Dam

Decommissioning
Guidelines

Dam Safety Program

Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural

Resource Operations and Rural
Development

Version 1 - April 2019

Table of Contents
Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ 2
List of Websites ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Dam Removal..................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: Exploring the Option of Dam Decommissioning ......................................................................... 3
2.1 - Environmental................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 - Social ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 - Economics ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 3: Authorization Basics .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 – Environmental Assessment Processes ............................................................................................. 6
3.2 – Water Sustainability Act ................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 – Water Licensing ......................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 - Dam Safety Regulation............................................................................................................... 8
3.3 – Additional Legislation ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.1 – Land Act..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.2 – Federal Fisheries Act ................................................................................................................. 9
3.3.3 – Wildlife Act ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.4 – Provincial Park Use Permit ........................................................................................................ 9
3.3.5 – Easement Agreements ............................................................................................................ 10
Chapter 4: Project Scoping and Preliminary Design Development............................................................ 10
4.1 – Level of Effort ................................................................................................................................. 12
4.2 – Initial Consultation with Regulator ................................................................................................ 12
4.3 – Multiple Dam Owners .................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 – Partial or Full Decommissioning..................................................................................................... 13
4.5 – Services of Qualified Professionals ................................................................................................ 14
4.6 – Preliminary Design Report ............................................................................................................. 15
4.6.1 – Data Collection and Review .................................................................................................... 15
4.6.2 – Field Review ............................................................................................................................ 16
4.6.3 – Form and Content of Preliminary Design Report .................................................................... 16
Chapter 5: Public Consultation, Agency Referrals and First Nations Consultation.................................... 16

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 5.1 - Consultation Objectives .................................................................................................................. 16
5.2 – The Province’s Role ........................................................................................................................ 18
5.2.1 – First Nations Consultation ....................................................................................................... 18
5.2.2 – Government Agency Referrals ................................................................................................ 18
5.3 – Dam Owner’s Role.......................................................................................................................... 18
5.3.1 - Identifying Stakeholders .......................................................................................................... 18
5.3.2 - Public Notice ............................................................................................................................ 18
5.3.3 – Public Engagement.................................................................................................................. 19
5.3.4 – Appropriate Level of Consultation and Accommodation ....................................................... 19
5.3.5 – Documenting Comments ........................................................................................................ 20
5.3.6 – Objections ............................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.7 - Ministerial Decision to Proceed ............................................................................................... 20
Chapter 6: Final Design Report .................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 7: Project Approval........................................................................................................................ 21
Chapter 8: Project Completion ................................................................................................................... 22
8.1 - Residual Works ............................................................................................................................... 22
8.2 - Completion Report and Post-Removal Monitoring ........................................................................ 22
8.2.1 – Construction Completion Report ............................................................................................ 22
8.2.2 - Performance Monitoring ......................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 9: Additional Resources and Reference Material ......................................................................... 24
Appendix A: Permitting and Approvals ............................................................................................. 26
Appendix B: Minimum Design Standards and Considerations ..................................................... 29
1.0 General ............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.0 Structural Removal Limits of Dam ................................................................................................... 31
2.1 Full Decommissioning ...................................................................................................................... 31
2.2 Partial Decommissioning ................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1 Breach Design ............................................................................................................................ 32
2.3 Special Design Considerations ......................................................................................................... 32
2.3.1 Saddle Dams .............................................................................................................................. 33
2.3.2 Water Conveyance Structures .................................................................................................. 33
2.3.3 Appurtenant Structures ............................................................................................................ 34
2.3.4 Channel Reconstruction / Rehabilitation ................................................................................. 34

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 2.3.5 Streamflow Diversion................................................................................................................ 34
2.3.6 Reservoir Sediment Management ............................................................................................ 35
2.4 Emergency Response Planning ........................................................................................................ 35
2.5 Performance Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 37
Appendix C: Decommissioning Plans Checklists .............................................................................. 38
1.0 Preliminary Plan ............................................................................................................................... 38
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 38
1.2 Background Information .................................................................................................................. 38
1.2.1 Description of the Dam: ............................................................................................................ 38
1.2.2 Description of the Reservoir: .................................................................................................... 39
1.2.3 Description of Land Status: ....................................................................................................... 39
1.2.4 Identification of Water Rights Holders ..................................................................................... 39
1.2.5 Identification of Stakeholders: ................................................................................................. 39
1.3 Site Characterization and Field Assessments .................................................................................. 40
1.3.1 Geotechnical / Structural Assessment ..................................................................................... 40
1.3.2 Hydrogeological Assessment .................................................................................................... 40
1.3.3 Preliminary Sediment Management Assessment .................................................................... 40
1.3.4 Hydrology Assessment .............................................................................................................. 41
1.3.5 Fluvial Geomorphology Assessment ........................................................................................ 41
1.3.6 Assessment of Environmental Concerns .................................................................................. 41
1.3.7 Economic and Social Impact Assessment ................................................................................. 42
1.4 Preliminary Design Plans, Drawings and Specifications ................................................................. 43
2.0 - Final Design Report ........................................................................................................................ 44
2.1 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement ............................................................................................ 44
2.2 Engineering Design Plans, Drawing and Specifications............................................................... 44
2.2.1 Sediment Management Plan .................................................................................................... 45
2.2.2 Channel Reconstruction ............................................................................................................ 46
2.3 Site and Channel Rehabilitation Plan .............................................................................................. 46
2.4 Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................................... 47
2.5 Construction Supervision Plan ......................................................................................................... 47
2.6 Performance Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan ........................................................... 48
3.0 Post-Construction Report ................................................................................................................ 48

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Definitions

Attenuation: the reduction in the peak of a hydrograph as it moves downstream, resulting in a broader,
flatter hydrograph.

Crown land: land, whether or not it is covered by water, which is vested in the government.

Dam:
(a) a barrier constructed for the purpose of enabling the storage or diversion of water diverted
from a stream or an aquifer, or both, and
(b) other works that are incidental to or necessary for the barrier described in paragraph (a).

Decision maker, in relation to a decision under the Water Sustainability Act:

(a) the person authorized to make the decision, and
(b) if more than one person is authorized to make that decision, the person who is making or
has made that decision,
whether on application or on the person's own initiative.

Dam decommissioning: to take a dam out of service permanently.

Engineering professional:
(a) a professional engineer as defined in the Engineers and Geoscientists Act, or
(b) a holder of a limited licence under the Engineers and Geoscientists Act that permits the
person to practise professional engineering and who is acting within the scope of the limited
licence.

Full dam decommissioning: the removal of the entire dam and appurtenant structures to the original
stream bed level and to the original abutment surfaces outside the stream channel.

Breach: the construction of an opening in the dam for the purpose of removing the ability to store water
within the reservoir. Typically, the breach will extend fully vertically to the original stream channel
elevation, but may be limited horizontally.

Partial dam decommissioning: the construction of a breach to allow for the reduction of reservoir
storage.

Stakeholder: a person with a specific interest or concern in the outcome of a decision.

Stream:
(a) a natural watercourse, including a natural glacier course, or a natural body of water, whether
or not the stream channel of the stream has been modified, or
(b) a natural source of water supply,

including, without limitation, a lake, pond, river, creek, spring, ravine, gulch, wetland or glacier, whether
or not usually containing water, including ice, but does not include an aquifer.

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Stream channel: the bed of the stream and the banks of the stream, both above and below the natural
boundary and whether or not the channel has been modified, and includes side channels of the stream.

Storage purpose: the impounding and retention of water for subsequent use for a water use purpose.

List of Acronyms

Acronym Definition

DFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada

DSO Dam Safety Officer
DSR Dam Safety Regulation
EAO Environmental Assessment Office
EGBC Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia (formerly the Association of Professional
Engineers and Geoscientists BC - APEGBC)
FLNRORD Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development
IDF Inflow Design Flood
PCL Permit over Crown land
QPE Qualified Professional Engineer
SDM Statutory Decision Maker
WSA Water Sustainability Act

List of Websites

BC Environmental Assessment Office: www.eao.gov.bc.ca

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency: www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca

FrontCounter BC: www.frontcounterbc.gov.bc.ca

B.C. Dam Safety: www.gov.bc.ca/damsafety

Engineers & and Geoscientists British Columbia (EGBC): www.egbc.ca

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Dam Removal

In BC, the Dam Safety Regulation (DSR) identifies any of the following as a “restricted activity” under
Section 17 of the Regulation:

(a) Removing all or a significant part of a dam

(b) Decommissioning a dam
(c) Deactivating a dam, or stopping the normal operation of a dam, for a period longer than one
year

Prior to undertaking a restricted activity, an owner of a dam must provide written notice to a Dam
Safety Officer (DSO) of their proposed work. This is the first step in a process that may include various
phases of planning, consultation and reporting prior to receiving approval to begin work.

The purpose of this guideline is to assist the dam owner in the regulatory process of dam
decommissioning.

Chapter 2: Exploring the Option of Dam Decommissioning

The decision to decommission a dam can be complex, with many factors and a wide range of effects to
consider. A dam owner may not need the storage, or may find that the cost of continued operation and
maintenance of the dam outweigh the benefits. Often the dam has reached the end of its life cycle and
without significant rehabilitation is, or will soon be, unsafe.

There are both benefits and drawbacks to removing a dam, including environmental, social, and
economic considerations.

2.1 - Environmental:
• Hydraulic changes to the stream after dam removal may result in erosion, bank instabilities, and
the loss of flood attenuation capabilities.
• Potential release of excessive sediment impounded in the reservoir and upstream of the dam.
The sediment may contain toxic materials and excessive nutrients.
• Passage may be restored, both upstream and downstream, for fish and aquatic organisms.
• Vegetation changes along stream, especially upstream in former reservoir area.

The hydrological impact of dam removal varies depending on the characteristics of the stream, dam, and
reservoir. Removing a larger dam and reservoir may reduce flood attenuation capabilities, therefore re-
establishing peak flows through the channel system. The opposite is also true, with the lost ability to
manage for seasonal low-flows. These changes can affect channel morphology, including the potential
for increased erosion and flooding occurrences. Removal of dams with small reservoirs will have less
effect on flow conditions.

