflict Resolution Methods
6. Insist on criticism being given
appropriately and constructively.
7. Make sure everyone in the group
understands all sides of the issue by
having them repeat or write down
what they believe the arguments to
be.
8. Brainstorm to find solutions or
compromises.
Lesson 2

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Communication Principles
1. Communication involves symbols
2. Communication requires meaning
3. Communication is culture related
4. Communication is relational
5. Communication involves frames
6. Communication is both presentational
and representational
7. Communication is a transaction
1. Communication involves symbols

□ Communication involves arbitrary


representation of something else – an
object, an idea, a place, a person, a
relationship, a word, a movement, a
sound, a picture, a logo, a gesture, or a
mark.
2. Communication requires meaning

□ Communication requires that symbols


convey meaning: What a symbol
represents is said to be its meaning.
□ Because symbols are completely
arbitrary, they have the potential for
multiple meanings, which is subject to
change such as the following:
2. Communication requires meaning

a. Social construction of meaning involves the


way in which symbols take on meaning in a
social context or society as they are used
over time.
b. Meaning and context may vary.
c. Verbal and non verbal influence on
meaning.
d. Meaning and medium are interconnected.
3. Communication is culture related

□ The diversity of cultures establishes


various assumptions and takes different
knowledge for granted.
□ Ultimately, culture influences
communication while communication
creates and reinforces these cultural
influences.
4. Communication is relational

□ All communication contains both a


content (message) level and a
relational level, which means that, as
well as conveying information, every
message indicates how the sender of a
message and the receiver of the
message are socially and personally
related.
5. Communication involves frames

□ Communication is very complex, but


the use of frames helps people make
sense of things. Frames help people
understand their role in a conversation
and what is expected of them.
6. Communication is both
presentational and representational
□ Representation describes facts or
conveys information; presentation
displays the particular version of the
facts or events. One’s communication
with other people presents them with a
way of looking at the world that is
based on how that person prefers
them to see it.
7. Communication is a transaction

□ Communication is the construction of


shared meanings or understandings
between two (or more) individuals.
Communication creates or brings to
existence something that has never
been there before, such as
relationships, cultures, gender, ethnicity,
sexuality, and even reality.
Lesson 3

COMMUNICATION ETHICS
A communicator should be ...
1. Respectful of their audiences
2. Considerate of the consequences of
their communication
3. Truthful
4. Efficient in using information
5. Watchful on falsified information
6. Respectful of the rights of others to
information
Mindfulness Communication
(Anderson & Tompkins, 2015)

1. Mindful Presence: Focus on the “we,”


not the “me”
2. Mindful Listening: Step in their shoes
3. Mindful Speech: Think before you speak
4. Unconditional Friendliness: Accept
others
5. Mindful Responsiveness: Be in the
moment

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