MAT1320B C ALCULUS I E LIZABETH M ALTAIS

11. Areas and Definite Integrals ( Oct. 18 )

Lec 10 mini review.
⇧ Linear Approximation of f at a: f (x) ⇡ L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a)
⇧ an antiderivative vs. the most general antiderivative
⇧ undoing basic rules of differentiation
⇧ some ideas for undoing less basic rules of differentiation

A REAS

Example 11.1. Let f (x) = (x 1)2 + 1.

What is the area of the region under the graph of f , above the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2 ?
This is not a standard shape, so we do not have an area formula.

¥¥ni:¥*¥n¥n .

f (x) = (x 1)2 + 1 4 rectangles 8 rectangles

usingleftendpoint usingleftendpoint
We can try to estimate the area using several rectangles:
If we use n = 4 rectangles, then each rectangle has width x = 0.5 (this is because we
are chopping the interval [0, 2] into four equal pieces).
If we use n = 8 rectangles instead, then each rectangle has width 0.25 (this is because we
are chopping the interval [0, 2] into eight equal pieces).
For the height of each rectangle, we will use the y-coordinate of f at the appropriate
value of x (for now, we’ll use the x-coordinate at the bottom left corner of each
rectangle).

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1
" #
Estimate of ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
area using ⇡ area of 1st + area of 2nd + area of 3rd + area of 4th
rectangle rectangle rectangle rectangle
4 rectangles
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
B C B C B C B C
B C B C B C B C
0.5 ⇥ f (0) C + B |{z}
= B |{z} 0.5 ⇥ f (0) 0.5 ⇥ f (0)
C + B |{z} 0.5 ⇥ f (0)
C + B |{z} C
@ |{z} A @ |{z} A @ |{z} A @ |{z} A
width height width height width height width height
1st rect. 2nd rect. 3rd rect. 4th rect.
1st rect. 2nd rect. 3rd rect. 4th rect.
= (0.5 ⇥ 2) + (0.5 ⇥ 1.25) + (0.5 ⇥ 1) + (0.5 ⇥ 1.25)
= [2 + 1.25 + 1 + 1.25](0.5) = 2.75

" #
Estimate of ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
area using ⇡ area of 1st
rectangle + area of 2nd
rectangle + area of 3rd
rectangle + area of 4th
rectangle
8 rectangles
⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
area of 5th area of 6th area of 7th area of 8th
+ rectangle + rectangle + rectangle + rectangle
= 0.25 ⇥ f (0) + 0.25 ⇥ f (0.25) + 0.25 ⇥ f (0.5) + 0.25 ⇥ f (0.75)
+ 0.25 ⇥ f (1) + 0.25 ⇥ f (1.25) + 0.25 ⇥ f (1.5) + 0.25 ⇥ f (1.75)
⇥ ⇤
= 1 + 1.5625 + 1.25 + 1.0625 + 1 + 1.0625 + 1.25 + 1.5625 0.25 = 2.6875

General Observations:
If we chopped the interval into even more (thinner) rectangles, we would get better and
better estimates of the actual area.
Using n rectangles, each of width x, where x is the interval length divided by n, we
can estimate the area under any continuous function.
The bigger n gets, the smaller x gets (more rectangles, but they are thinner).
For the height of the ith rectangle, we could just as well have used the x-coordinate at
the bottom right corner of each rectangle, or the x-coordinate at the midpoint of the
rectangles two sides, or some other sample point x⇤i .
The widths of the rectangles did not all have to be equal (but having them all of equal
width made the calculation more straightforward).

General Setup for Approximating Rectangles. ( Riemann sum )

^
1. Choose n ,rectangles you
the # of

~ wanttousetoapproximatethearea .

<
a ,
> 2. subdivide [ a. b) into
the interval
v

nsubintervalseachofequalwidth

2
DX=
by
 • for i=O , 1,2 ,uo.gn,1etxi=atiDX=ati(b#
1 , TIP
atom ... 1

Xz=at3DX Xh -3 Xmz ^
Xn=atnDX
Xz=at2Dx
ii

Xo=at(0)D× f
'

×o=a
⇒
⇒
xn=a+n(b=a )
,=At( 1) DX
×m=¥n
X

* at '*
,⇒⇒×InIab+b¥
, DX
.

• for i= 1,2 , . .
ugh , theilhsubintervalisfxitsx ;]
. thebaseoflhe
ith rectangle

fromeachsubinterval choose asamplepointxztefxi ;]

•
, .

, ,x

• forz --
1,2 , . .
.sn , Wewilluseftxityastheheightoftheith rectangle

• So area TUFKFYDXTFKETDXT .
.tfKn*)D× =§nnf(#)DX

• The sum
,§hfC#)DX iscalledariemannsum

• Possible Sample points ( wecanchooseany # E[xi .is/ifbuthereare

for sample points)
"
ideas
Afew good
"

XF =

Xitdeftendpointofjthsubinlerval ) # imax point "

gives upper rectangle

"
⇒

# =xi (rightendpointofithsubinkwal)
#
min
point
lower
-

"

rectangle
"
⇒
×F=× gives
.TL#Cmidpointofithsubin1erva1 )
D ISTANCES

Whatathiemannsummeansfora Velocity function Nt )

It Zf
'
!Fo÷¥¥¥ItIII :
< I I I
^
1 1 1 1 1 1
at ^
(
the
soweare
distance
estimating
travelled

are¥reotangelAt
duringtheithtime

an
3 subinlerval .