In some instances, a dam can trap sediments (photos 1 and 2) that would usually be transported
through the river system. Once the dam is removed and flows are re-established, the built-up deposit is
usually transported downstream due to increased stream flow velocities and reduced channel width in
the former reservoir area. This material can be downstream and may carry with it excessive nutrients

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 and pollutants, depending on the natural conditions, industry and other human activities occurring
within the watershed area.

Dams are usually a

barrier to fish
passage and
migration if not
installed with a
functional fish
passage system. The removal of the
dam restores the ability for fish and
Photos 1 and 1: Sediment deposited
other aquatic organisms to migrate
behind Tunnel dam.
both upstream and downstream. This
may be both positive and negative,
depending on the species and whether
they are considered invasive. As the
reservoir area reverts back to
channelized stream flow there can be a significant loss of aquatic habitat. The newly-exposed former
reservoir bottom is also susceptible to invasive vegetation. It can be beneficial to drain the reservoir
area slowly over a few years leading up to the dam removal, to allow local vegetation to establish as the

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water recedes. Transportation and navigation on the river system is also restored when the dam is
removed.

2.2 - Social:
• Public safety and impacts to downstream infrastructure and property
• Government regulator enforcement actions
• Recreational use and aesthetics value reduction due to loss of the reservoir
• Cultural or heritage values

Dam owners are responsible for the safe operation of a dam, which is directly linked to the safety of,
and risk to, the downstream infrastructure and population. Public safety is a paramount consideration in
the decision-making process of dam removal. Ultimately, the dam owner has the right to remove the
dam, or transfer ownership of the dam if there is a party willing to accept the liability and potential
upgrades required to ensure the safe operation of the dam. This situation may be expedited if the DSO,
or overseeing regulatory body, identifies the dam as an unacceptable safety risk. An enforcement action
or order may be issued to the dam owner to quickly rectify the unsafe situation.

Impacts to the former reservoir area should also be considered from an aesthetic, recreational, and
property impact point of view. If there has been infrastructure added and associated recreation enjoyed
by residents around the reservoir, there is potential for a negative response to the dam removal. There
may also be cultural or heritage values associated with the dam structure or reservoir, which may pose
additional challenges. For more information, see Chapter 5 on Public Consultation, Agency Referrals and
First Nations Consultation.

2.3 - Economics:
• Liability issues related to unsafe dams or dam removal
• Site restoration costs post-dam removal
• Potential changes in property values
• Costs associated with dam removal or dam upgrades and restoration

A dam owner is liable for any damage resulting from the failure or improper maintenance or operation
of a dam, even if the water licence authorizing the dam has been cancelled (see sections 29 and 122 of
the Water Sustainability Act [WSA]). This liability remains after dam removal, especially if a partial
breach was chosen over a full removal.

Awareness of these liabilities, combined with a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, can help to move
the dam decommissioning decision process forward. A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis involves not
only those items which are quantifiable in dollar values, but also attempts to include the above-
mentioned liabilities, even if only in qualitative terms. Please refer to the paper “Economic Analysis of
Dam Decommissioning” (Bureau of Reclamation, 2003) for more details on conducting a comprehensive
cost-benefit analysis.

While the loss of one type of recreational and scenic resource may decrease value to some, to others
the restored natural river flow, improved water quality, increased potential for navigation, and added
open space increases the value of the site. Preliminary studies have shown that property values in some
cases may actually increase long-term following dam removal, but every case is site-specific. According
to a study of small dam removals in Wisconsin (Socioeconomic and Institutional Dimensions of Dam
Removals: The Wisconsin Experience, Born et al, 1998) the costs of dam repair averaged three times the

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cost of dam removal. As well, there are often significant costs associated with disposing of (and
recycling) materials produced from removing a dam.

Chapter 3: Authorization Basics

In B.C., the decision to decommission a dam is largely owner-driven and may result from concerns
related to public safety, owner liability, end of lifecycle, poor cost/benefit ratios, or environmental
restoration. Aside from the obvious technical considerations for the dam’s removal, many owners may
be unaware of the costs, referrals and time associated with the authorization process. The intent of this
section is to provide a roadmap to assist dam owners and their consultants in understanding what
government approvals may be required, so that the process can be completed in an efficient and timely
manner. Figure 1 provides a flowchart to assist in the decision-making process.

3.1 – Environmental Assessment Processes

Every dam and reservoir is unique. Many factors can influence decommissioning decisions, and each
project will be faced with its own set of engineering challenges. Similarly, the variability of
authorizations and permitting requirements can be significant. A first step in any dam decommission
project is to establish if the project is reviewable under either the federal or provincial environmental
assessment processes. This process is generally reserved for larger dams.

An assessment may be required under the B.C. Environmental Assessment Act if the proposal is to
dismantle or abandon a facility that was previously permitted under the WSA (or former Water Act) to
impound > 10 million m3 of water. For more information, please contact the BC Environmental
Assessment Office (EAO) sector lead responsible for water management projects: www.eao.gov.bc.ca

For information on federal review requirements, please contact the Pacific and Yukon regional office of
the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency: www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca

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3.2 – Water Sustainability Act

The Water Management Branch and the Regional Resource Authorization units of the Ministry of
Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (FLNRORD) administer the WSA
and DSR for the licensing and operation of freshwater dams in B.C.

3.2.1 – Water Licensing

When a dam owner decides to decommission their dam, they are required to abandon their associated
water licence. In B.C., abandonment of water rights must be made by written application through
FrontCounter BC to a FLNRORD Water Manager. Approval of the abandonment of all or part of the rights
may be issued subject to terms and conditions, which may include requiring the dam owner to complete
the decommissioning of the dam and related works to the satisfaction of the Ministry. This process is
managed by the water allocation division of FLNRORD and is separate to that of the regulatory
requirements under the Dam Safety program. The applicant should anticipate that their application to
abandon their water licence will be held in abeyance until decommissioning work is completed. In
addition, the water licence may not be cancelled until an environmental monitoring program has been
completed and demonstrates that there likely will be no unforeseen adverse impacts related to
decommissioning of the dam. Monitoring programs may be as short as one year, or extend upwards to
10 years.

For more information on the process, please visit www.frontcounterbc.gov.bc.ca, or call, email, or visit
the FrontCounter BC office in your region.

3.2.2 - Dam Safety Regulation

The BC Dam Safety Program regulates approximately 1,900 dams across the province. Each regulated
dam has a DSO who is responsible for monitoring dam owners’ compliance with the regulation. A list of
DSOs and program staff is available on the Dam Safety Program website at www.gov.bc.ca/damsafety.

Separate to the requirement to make application for the abandonment of a water licence, a dam owner
is required to follow the direction provided under section 17 (2) of the DSR:

(a) at least 120 days before the date on which the owner expects to begin work on the
restricted activity, give to a dam safety officer written notice of the proposed restricted activity,
and
(b) at least 90 days before the date on which the owner expects to begin work on the restricted
activity,
(i) prepare a plan, in the form and with the content specified by a dam safety officer, in
relation to the activity, and
(ii) submit the plan to a dam safety officer for acceptance by the dam
safety officer.

Prior to preparing and submitting a plan as per Section 17 (2) of the DSR, the proponent should contact
their DSO to request a determination of plan submission requirements. Based on a conceptual design
provided by the dam owner, the DSO will identify what analysis, assessments or information will be
required for submission in preparation of a preliminary decommissioning plan design report that will be
used in leading stakeholder engagement, Ministry referrals and First Nations consultation. Chapter 4

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provides more detail on the possible elements to be addressed in an assessment, which may include
engineering, hydrological, hydraulic, environmental, social and economic considerations.

3.3 – Additional Legislation

In addition to the requirements under the DSR, a proponent may need to seek permitting or approvals
authorized by other provincial or federal government agencies. These permits or approvals will be
required prior to commencement of decommissioning work. Appendix A provides an overview of
possible permits and approvals that may be required. It is the responsibility of the proponent to ensure
all legislative approvals and permits are obtained.

For information on possible additional provincial requirements, please contact FrontCounter BC.

The following are examples of permitting requirements under various statutes typically encountered
when working in and about a stream.

3.3.1 – Land Act

Where the dam owner has acquired land tenure for the dam(s), improvements (powerhouse, penstock,
intakes, etc.) and/or flooding of the land, the site must be decommissioned as per the terms and
conditions of the tenure document. If no tenure exists or if the tenure document does not establish
conditions for site decommissioning -such as may be the case with a Permit Over Crown Land (PCL) -
then the dam owner is responsible for restoring the surface of the land as nearly as may reasonably be
possible to the same condition as it was prior to development of the dam and associated works.

Dam decommissioning may require development of a road where previous access was limited or
inadequate to allow for heavy equipment to be brought to the site. In such instances a road permit may
be required from the Land Tenures Branch. Applications for Crown Land Tenure can be submitted
through FrontCounter BC.

3.3.2 – Federal Fisheries Act

In instances where the federal Fisheries Act applies, the dam owner is required to avoid causing serious
harm to fish unless authorized by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). The Fisheries Act
applies where the dam is associated with a waterbody that supports fish that are part of a commercial,
recreational or Aboriginal fishery. For additional information, the proponent is encouraged to seek
advice from a qualified environmental professional or contact a Fisheries Protection Office in their area.

3.3.3 – Wildlife Act

A salvage permit may be required in situations where the proposed decommissioning work may
necessitate the capture and relocation of fish and wildlife. Pursuant to section 19 of the Wildlife Act and
the Permit Regulation, a regional manager may issue a permit authorizing a person to trap, possess,
transport and release live wildlife.

3.3.4 – Provincial Park Use Permit

If the dam site is partially or wholly within a Provincial park boundary, a Park Use Permit will be
required. A copy of the application can be obtained from the FrontCounter BC website under
“Application Forms.”

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3.3.5 – Easement Agreements
In some instances, the dam may be located on private property not belonging to the dam owner.
Typically, an easement registered on the land title or a less formal agreement would provide direction as
to requirements for the decommissioning of the dam. If no easement or agreement exists, the dam and
property owners will need to reach an understanding prior to starting work on the decommissioning. It
is appropriate to inform the DSO of the terms and conditions of the agreement; however, FLNRORD has
no standing in the decision process.

Chapter 4: Project Scoping and Preliminary Design Development

Upon completion of the feasibility study and development of a conceptual design for dam
decommissioning, the next step in the process is to identify what technical studies must be undertaken
to identify potential adverse effects of the project. Consideration of environmental issues, public safety,
historic value, aesthetic, archeological, societal, and First Nations interests is required to prevent or
mitigate potential impacts related to the dam’s removal and site rehabilitation. The results of this
assessment will help guide the public comment and referral process.

Dam owners should be aware of the timeframe for a project and plan accordingly. Scheduling for a
small, off-stream dam located on an owner’s property where there is limited stakeholder engagement
or First Nations consultations, may be completed within one year (photo 3). However, for larger and
more complex dam sites (photo 4), the process may take two to three years before actual work
commences.

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 Photo 3: Decommissioning of small off-stream dam.

Photo 4: Decommissioning of BC Hydro’s Coursier dam.

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4.1 – Level of Effort
In most cases, the level of rigor in developing a decommissioning plan will be commensurate with the
size and complexity of the dam. Decommissioning a large, long-established dam will be more challenging
than a small structure. For example, large reservoirs may contain significant volumes of accumulated
sediment that may require removal, stabilization, or an engineered release. Each of these options comes
with different costs and operational challenges that will require detailed analysis. Conversely, a small
off-stream dam that can be safely drained to allow for construction activities to occur in the dry will
require limited analyses/assessments and result in lower removal costs.

4.2 – Initial Consultation with Regulator

In order to minimize costs and project duration, and facilitate the preparation/submission of preliminary
design plans, it is important that the dam owner(s) understands the Ministry’s expectations.

The Provincial Dam Safety Program’s objectives for decommissioning a dam include:
• Removal of all potential hazards associated with the dam
• Restoration of the dam site to a safe, stable and maintenance-free condition
• Restoration of Crown lands to a usable state
• Restoration of natural functions and processes to stream hydrology, channel morphology, and
ecosystems

During the meeting with a dam owner, the DSO’s role, in part, will be to assist the dam owner in
navigating through the process in an efficient manner. Discussions may also include:
• Meeting regulatory requirements
• Identification of known issues or possible concerns related to decommissioning of the dam
• Reservoir, dam site and stream restoration options
• Fisheries-related issues
• Public safety concerns
• Stakeholder identification, notification and level of involvement
• Performance monitoring and mitigation

In advance of decommissioning the dam, all anticipated impacts should be clearly identified. Impacts
can be positive, such as in the removal of a fish barrier, or negative, such as an increased likelihood of
downstream flooding.

4.3 – Multiple Dam Owners

On application in writing by the holder of an authorization (dam owner), Section 31 of the WSA –
Abandonment of rights under an authorization –provides that the Statutory Decision Maker (SDM) may
require arrangements respecting responsibility for decommissioning of the works with one or more
persons.

If the dam has two or more owners, it is expected that all owners are in agreement with
decommissioning the dam. Should any owner not wish to abandon their water licence and
decommission the dam, then further discussions on how the project will proceed would be required. It
may be that water licences could be transferred from one or more licensee(s) to the remaining owner(s)
with the remaining owners choosing not to decommission the dam. Another possible option could be
for some licensees to abandon their rights. The reduction of licenced storage could be addressed by
reducing the reservoir level through operational means or by excavating the spillway sill elevation. In all

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scenarios, the remaining dam owner(s) would assume full responsibility for the dam, including
operation, maintenance, surveillance, and other regulatory requirements.

To simplify discussions, dams with multiple owners should appoint an owners’ designate as described in
Section 22 of the DSR. The dam owner who is designated should arrive with a conceptual plan to help
scope out what assessments and analyses will be needed to shape the development of the design
process. The location of the dam site can also play an important role on deciding on the style of
decommissioning. Dams located on private property generally have fewer governmental requirements
for material disposal, site remediation and level of public engagement. Conversely, dams situated on
Crown land, within a park, or within an urban setting may require a higher level assessment and/or
consultation.

4.4 – Partial or Full Decommissioning

An important consideration is whether to fully remove the dam, or breach only a portion of the dam.
With a breach, the reservoir level will still be reduced to pre-dam elevations without removing the
entire dam. This may be advantageous in that the costs of decommissioning can be significantly
reduced. However, issues surrounding public safety, long-term operation and maintenance, and
stakeholder support would need to be adequately addressed. From a liability perspective, damage
resulting from the remaining works rests with the dam owner as per Section 122 of the WSA. As an
example, if the breach was to become blocked (Photo 5) and the reservoir allowed to refill, a failure of
either the blockage or remnant dam could result in damages of which the dam owner could be found
liable. Therefore, to mitigate potential hazards from the remnant dam structures, long-term monitoring
of the site may be required. The dam owner is encouraged to undertake a thorough cost-benefit analysis
to assist in choosing the preferred option.

Photo 5: Park Lane Dam 20 years after partial decommissioning.

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If the decision is made to partially decommission the dam, an owner is required to restore the outlet
channel to pre-dam construction elevation and ensure that the breach is of an adequate size. Additional
information on appropriate breach sizing can be found in Appendix B.

If the reservoir has captured a large amount of sediment during its operation, sediment management
may be required. Options can include mechanical removal (excavation or dredging), in-situ stabilization,
stream erosion, or a combination of these methodologies. The proponent will need to undertake an
assessment of the risks, costs, and environmental impacts for each method prior to meeting with the
DSO.

Discussion may also involve expected timing or phasing of the decommissioning work and the safety
management of the dam, prior to and during decommissioning activities.

Upon concluding the scoping meeting, the dam owner should come away with expectations for the
preliminary report development. The dam owner and/or design engineer should have an understanding
of:
• The roles and responsibilities of the various participants, and
• The specific tasks and technical components that should be considered in developing the
preliminary design report

For smaller projects, a preliminary plan may not be required and the design engineer can instead begin
preparing the final design drawings and report.

4.5 – Services of Qualified Professionals

Decommissioning of a dam and related works can be a complex undertaking involving knowledge in
many fields of engineering, geoscience and biology. The consequences of a sudden release from the
reservoir can be severe, and the owner may be liable for any and all damages affecting public safety,
property, and the environment. Therefore, for all dams except those with a “low” consequence of
failure classification or where dams/reservoirs are off-stream and located completely on the dam
owner’s property, FLNRORD will require that the dam owner contract the services of a professional
engineer who is registered in BC and has the appropriate education, training and experience with
regards to the design and construction of dams.

FLNRORD also recommends that those proponents who have a dam with a low consequence also seek
the services of a professional engineer. Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia (EGBC), the
organization responsible for the licensing and conduct of professional engineers (P.Eng.) and
professional geoscientists (P.Geo.) in B.C., has published the guide, Advice on Hiring a Professional
Engineer or Professional Geoscientist in BC - APEGBC, March 2007, to assist the public when engaging a
professional.

The role of the professional engineer is to develop a decommissioning plan, manage and/or supervise
construction activities, document the process, and submit a completion report. The professional
engineer should also assist the dam owner by:
• Obtaining all relevant information
• Providing notification to the client as soon as reasonably possible if specialty services or changes
in the scope of work are required

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 • Ensuring that the conclusions and recommendations in the decommissioning plan submission
are supported by the appropriate level of analysis, clear rationale, and that any assumptions are
clearly stated
• Providing summaries of all design calculations
• Submitting to the client a signed, sealed and dated copy of the decommissioning plan

Depending on the complexity of the dam, the professional engineer may require the assistance of other
specialists that could include:
• Engineers with expertise in specialty areas such as blasting, concrete, structural, electrical, etc.
• Environmental engineers to test for chemical contaminants within the reservoir sediments
• Geoscientists and hydrologists (geologists, fluvial geomorphologists, and hydrogeologists) to
characterize the impact on:
o channel stability
o sediment transport
o bank stability
o groundwater
• Hydrologists to provide analysis on changes to stream discharges
• Biologists to identify:
o potential adverse environmental effects (e.g. species at risk)
o appropriate work timing windows
o planting material for site remediation
• Surveyors
• Agrologists

4.6 – Preliminary Design Report

The role of the preliminary design is to provide information to stakeholders, First Nations and referral
agencies with the goal of facilitating meaningful dialogue leading to general support for the project. The
report should contain all information listed in Section 1.0 of the “Decommissioning Plans Checklist”
found in Appendix C that was identified by the DSO during the scoping meeting. Dam owners should be
open to concerns expressed by stakeholders, First Nations and referral agencies. The owner should be
prepared to consider alternatives to the preliminary design and make accommodations whenever it is in
the public interest. More information on the consultation process can be found in Chapter 5.

4.6.1 – Data Collection and Review

Data collection is essential to developing an appropriately detailed preliminary design. Data collection
should include information related to the dam such as design and service records. EGBC’s Professional
Practice Guidelines - Legislated Dam Safety Reviews in BC (2013) presents a detailed list of possible
information related to dam design and service records. Much of the information will likely be already
held by the dam owner. Where this is not the case, the DSO may be an alternate source.

Additionally, information to determine potential effects related to the decommissioning of the dam will
be required. This may include:
• Hydrologic and hydraulic data (rainfall/snowpack data, stream flow data, floodplain mapping,
channel assessment, etc.)
• Geology, slope stability, river processes, river geomorphology, etc.
• Environmental (biogeoclimatic zones, potential rare or endangered species, fisheries, instream
work timing window, etc.)

15
 • Social and cultural information (site history, aesthetics, archeological, First Nations interests,
etc.)
• Legal information (water licencing, easements, land status)
• Economic information (e.g. local businesses, tourism, etc.)