✓
 D EFINITE I NTEGRALS

Let f be a function defined for a  x  b, and divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of
equal width x = (b a)/n. Let x0 = a, x1 , . . . , xn = b be the endpoints of these subintervals,
and let x⇤i be any sample point from the ith subinterval [xi 1 , xi ]. Then the definite integral of f
from a to b is

fabffydx =nhfma ,§fC#b×

provided that this limit exists and gives the same value for all possible choices of sample
points. If it does exist, then we say that f is integrable on [a, b].

Notation for definite integrals and Riemann Sums.

rbistheupper limit
← aandbarethelimitsof integration -
aistnelowerlimit
remind USOFDX ( Delta Greek D)

fbafcxjdyxdxisto
-

Trtkliscalledtheintegrand
ya
integral sign
(Sisanelongatds )
tremindusofthe
EC Sigma =
Greeks ) Thesum .§gfCxi*)D× isapiemannsum

Net Area.
Y^ ← fsibewmeaxinasxiusm

f¥adx=aNreeta=fFs%e
ihamieemnemgnnsvuemheights
.hr#EYoYi5vihneigntsy=fK).**.EmMtH*o*b
total total

Erases
's u :

a
faerfoaf
) X. axis
-

× .

axis

4
 Theorem 11.2. If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite number of jump
Rb
discontinuities on [a, b], then the definite integral a f (x)dx (which is a limit!) exists. That is, f is
integrable on [a, b].

E VALUATING I NTEGRALS

Theorem 11.3. If f is integrable on [a, b], then

Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (xi ) x
a n!1

b a
where x= and xi = a + i x (that is, we can use right endpoints in our Riemann sum).
n
R3
Example 11.4. Evaluate 0
(x3 6x)dx using the (limit) definition. integrand fK)=X3-6×

:D×=bff=3tf=z
a=o b=3
setup
,

.my#y-54ztnisnom*jiqe=fmzIj2=8lq(1
samp1epoint@serightendpointjxExi-atiDx-otzff-3niheightofithrectang1eifCxiy-fC3In7-C3fjP-6C3nij-2.7nB-l8nisoSo3fCx1dx-nhsmaIE.fCxiyax-negziEttnEEt3nHFx-nesmaIfshF-5ffl-nhfmaf8n4Egz3-5n4aEngDCusingbasicpropertiesofsumsjUsingthese2Usefulformu1as-ngmaf8ntyfnnsttf-5n4afnhaH.n

:S;i=mzI

atheism

) 5¥( 1)
-

← wewiybehappywhen ¥0
241=-6.75 *
=
-

welearntheftc
5 .

( Fundamental Theorem of Calculus )

 P ROPERTIES OF THE I NTEGRAL
Rb Ra (
bad bff
DX
Dx=a#n
=
vs
a
f (x)dx = b
f (x)dx .
= -

Ra DX
And
=

a
f (x)dx = 0 =
0
^
near
Rb }c
1. If c 2 , then a
cdx = c(b a) . <
I g%% >

Rb Rb Rb
2./4. a
f (x) ± g(x) dx = a
f (x)dx ± a
g(x)dx

Rb Rb
3. If c 2 , then a
cf (x) dx = c a
f (x)dx

Rc Rb Rc
5. a
f (x)dx = a
f (x)dx + b
f (x)dx

Rb Rb
7. If f (x) g(x) for a  x  b, then a
f (x)dx a
g(x)dx
^
u

##%rfa
Rb
8. If L  f (x)  U for a  x  b, then L(b a)  a
f (x)dx  U (b a) L
<
MM t

If
"

M¥143
a- ⇐

ion a v b

R4 R4⇥ ⇤ R1
Exercise 11.5. If 1
f (x)dx = 5 and 1
2f (x) + 3g(x) dx = 7, find 4
g(x)dx.

7=5
,4(2fH+3gkDdx=2f¥Cx)dx + 3f4g(x)dx=2(5) +35,48kW
⇒
7=10+35,4gHdx ⇒ 5,4gHdx= -1 ⇒
Sjgk )dx= -

A) =L .

S TUDY G UIDE
n
X
⇧ approximating area (or distance) using a Riemann sum: A ⇡ f (x⇤i ) x
i=1

⇧ options for sample point x⇤i : left/right endpoint, midpoint, max/min point
Z b n
X
⇧ definition of the definite integral: f (x)dx = lim f (x⇤i ) x
a n!1
i=1

⇧ net area interpretation of definite integral

⇧ evaluating definite integrals using known sums and properties of integrals
Exercises §5.1, pg. 375 # 3, 5, 13, 15
(Stewart, 8th ed.) §5.2, pg. 388 # 5, 7, 11, 17, 19, 21, 25, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49
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