4.6.2 – Field Review

Once the data has been compiled, field work including, but not limited to, invasive investigations may be
necessary to fill in any outstanding information gaps. For the identification of potential downstream
effects due to channel morphological changes, sediment transport or flooding, a field review should
include all reaches of the stream that may be susceptible to dam removal impacts. Often, impacts will
extend to the entire stream and could include the receiving waters beyond the downstream confluence
with the stream under study. Studies that may be required include:
• Topographic/bathymetric surveys of the dam site, channel and reservoir as required
• Stream channel assessment downstream of the dam to assess potential impacts to anticipated
changes in the hydrologic regime
• Characterization of reservoir sediments (volume, composition, contaminants, etc.)
• Environmental reviews (inventory of aquatic/terrestrial wildlife and plant/plant communities at
risk

4.6.3 – Form and Content of Preliminary Design Report

Following the data collection and field review, analysis of the data can begin to assess project impacts
and develop alternative options where required. This information will be used to both identify
stakeholders and guide future discussions with them.

To allow for informed dialogue between stakeholders, First Nations, regulators and the dam owner, a
preliminary design report must be prepared that succinctly summarizes the proposed project and
identifies possible concerns. The report should be structured and written in a manner that is easily
understood by the general public, refraining from technical jargon where possible, but should have an
appropriate amount of detail to address questions that may arise. The author is expected to present
conclusions and recommendations that “are supported by the appropriate level of analysis, clear
rationale and that any assumptions are clearly stated” (Professional Practice Guidelines - Legislated Dam
Safety Reviews in BC (APEGBC, 2013).

Chapter 5: Public Consultation, Agency Referrals and First Nations Consultation

Consultation is an important component of the dam removal process, and is based on the principle that
those affected by proposed projects should have an opportunity to provide input. While consultation is
not an explicit requirement of the DSR, it is a well-established policy in provincial natural resource
management. The guidance in this chapter is consistent with EAO legislation and policies.

5.1 - Consultation Objectives

Many dams and their associated reservoirs provide benefits to British Columbians beyond the beneficial
use of water authorized in the water licence. Removal of the dam may have a negative effect on the
local population and some projects may have a significant impact on environmental values in the

16
stream. Therefore, before proceeding with a dam removal project, the owner must take into account
potentially significant adverse environmental, social, economic, health and heritage effects. Once
identified, prevention or reduction strategies may be developed. Opportunity should be provided to
anyone who might be willing to take ownership of the dam.

“The Ministry is responsible for consulting and

appropriately accommodating First Nations when a
decision could affect asserted or established Aboriginal
rights and title or treaty rights. While the Province is
responsible for ensuring adequate and appropriate
consultation and accommodation, it may involve the
proponent in the procedural aspects of consultation.”
(Guide to Involving Proponents When Consulting First Nations, Province of
British Columbia, 2014)

“Consultation is intended to ensure that opportunities

exist for the public to understand the proposed project
and to have their comments appropriately considered.”
(Environmental Assessment Office, Public Comment Policy)

17
5.2 – The Province’s Role
The Province leads both First Nations consultation and government agency referrals.

5.2.1 – First Nations Consultation

Although the duty to consult rests with the Crown, in certain cases the dam owner may be expected to:
• Involve First Nations in relevant studies
• Incorporate community and traditional knowledge into baseline studies
• Identify First Nation interests that may be affected by a proposed project
• Identify and develop measures to prevent, avoid or mitigate any potential significant adverse
effects on First Nations’ interests

5.2.2 – Government Agency Referrals

To aid in the facilitation of the consultation process, the Province will identify and make initial contact
with government agencies that may have an interest in the proposed project. For example, both the
Ecosystems and Fisheries & Wildlife branches are typically provided an opportunity to review dam
removal projects to determine if the project may pose a risk to species or ecosystems. It is possible that
certain conditions may be requested of the dam owner following reviews by referral agencies.

5.3 – Dam Owner’s Role

If public engagement is required by the DSO, it is the dam owner’s responsibility to identify and engage
public individuals or groups who may have an interest in the dam removal project prior to
commencement of the project. Smaller projects may only require the dam owner to conduct a public
consultation program that is acceptable to the SDM.

5.3.1 - Identifying Stakeholders

The first step is for the dam owner to consider who may be potentially impacted by the project. Key
stakeholders will include landowners or residents living adjacent to the reservoir and the river
downstream of the dam. Other interest groups may include:
• A riparian or landowner whose land is likely to be physically affected by the project
• Business owners (resort and marina owners, outfitters, etc.)
• Municipalities (planning departments, local health departments, utilities)
• Sport, fishing and recreational clubs
• Not-for-profit environmental organizations (Ducks Unlimited, Trout Unlimited, etc.)

In any case, a DSO or SDM may direct that the proponent notify any person(s) whom they consider
advisable.

5.3.2 - Public Notice

The Public Consultation Policy Regulations (PCPR) under the Environmental Assessment Act describe
requirements for giving public notice. The Dam Safety Program recommends that the dam owner review
Sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the PCPR as appropriate guidance for undertaking public engagement. It is also

18
recommended that a dam owner consult with their DSO to confirm requirements for their specific
project.

Notice requirements are described in Section 14 of the Water Sustainability Regulation. Posting of a
public meeting should contain information on how to access background documents for review to
provide for an informed engagement/discussion process. Postings must also indicate time(s) and
location(s) of meetings, and timelines for public comment periods.

5.3.3 – Public Engagement

It is the Dam Safety Program’s general policy that at least one formal comment period, between 30 and
75 days, be established. Early, frequent communication will help lead to building project support, and it
is advisable that the dam owner is receptive to the public’s concerns and reasonable requests for
concessions.

Community interest or concerns in the project should be assessed as early as possible. This initial
assessment of the interest level will help guide the dam owner in developing the community
engagement strategy. The scope of the project and its location will help guide the owner to determine
how the assessment should proceed. A small dam removal project may be able to address local
concerns with a door-to-door discussion between the owner and nearby residents. Larger projects may
require a community meeting.

In all instances, the dam owner should come prepared to provide a design that presents “before” and
“after” renderings of the dam site. The dam removal plan, be it a preliminary or final design, will be used
in the stakeholder comment process. Therefore, it should be adequately detailed to provide a
description of the site conditions following decommissioning, as well as possible impacts to the public,
environment or infrastructure. There should also be an accounting of all identified pros and cons
associated with the project.

The dam owner should anticipate and prepare responses for questions such as:
• What will the footprint of the remaining lake, wetland or stream look like following dam
removal?
• How will this affect fishing in the lake?
• Will there be an increased risk of flooding of my downstream property?

A more thorough listing of common questions can be found in Removing Small Dams in Maine: A Basic
Guide for Project Managers produced by Maine Rivers (2011).

5.3.4 – Appropriate Level of Consultation and Accommodation

Stakeholder engagement can take many forms and cover a broad range of activities. A public meeting
initiated by the dam owner to describe the project may or may not be sufficient to address all concerns
of interested members of the community. Depending on the public interest in the project, this phase
may take several months to complete. In some cases, public engagement has lasted 12 to 18 months.

Proponents should consider ways to address concerns or mitigate impacts to stakeholder interests. The
BC Guide to Involving Proponents When Consulting First Nations provides the following examples for
accommodation which can be equally applied to stakeholders:
• Avoiding the impact to the identified stakeholder

19
 • Modifying the proposal to mitigate potential impacts to stakeholder interests (e.g. altering the
footprint or location of the proposed activity)
• Changing the timing of proposed activities
• Requirements for impact or environmental monitoring
• Other mitigation strategies

Stakeholders who are strongly opposed to the removal of the dam may wish to consider a transfer of
appurtenancy or apportionment of rights under a water licence. If this option is available, the
stakeholder(s) would become the dam owner and assume all the rights and obligations as defined in the
WSA and DSR.

Dam owners are encouraged to provide an opportunity for stakeholders to remain engaged throughout
the project through regular communication and consultation.

5.3.5 – Documenting Comments

Upon completion of the public engagement process, the dam owner will present a summary of
comments received, the name and contact of the commenter, and evaluation of all public input. It is
important that stakeholders’ concerns and comments are accurately recorded and documented during
the engagement period. A summary and evaluation of the comments is required as part of the final
design report. The SDM will refer to this information when making a decision to accept the plan and
provide approval for commencing the construction phase of the project.

5.3.6 – Objections
If a person who has been given notice of the dam decommissioning has concerns that cannot be
accommodated by the dam owner, they may submit their objection to the SDM who will decide whether
or not the objection warrants a hearing. Additional details can be found under Section 13 of the WSA.

5.3.7 - Ministerial Decision to Proceed

The DSO will assist the proponent and interested parties to resolve outstanding concerns wherever
possible. This may include securing further commitments or modifications to the proposed project.
However, it is important to note that although there is an expectation for the dam owner to consult, the
Dam Safety Program supports a dam owner’s decision to remove a dam, consistent with legal
requirements.

Once the SDM is satisfied that all reasonable accommodations and objections have been addressed, the
dam owner will be notified that they can move forward with the final design report.

Chapter 6: Final Design Report

With the completion of the stakeholder engagement process, preparation for the final design can begin.
A final design report is required to be submitted to the DSO for acceptance prior to issuance of SDM
approval to begin work. The submission will incorporate much of the content of the preliminary design
with amendments, where required, resulting from recommendations received during the First Nations
consultation, government agency referrals, and stakeholder engagement.

The assigned DSO will review the submitted information to ensure the proposed project will be
constructed in a manner that provides the appropriate level of protection to public safety, property and

20
the environment. This review is undertaken to determine if the submitted information conforms to
accepted practices, the WSA and its regulations.

Documents which contain deficiencies will be identified to the owner and/or the project engineer.
Changes may be required to conform to accepted practice. Where differences of opinion arise on the
suitability of certain practices - and cannot be readily resolved - the burden of proof will rest on the
owner and/or project engineer to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed plan or action.

All revisions to plans or drawings previously submitted for review must be accompanied by a complete
detailed list of revisions made, specifying where the revisions are located. The DSO will make every
effort to ensure that plans are reviewed in a timely manner and contact the proponent directly as soon
as possible.

The final design report contains the various engineering investigations and pertinent project
information. It forms an important element of the project design documents and supports the
development of the plans and specifications. Final design reports shall be comprehensive in description
of the various investigations and analyses. The report will include all design, environmental, and safety
factors considered with the project and must bear the seal and signature of the project engineer.

Details on the general contents of a final report can be found in Appendix C. Should the final design
differ from the preliminary plan, it may be necessary to review the previous analyses, assessments and
impacts.

Chapter 7: Project Approval

Once the final design report is submitted and approved, consent to proceed is issued by the SDM in an
authorization, change approval or order. The proponent is required to provide the DSO at least 30 days’
notice prior to initiation of full or partial dam removal, and must ensure that the project proceeds as per
the approved plan. Downstream notifications may also be required, whether for consumptive water users
or for streamside inhabitants. If it is determined that the dam poses an immediate risk to public safety,
the decision-making timeline and approval process should be condensed.

The proponent is obligated to contact the DSO if substantial changes to the project arise. Unpredictable
elements such as adverse weather, equipment failure, and unexpected subsurface conditions should be
considered and contingencies built into the project. Essential components may include compliance with
timing windows, environmental monitoring during construction, and documentation of the activities. For
example, the dam may be located off-stream, therefore instream work windows consideration would not
apply. Best Management Practices for instream works must be followed in all cases where applicable.
Refer to the following website link for more information regarding Instream Work Windows and Best
Practices:

www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-licensing-rights/working-
around-water

21
Chapter 8: Project Completion

The DSO may assess the site during or after the removal of the dam. The freshet occurring after the
removal of the dam is an optimal time to assess the site for performance and stability. Also, as per S.9(5)
of the DSR, the dam owner may be required to undertake further actions that the comptroller or water
manager considers necessary to alleviate any adverse consequences to any person, the infrastructure or
works, or other property or the environment that may be affected by any work performed on the dam.
This is a reasonable time for the DSO to recommend the water licence abandonment process continue
(or not) based on the result and performance of the site after the full dam removal or (partial) breach.

8.1 - Residual Works

Residual works that remain are a continued liability for the landowner requiring ongoing monitoring of
the site for hazards that may occur. Responsibility remains for the stability of, for example, an excavated
breach and any possible future blockage that may occur in the channel. “The concern is that blockage,
caused by such things as a beaver dam, debris from the lake or sloughing of the slopes of the excavated
dam material could create a dam safety concern” (Seyers et. al. 2004). Photo 6 provides an example of
beavers damming an excavated breach, which is a relatively common issue in B.C.

Photo 6: Beaver dam constructed in breach of dam.

8.2 - Completion Report and Post-Removal Monitoring

8.2.1 – Construction Completion Report

A completion report, prepared by an engineer or dam owner (low consequence dam), is to be submitted
within 60 days upon substantial completion of the project. The contents of the report shall confirm that

22
dam decommissioning has been completed as per the plan submissions or identify where deviations
have occurred, and, as a minimum, include the headings listed below:

• Photos documenting stages of the dam removal

• Updated as-built drawings of former dam location and/or remaining dam sections
• Descriptions of the main components of the dam removal, including the applicable portions of
the Final Design Report
• Other design and construction records

The reader is referred to Appendix C for additional detail.

8.2.2 - Performance Monitoring

In many cases, a dam owner will be required to conduct an appropriate level of post-removal site
surveillance and monitoring, depending on site characteristics. Monitoring of the site post-
decommissioning should consider both biological and physical stability elements and typically would be
in place for one to five years post-construction.

The biological component of the monitoring plan, designed by a qualified environmental professional,
should, for example, consider species at risk and the sensitivity of the surrounding ecosystem. Quick re-
establishment of the native vegetation may be an important consideration if invasive weeds are a
concern. The owner should respond accordingly to adverse conditions noted at the dam location. Post-
project monitoring may include, but isn’t limited to, revegetation success/mortality and the presence of
invasive plant and/or animals.

The physical stability of the site (constructed breach, stream channel – at the dam site and down-
stream, reservoir slopes, etc.) also will require surveillance and monitoring. Elements to consider
include:

• Beaver presence and impacts

• Erosion issues and sediment stability/mobility issues
• Residual public safety risks

Design of a performance monitoring plan of the physical attributes should be undertaken by a suitably
qualified engineer or geoscientist.

For smaller off-stream dams located on the dam owner’s property, this would likely not be required.

23
Chapter 9: Additional Resources and Reference Material

The following references may provide useful information to consider when assessing a dam removal
project. Many of the reports are available online.

American Rivers, Friends of the Earth and Trout Unlimited. 1999. Dam Removal Success Stories:
Restoring Rivers Through Selective Removal of Dams that Don’t Make Sense.

BC Environmental Assessment Office. 2015. The Role of Public Consultation in Environmental

Assessments: Phase One Report. EAO, December 2015.

BC Environmental Assessment Office. Fairness and Service Code.

BC Environmental Assessment Office. Public Comment Policy.

British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. 2014.Guide to Involving

Proponents When Consulting First Nations.

Born, S.M., K.D. Genskow, T.L. Filbert, N.Hernandez-Mora, M.L. Keefer, and K.A. White. 1998.
Socioeconomic and institutional dimensions of dam removals: the Wisconsin experience.
Environmental Management 22(3):359-370.

British Columbia Government. 2002. Environmental Assessment Act - Public Consultation Policy
Regulation. (Reg. 373/2002).

Bureau of Reclamation. 2003 Economic Analysis of Dam Decommissioning. U.S. Department of the
Interior. March 2003.

Congressional Research Service. 2006. Dam Removal: Issues, Considerations, and Controversies.
November 2006.

International Association for Public Participation. 2007.Spectrum of Public Participation.

International Commission on Large Dams Dam Decommissioning Guidelines. ICOLD Bulletin 160.

Main Rivers. 2011.Removing Small Dams in Maine – A Basic Guide for Project Managers. December
2011. http://mainerivers.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Dam-Project-Manager-GuideME-
copy.pdf

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Reconnecting Rivers: Natural Channel Design in
Dam Removal and Fish Passage. January 2010.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Relics and Rivers: Dismantling Dams in New
England – video produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. 2003. Guidelines to the Regulatory

Requirements for Dam Removal Projects in New Hampshire. Revised 2007.

24
O’Connor, J.J, J.E., Podolak, C.J., Keith, M.K., Grant, G.E., Spicer, K.R., Pittman, S., Bragg, H.M.,
Wallick, J.R., Tanner, D.Q., Rhode, A., and Wilcock, P.R., 2012: Geomorphic response of the Sandy
River, Oregon, to removal of Marmot Dam Major. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1792, 64
p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2011. Dam Decommissioning and Removal – Technical
Bulletin. August 2011.

Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. 2008. Small Dam Removal in Oregon – A Guide for Project
Managers. December 2008.

River Alliance of Wisconsin and Trout Unlimited. Dam Removal: A Citizen’s Guide to Restoring Rivers.
2000

The Aspen Institute. 2002. Dam Removal – A New Option for a New Century.

The Heinz Center. 2002.Dam Removal – Science and Decision Making.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. October 2015. Guidance for Decommissioning U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Low Hazard Dams.

Trout Unlimited, American Rivers, River Alliance of Wisconsin, Natural Resources Council of Maine,
and Atlantic Salmon Federation, in cooperation with the National Park Service, Rivers, Trails and
Conservation Assistance Program. Taking a Second Look: Communities and Dam Removal – video
produced by Trout Unlimited, American Rivers, River Alliance of Wisconsin, Natural Resources
Council of Maine, and Atlantic Salmon Federation, in cooperation with the National Park Service,
Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program.

US Department of the Interior – Bureau of Reclamation. 2003. Economic Analysis of Dam

Decommissioning.

U. S. Society on Dams. 2015. Guidelines for Dam Decommissioning Projects –comprehensive

document for U. S. owners engineers and others to help guide decision-making.

W.C. Seyers, S.J. Garner, and H.M. Matthews. 2004. Dam Safety Case for the Decommissioning of
Coursier Dam. BC Hydro Engineering.

25
Appendix A: Permitting and Approvals

In British Columbia, it is the responsibility of the proponent (dam owner) to ensure that they acquire all
permits and approvals prior to commencing construction activities associated with decommissioning
their dam. Working around water often requires authorization under both provincial and federal
legislation. The following is a brief description of other authorizations commonly required for dam
decommissioning projects.

In addition to the required approval issued by the Dam Safety Program, the following provides
descriptions of other common permits/approvals. A more complete listing of possible permits/approvals
can be found in Table 1.

Land Act:
Where the dam owner has acquired land tenure for the dam(s), all improvements (powerhouse,
penstock, intakes, etc.) and/or flooding of the land, the site must be decommissioned as per the terms
and conditions of the tenure document. If no tenure exists, or if the tenure – as in the case of many
permits authorizing the occupation of Crown land (Permit Over Crown Land) – does not establish
conditions for the site decommissioning, then the dam owner shall restore the surface of the land as
nearly as may reasonably be possible to the same condition as it was prior to development of the dam
and associated works. Any significant variance must be approved by a lands manager.

The process of decommissioning may require the development of a road where previous access was
limited or inadequate to allow for heavy equipment. In such instances a road permit may be required
from the Land Tenures Branch. A Crown Land Tenure electronic application can be submitted through
FrontCounter BC 1. A list of authorizations offered through FrontCounter BC, as well as links to
application forms, is available at www.frontcounterbc.gov.bc.ca.

Federal Fisheries Act:

In instances where the federal Fisheries Act applies, the dam owner is required to avoid causing serious
harm to fish unless authorized by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The Fisheries Act applies
where the dam is associated with a waterbody that supports fish that are part of or support a
commercial, recreational or Aboriginal fishery. For additional information, the proponent is encouraged
to seek advice from a qualified environmental professional or contact a Fisheries Protection Office in
their area.

Wildlife Act:
A salvage permit may be required in situations where the proposed decommissioning work may
necessitate the capture and relocation of fish and wildlife. Pursuant to section 19 of the Wildlife Act and
the Permit Regulation, a regional manager may issue a permit authorizing a person to trap, possess,
transport and release live wildlife. Applications can be found and submitted online through
FrontCounter BC.

Additional Permitting/Authorization:
Separate from the requirements under the DSR, a proponent may need to seek permitting or approvals
authorized through other government agencies. Table 1 provides an overview of possible permits and
approvals that may be required. It is the responsibility of the proponent to ensure that all legislative
approvals and permits are obtained.

1
FrontCounter BC is a single window service for clients of provincial natural resource ministries and agencies.

26
Some permitting that may apply to your project can include:
• A parks use permit (required if the dam is located within a BC Park)
• Local government bylaw permits for activities such as soil removal/deposit tree and landscaping
policies and watercourse protection
• Access through private land

Easement Agreements:
In some instances, the dam may be located on property not belonging to the dam owner. Typically an
easement registered on the land title or a less formal agreement would provide direction as to
requirements for the decommissioning of the dam. If no easement or agreement exists, the dam and
property owners will need to reach an understanding prior to commencement of decommissioning the
works. It is appropriate to inform the DSO of the terms and conditions of the agreement; however the
Ministry has no standing in the decision process.

Table 1 – Partial Listing of Permits / Approvals

Permit / Approval Name Level of Agency Applicable Legislation

Government

Pre-Construction:

Environmental Assessment Provincial BC Environmental BC Environmental

Certificate Assessment Office Assessment Act, Reviewable
Projects Regulation

Decommissioning Plan Provincial FLNRORD Water Sustainability Act,

Dam Safety Regulation

Abandonment of Water Provincial FLNRORD Water Sustainability Act

Licences

Dissolution of Water User Provincial FLNRORD Sections 51 through 61 of

Community the Water Users’
Community Act

Licence of Occupation Provincial FLNRORD Land Act, Temporary

construction use areas

Licence to Cut Provincial FLNRORD Forests Act

Mines Act Permit Provincial Ministry of Energy and Mines Act, for use of
Mines existing quarry

Amendment to Certificate of Provincial BC Utilities Commission Utilities Commission Act

Public Convenience and
Necessity

27
 Permit / Approval Name Level of Agency Applicable Act
Government
Federal Minister’s decision Federal Canadian Environmental Canadian Environmental
Assessment/DFO Assessment Act 2012.

Parks permit Federal Parks Canada Agency Parks Act

Fisheries Act Authorization & Federal DFO Fisheries Act

Permits for Schedule 1 aquatic
species

Scientific Fish Collection – Fish Provincial FLNRORD Wildlife Act

Salvage General Permit
Application

Permits, Agreements and Federal Environment Canada - • Species at Risk Act (SARA)
Exceptions Environmental • Permits Authorizing an
Stewardship Branch Activity Affecting Listed
Wildlife Species Regulations

Approved, permitted or Federal Transport Canada Navigation Protection Act

designated works

Park Permit Provincial BC Parks BC Park Act

Construction Related:

Oversize/Overweight Permit Provincial Ministry of Transportation Commercial Transport Act

and Infrastructure

Storage and Dispensing of Provincial Office of the Fire Fire Services Act
Fuels Permit Commissioner

Explosives Licence (to break Federal National Research Council Explosives Act
down concrete) structures)

Transport and disposal of Provincial Ministry of Environment Environmental Management

hazardous waste Act & Hazardous Waste
Regulation

Soil Removal and Deposit Local Local Government Act

bylaws, Tree and Landscaping Government
policy & bylaws, Watercourse
Protection bylaw

Private Property Owner Approvals

Easement, agreements, and

approvals

28
Appendix B: Minimum Design Standards and Considerations

1.0 General

This Appendix applies to regulated dams in B.C. undergoing either full or partial decommissioning. The
requirements described here on are intended as the minimum acceptable design standards. For all but
the simplest dam decommissioning projects, it is expected that a qualified professional engineer (QPE)
will be retained to prepare a design plan. The QPE should apply their own considerations, judgements
and professional skills when developing decommissioning plans and not rely entirely on the design
standards provided herein.

Deviations from the minimum standards described in this Appendix will only be considered under
special circumstances (i.e. where it can be justified, and where safety issues are not compromised). A
written request containing justification for all deviations must be submitted to the DSO with a complete
list of works that would not meet
the minimum standards, the
reasons why, and how they
would be addressed. A decision
will be made and owners will be
informed in writing as soon as
possible.

For all dam decommissioning

projects, owners are required to
ensure that the site is left in a
state that is safe for the public
and the environment.

Reviews of past dam

decommissioning that was
undertaken prior to these
guidelines has noted obvious
public safety hazards (photo 1).
In some instances, public safety
hazards are less obvious – as
described in the following case
study of the Dennett dam.

Photo 1:
Partial decommissioning of the
Park Lane dam, B.C. Note the
loose concrete and exposed
rebar posing a public safety
hazard.

29
 Photo 3: Partially decommissioned dam (2016)

Case Study - Dennett Dam Decommissioning

Built in 1933, this low-head dam was located on the lower Tuolumne River in Modesto,
California. The dam partially failed twice in the 1930s and was condemned by the state of
California in 1947. Years later, the Department of Fish and Wildlife constructed a mid-
channel breach to facilitate fish passage at low flow.
Although the remnants of the dam appear innocuous, they pose a significant safety hazard,
causing three drowning deaths between 2006 and 2009. Plans are underway for the complete
removal of the dam.

30
2.0 Structural Removal Limits of Dam
The decision to either fully or partially decommission a dam and appurtenant structures will dictate the
structural removal limits. In either case, to authorize the abandonment of water rights (water licence) in
accordance with Section 31(1) of the WSA, no storage of water (beyond natural storage) may remain.
The structural removal limits are based on a wide variety of factors, including:
• Type of dam (e.g. concrete vs. embankment, control dam vs. saddle dam)
• Property status (private property vs. Crown land)
• Public safety and liability issues
• Environmental issues (i.e. fish passage)
• On-stream or off-stream location of the dam and reservoir
• Historical and cultural issues
• Sediment management issues
• Economics
• Operation and maintenance requirements
• Aesthetic factors
• Use and landowner/stakeholder preference
• Potential land use and development
The reservoir outlet shall be re-established at/near the original channel location, unless an operational
or stability issue justifies a change. The extent of removal required for the safe decommissioning of a
dam should be assessed by a qualified professional.

2.1 Full Decommissioning

Full decommissioning implies that all visible elements of the dam shall be removed from the site. The
owner may choose to remove subgrade elements completely, or leave foundational material buried. In
some cases, it may be acceptable to leave concrete sills at grade level to improve channel stability. If any
material is left in the subgrade, long-term ownership and maintenance must be considered.
For most small dams, removal to a minimum depth of 0.5 metres below the streambed may be
sufficient. However, for dynamic river systems or for larger dams, a qualified professional will be
required to determine the depth of removal to ensure the structure is not exposed in the future.
Restored channel banks shall be designed to pass a 100-year flood without causing significant erosion or
failure. Excavation beyond original dam abutments may be required to ensure slope stability. In either
case, the embankments should include natural-looking ground contours following full dam removal.
The final design specifications should include provisions for erosion protection. Scour holes within the
reservoir may be backfilled or allowed to fill naturally depending on the scope of the project.

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2.2 Partial Decommissioning
Partial dam decommissioning allows some structures – or portions of structures – to remain in place. At
the breach cross-section, the dam shall be excavated, at a minimum, down to the natural ground level
to ensure no evidence of the original structure is visible.
2.2.1 Breach Design

The type of dam will determine the extent of removal of the structure to ensure the long-term stability
of the site.
For embankment dams, the breach for low or significant consequence classification dams shall be of
sufficient width to pass the 24-hour, 100-year flood event while maintaining a minimum one metre of
freeboard. The bottom width of the breach shall be the width of the original natural channel measured
at top of bank, but not less than four metres. Decommissioning of high, very high and extreme
classification dams shall be of sufficient width to pass the inflow design flood (IDF) with a minimum one
metre of freeboard and shall take into consideration passage of woody debris.
The breach sideslopes for earthfill embankment dams with heights of less than nine metres shall be
designed for long-term stability and may not be steeper than 1.5:1 (horizontal : vertical). For
embankment dams with heights greater than nine metres, a slope stability analysis that provides an
adequate factor of safety shall govern the design, but in no case shall the slopes be steeper than 2:1.
In all cases, the breach shall be designed and constructed to accommodate anticipated flow velocities
and shear forces to ensure the prevention of erosion and downstream transportation of embankment
material.
A concrete or masonry dam can generally be removed to achieve a designed geometry by methods that
include controlled blasting, mechanical demolition, or diamond-wire saw cutting. Other less common
methods include the use of chemical expansive agents, flame-cutting or hydroblasting. The breach may
be vertical (photo 4) or inclined, but in either case the remaining structure must be able to withstand all
physical loads including seismic.
Timber crib dams are generally removed entirely due to the difficulty of ensuring long-term stability. A
detailed analysis confirming long-term stability would be required in cases where a partial
decommissioning is proposed.

2.3 Special Design Considerations

Generally, requirements for off-stream reservoirs are more relaxed given the limited ability of the
reservoir to be refilled. The diversion works on the source stream and/or the groundwater well(s) must
be removed and the site properly rehabilitated, ensuring that possible refilling of the reservoir cannot
occur. For partial decommissions on property that is accessible to the public, all remaining structures
must not represent a potential safety hazard.

Dam decommissioning projects that have saddle dams, spillways, appurtenant structures, sensitive fish
habitat, extreme sediment buildup in the reservoir or extreme flow velocities may require special
considerations to be incorporated into the final design specifications.

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 Photo 4:
Partial decommissioning of the Utopia dam,
B.C., using an excavator mounted pneumatic
hammer drill.

To provide for safe construction during the dam removal, special design considerations may require the
use of one or more special measures – such as upstream and downstream aprons, grouting, cut-off
walls, temporary structures for stream flow diversion during dam removal, drainage systems, and
permanent protective works for remaining portions of the existing dam and appurtenant structures.
Long-term ownership and maintenance of any structures must be included in the final design
specifications.

2.3.1 Saddle Dams

Typically, saddle dams are shorter in height than the control dam, and may be located some distance
from the naturalized reservoir perimeter following decommissioning. In many cases, there may be no
need for any decommission of the saddle dams; however, where required by the DSO, design standards
as presented above may apply.

2.3.2 Water Conveyance Structures

Pipelines, penstocks, flumes, spillways, canals and tunnels must all be considered during
decommissioning. For partial dam decommissioning projects, these structures will need to be assessed
to ensure natural drainage systems are restored. It may not be necessary to removal all or parts of these
structures for re-establishing natural drainage; however, if located on Crown land the Province may
require their removal. Spillways, for the majority of earth embankment dams, are located off the dam
and excavated in natural ground. The decision to remove the spillway will be based on site
characteristics, the need to ensure adequate flood mitigation post-decommissioning, and risk to public
safety.

33
Disconnection of outlet works such as intake towers and outlet pipes require special design
consideration. Outlet pipes may be infilled with concrete; however, it is recommended that dam owners
consider their individual situation to determine if alternative technical aspects should be investigated.

2.3.3 Appurtenant Structures

Generally, power houses, ancillary buildings, and transmission and distribution lines located on Crown
land must be removed. In some instances, the Province may allow some or all structures to remain for
historic preservation or other interests.
Removal of part or all of instrumentation and monitoring equipment and any other mechanical and
electrical equipment must be incorporated into the management and maintenance regime.

2.3.4 Channel Reconstruction/Rehabilitation

The expectation is that the stream channel is normally restored to its original alignment and grade, with
natural-looking ground contours provided on the dam abutments following full removal (USSD Guideline
for Dam Decommissioning Projects, 2015). Material used in the reconstruction of the channel will be
appropriately sized and sorted. It is expected that the channel bed be constructed to a thickness that
would allow for some natural erosion without the underlying soils being exposed.
The requirement of a grade control structure may be necessary to maintain a stable bed elevation
through the breach and to provide fish passage. The Fish Passage Design for Road Crossings manual
published by Caltrans 2 is one of a number of available guidance documents that provide assistance in
the design of a grade control structure. The need for fish passage should be discussed with provincial
fisheries staff. Where there is a need to accommodate fish passage, the breach design shall consider the
natural range of flows. In some instances there may be a desire to restrict the passage of all or certain
fish species. See Fish and Wildlife website for more information: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/.
Numerous guides on the design of riprap revetment to be used as channel bank protection and channel
linings on larger streams and rivers can be found in the literature including the Riprap Design and
Construction Guide found at:
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/flood/pdfs_word/riprap_guide.pdf

2.3.5 Streamflow Diversion

Temporary diversion methods are used to reroute water from a stream, or to restrict flows to a
designated portion of the stream channel to allow for construction activities to take place in the stream,
along the banks or beneath the active channel. Temporary diversion methods should occur on a project-
and site-specific basis and shall prevent stream flow from entering the work area. For large streams, a
temporary diversion may consist of berms, ditches, dewatering wells or coffer dams constructed within
the stream to confine flow to one side of the stream while work progresses on the “dry” side of the
berm. For smaller streams, a temporary diversion method may divert the entire waterway. Scour
protection shall be provided to prevent flow re-entering the stream channel from mobilizing streambed

2
California Department of Transportation [CA DOT] 2007. Caltrans fish passage design for road crossings –
Appendix K hydraulic design option rehabilitate structure with rock weir. May 2007.

34
and embankment sediments. For off-stream dams, a pump and/or bypass pipe may serve to dewater
the reservoir.
If temporary diversion works in and about a stream are required during construction, the owner should
apply appropriate, general best-management practices to fulfill the WSA and associated regulations. If
the construction of temporary diversion waterways are used to isolate successive parts of construction
at the worksite, ensure they are designed by a professional engineer and constructed in accordance with
that design. Design the natural channel, remaining outside of the cofferdams, to adequately pass the
one in 10 year maximum daily flow during the period of construction.

2.3.6 Reservoir Sediment Management

Removing a dam is likely to lead to the movement of sediment, and possibly the restoration of a more
natural river flow. However, there are risks associated with releasing sediment. If the quantity and
quality of sediment released could have adverse consequences on water quality and biodiversity, then
the method of decommissioning will require a sediment management plan such that its downstream
transportation does not significantly impact aquatic life or destabilize the downstream channels.
Depending on the scope of the instream management methods, project sediment removal and disposal
methods or in-situ remediation can be used to manage sediment. Instream management methods allow
the river to naturally redistribute the impounded sediment downstream while forming its own natural
channel through the former impoundment, or while flowing through a newly constructed channel. This
method may not be approved depending on the stream and the quantity of sediment to be
redistributed downstream. Project removal and disposal methods may be to use mechanised removal to
manage the sediment. Another option may be to contain reservoir sediment storage by leaving a
reinforced concrete weir/sill in place. Consultation with the right expertise may be required in preparing
a sediment management plan.
In cases where significant sediment has deposited in the reservoir, reconstruction and rehabilitation of
the riparian may be required some distance upstream of the dam.

2.4 Emergency Response Planning

There is an expectation that during decommissioning, water impounded in the reservoir area shall be
released in a controlled manner that will not endanger lives or damage downstream properties. There
may be occasions where it is not possible to empty the reservoir prior to decommissioning of the dam.
For projects that necessitate the rapid release of water from a reservoir, or where there exists a
potential of an uncontrolled release, an emergency response plan will be required. The plan would, in
part:
• Provide inundation mapping for the worst-case flood and an evacuation plan that identifies
local emergency authorities for the areas potentially flooded
• Identify necessary closures of transportation corridors
• Define the communications system to be employed, complete with testing exercises
• Describe the public meetings to inform downstream residents of the risk

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Case Study – Park Lane Dam Decommissioning
The 12-metre-high concrete slab and buttress Park Lane dam was constructed in 1922 to supply water
to the Britannia Creek mine and townsite. Following the closure of the mine in 1974, the dam was
abandoned.
An engineering study commissioned by the Province of B.C. in 1988 concluded that the dam
represented a hazard to public life and property. This led to the planned partial decommissioning of
the dam by the Province the following year. The method chosen was controlled blasting using high-
velocity explosives.
Given the potential of an uncontrolled release, the Province developed an evacuation plan based on the
worst-case scenario of the dam entirely collapsing during the controlled blast. Additionally, a major
highway and railway line were closed prior to detonation.
On May 29, 1989, explosives designed to create a hole in the slab were detonated. Unbeknownst to the
design engineers, the buttresses had no vertical reinforcing steel and were constructed with horizontal
cold joints, which were hidden by gunite. This resulted in a larger than expected blast hole and the
subsequence failure of adjacent buttresses. Although not the worst-case scenario, the release (255m3/s)
was much greater than the expected flood volume. Damages were relatively minor and included the
loss of three resource road bridges, two foot-bridges, water and sewer lines.

36
 • Provide a plan for a possible recovery phase required in the unlikely event of an uncontrolled
release
The Park Lane dam case study provides an example of where an emergency response plan was activated
during the course of the dam decommissioning.

2.5 Performance Monitoring

Once decommissioning is complete, it is important to assess whether the aims of the project have been
achieved. A performance plan should include maintenance of the channel and embankment stability,
target levels of regrowth survival, the minimizing of invasive species, and any other site-specific issues.
The goal of the performance plan is to monitor the site to ensure that the management and
maintenance regime is followed and project objectives continue to be met. Monitoring can extend
beyond the site to include impacts such as water quality, river aggradation or scour, and wind-blown
sediments.
One to five years of monitoring with the completion of annual inspection reports are required for most
dam decommissioning projects to monitor physical changes on the site. Depending on site-specific
issues, annual monitoring may extend beyond the proposed term.
Based on the results of the performance monitor, adaptive responses may be required and may include
the following:
• Restore water quality through treatment (e.g. settling ponds or treatment plants)
• Increase efforts for the revegetation of exposed soils
• Mitigate for local flooding and bank erosion
• Enhancement of wetland features critical to aquatic species
• Replace undersized infrastructure (e.g. culverts)

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Appendix C: Decommissioning Plans Checklists

This Appendix is intended to provide a general overview of the content for the submission of preliminary
and final design plans and post-construction reporting, as required in the decommissioning of a
regulated dam in British Columbia.
These guidelines are meant to apply to dams of all sizes and complexity. For smaller projects, plan
requirements may be minimal, whereas for larger projects, much of the guideline elements may be
requested. Recognizing the unique nature of each dam, it is expected that the proponent meet with a
DSO to identify relevant background information, analyses, assessments, and design elements for their
specific project. As per Section 17 of the DSR, the dam owner must prepare a plan, in the form and with
the content specified by a DSO for acceptance.

1.0 Preliminary Plan

The preliminary design plan is meant to present all stakeholders with enough background on the
potential effects of the project to allow for informed discussions to occur. These subsections of the
preliminary plan are intended to be very general, because each dam will have different site-specific
engineering and environmental concerns. In some cases, not all of these steps will be necessary,
especially for decommissioning of low-consequence classification dams. It is advised that the dam owner
evaluate each section and subsection when designing the preliminary plan.

1.1 Introduction
The introduction should define the purpose of the plan and provide a brief description of the dam
location, ownership, and licensing information.
□ Dam name, provincial dam file number, and consequence classification
□ Location map and UTM coordinates
□ Dam owner(s) and associated water licences
□ Total constructed storage volume and purpose(s)
□ Description of proposed decommissioning and rationale for the project
1.2 Background Information
1.2.1 Description of the Dam:
This section should provide a general description of the dam and related structures including the history
of construction and subsequent alterations or improvements.
□ Dam type (e.g. timber, earthfill, concrete, masonry, or combination thereof)
□ Dimensions (e.g. height, length, width)
□ List of all appurtenant structures
□ Representative photographs of the dam, reservoir and appurtenant structures
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 □ Construction date
□ Purpose (e.g. hydropower, irrigation, water supply, land improvement)
□ List of significant alterations or improvements that occurred during the life of the dam
1.2.2 Description of the Reservoir:
Review of the reservoir circumference is required to identify hazards and slopes which could become
unstable in time. The terrain adjacent to reservoirs, particularly in mountainous regions of British
Columbia, can be very steep and susceptible to landslides. Rapid drawdown can destabilize slopes
leading to landslides, liquefaction and major slope displacements (APEGBC, 2014).
□ Map illustrating:
• Outline of the reservoir rim
• Reservoir location (on or off river)
• Contributing watershed area
□ Operating range elevation
□ Surface area
□ Total live and dead storage
□ Bathymetry mapping
1.2.3 Description of Land Status:
It is important to identify land ownership, both from the perspective of public engagement and legal
access/trespass concerns.
□ Prepare property ownership maps
□ Prepare legal surveys showing footprints of buildings and docks around the reservoir
1.2.4 Identification of Water Rights Holders

□ Current water licensees that may be affected (e.g. loss of diversion structure, clogged intakes
from increased sedimentation, low flows at certain times of the year
□ Loss of the reservoir could affect the surrounding aquifer(s) recharge and flow paths causing
lowering of the groundwater elevation necessitating deeper wells

1.2.5 Identification of Stakeholders:

Stakeholders, at a high level, include any persons/groups that could potentially be impacted by the
decommissioning of the dam.
□ Identify seasonal and permanent residents proximal to the reservoir (e.g. homeowners,
cottagers, landowners)
□ Identify downstream upland riparian landowners

39
 □ Identify business owners (resort and marina owners, water sports rental suppliers, outfitters,
etc.)
□ Identify local government(s) proximal to dam/reservoir or downstream that could be impacted
(planning departments, local health departments, utilities)
□ Identify sport, fishing and recreational clubs
□ Identify not-for-profit environmental organizations (e.g. Ducks Unlimited, Trout Unlimited)
□ Identify water licensees on the source or with groundwater wells nearby
1.3 Site Characterization and Field Assessments
A complete and thorough understanding of the existing site conditions is important to the success of the
project. Data should be collected for all structures within the impoundment, as well as all upstream and
downstream structures that may be impacted by the removal of the dam. After collecting all available
engineering data, additional field work may be required to confirm the site conditions.
Additional field work should be designed to fill in any information gaps required to perform the
proposed assessments included in the project scope. This could be gathering information regarding the
design of the dam and appurtenant structures, property boundaries, reservoir impoundment limits,
wetland limits, ground surface contours, river cross-sections, upstream dams and affected structures,
threatened and endangered species and habitats, inundated lands, sediment thickness within the
reservoir, geological site conditions, hydrogeological site conditions, and the presence of contaminated
sediments.
1.3.1 Geotechnical/Structural Assessment
When a dam is to be partially decommissioned, it is important to ensure that the remaining portions of
the dam(s) will not pose a hazard to the public or environment in the future.
□ For embankment dams, an assessment of the abutments, remaining upstream dam face and
reservoir rim slopes may be required to determine stability during reservoir drawdown and
following dam removal or breach
□ For concrete dams, an analysis of the static and seismic stability of any remaining portions of the
structure will be required

1.3.2 Hydrogeological Assessment

Lowering the reservoir level may have an impact on the surrounding aquifers. An understanding of the
potential effects on groundwater wells is required for public engagement.
□ Mapping of known groundwater wells
□ Analysis of potential groundwater effects following decommissioning
□ Identification of groundwater wells potentially influenced by reservoir
1.3.3 Preliminary Sediment Management Assessment

The following information will be required to prepare the appropriate sediment management plan:

40
 □ Characterization of all stored sediments (volume, size distribution, chemistry, mobility, etc.)
□ Calculations of the annual sediment yield
□ Documented results from bathymetry mapping and sediment sampling
1.3.4 Hydrology Assessment
Often the dam that is proposed to be decommissioned will have been in place for many years.
Downstream development may have benefitted from the dam’s regulated flows. An increased risk of
flooding may be possible in a post-dam scenario. In addition, the post-dam construction flow
environment may have had an effect of channel morphology and aquatic habitat, both of which may be
impacted by the dam’s removal.
□ Hydrological analysis for five-day low flow, two, 10, 100 and 200-year return inflow hydrographs
□ Analysis of the potential impact that the loss of peak flow attenuation from reservoir will have
on downstream flooding of public and private properties, buildings, and residences located in
re-activated flood plains
□ Establish floodplain elevations for the appropriate return period inflows downstream of the dam
□ Delineation of expected high-water mark around the reservoir following decommissioning
1.3.5 Fluvial Geomorphology Assessment
Dams can profoundly influence fluvial processes and stream morphology at all lifecycles, including
decommissioning. Beginning with construction and continuing throughout the operation of the dam,
changes in flow regime and sediment transport can cause adverse effects on stream morphology,
impacting aquatic habitat. Over time, a new equilibrium develops along the river system, possibly
resulting in a change in aquatic communities. The decommissioning of the dam could once again disrupt
conditions.
Some areas to consider for analysis include:
□ Altered sediment and nutrient transport
□ Channel widening
□ Bank erosion and bank stability issues
□ Altered channel form (e.g. morphology)
□ Aggradation or degradation (leading to meandering stream, loss of channel capacity, etc.)
□ Dominant channel pattern (e.g. single thread, braided, compound)
□ Sediment transport analysis (including sediment management)
1.3.6 Assessment of Environmental Concerns
An environmental assessment, when required, must be carried out by a qualified environmental
professional or a team of qualified environmental professionals. Potential adverse environmental effects
identified in the environmental assessment must be mitigated or avoided. Once decommissioning of the

41
dam is completed, a surveillance and monitoring program must be developed to monitor the
effectiveness of the mitigation measures and ensure that the objectives outlined in the
decommissioning plan have been achieved. Items to consider include:
□ Description of natural environmental features (e.g. fish and other aquatic animals, birds and
terrestrial wildlife, wetlands, Areas of Natural Science Information (ANSIs), Environmentally
Sensitive Areas (ESAs), species at risk, and rare, threatened or endangered species, etc.)
□ List of areas within the flow regime at risk for alteration or destruction of fish habitat
□ List of areas within close proximity to the site that are at risk for increased wetting and drying of
littoral edge habitat
□ List of species identified to be at risk due to environmental changes induced by the
decommissioning of the dam (e.g. plants, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and
mammals)
□ List of terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna
□ List of biophysical effects (e.g. water chemistry changes, water temperatures, nutrient transport,
dissolved oxygen, etc.)
□ Description of the proposed undertaking, including the situation(s) or problem(s) to be
addressed
□ Description of the measures and methods for avoiding or mitigating negative impacts to areas
identified to be at risk (e.g. invasive species)
□ Description of proposed monitoring plans
□ Description of proposed enhancement opportunities
1.3.7 Economic and Social Impact Assessment
Social

□ Description of potential changes to navigation on the stream and/or reservoir

□ Description of aesthetics concerns
□ Description of control methods for minimizing dust generation (e.g. nuisance following removal
of the Condit dam in Washington)
□ List of cultural heritage sites, including built heritage resources and heritage landscape features
(previously inundated cultural and archaeological sites may become exposed and subject to
erosion or human disturbance, ICOLD Bulletin 160)
□ List of archaeological sites, cemeteries, and areas with archaeological potential
□ List of potential loss of recreational opportunities (e.g. fishing, boating, swimming, camping,
etc.)

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First Nations Considerations

□ List of First Nation reserves or communities

□ List of spiritual, ceremonial or cultural sites
□ List of traditional land, subsistence resources, or other values
□ List of lands subject to land claims
Economic
□ List of potential loss of business (commercial fisheries, fishing lodge, tourism, etc.)
□ List of land uses around the reservoir
□ List of property values
Infrastructure
□ Description of water intakes, water main or wells, storm and sewage outfalls, boat docks and
ramps, roads, bridges, culverts, buildings, bridge piers, retaining walls, dikes, dry hydrants, and
buried utilities
□ List of downstream dams
□ List of additional services provided by the dam (e.g. does the dam provide road access to
isolated communities?)

1.4 Preliminary Design Plans, Drawings and Specifications

For more complex projects – including projects with fish passage – determining the minimum breach
dimensions may require developing a hydraulic model using computer programs to compute the
maximum increase in reservoir depth during passage of the peak 200-year flood, and to compute flow
depths and velocities for determining the need to armor the breach opening. Final design specifications
may need to account for backwater influence from downstream channel or other structures, including
bridges, and attenuation of the inflow hydrograph created by the remaining embankment and upstream
reservoir area.
For low and significant consequence dams, the need for watershed modeling may be eliminated by
either removing the entire dam or by designing the breach opening to conservatively accommodate the
peak 100-year inflow, assuming no attenuation of the inflow hydrograph.

Hydraulics encompasses the flow characteristics around and through hydraulic structures such as
bridges, culverts and weirs. For the decommissioning of a dam, it also includes the behavior of flows
through the breach and reservoir outlet channel.
□ Assessment of possible changes to the downstream flow regime and impacts to infrastructure
(e.g. downstream culverts undersized)
□ Analysis of the impact using grade control structures (such as a riffle/weir) to minimize
downstream sediment transport

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 □ Drawdown release capacity, drawdown rate limitations
□ Preliminary design of any grade control structures
For the partial decommissioning of a dam:
□ Calculate the sizing of the required breach that will safely pass the 200-year flood without
erosion of the remaining embankment.
□ Identify any hydraulic jumps created following construction of the breach, and provide design
controls to prevent head cutting.
□ Calculate the tractive forces on the breach side slopes and provide the appropriate sizing of
riprap to resist bank erosion.

2.0 - Final Design Report

The final design report follows on the findings from the public engagement process, government
referrals and First Nations consultation processes, as appropriate. The final design should consider
stakeholder comments and identify where any accommodations have to be made. Final drawings and
specifications will be of sufficient detail that they can be used to tender the construction work, and
should include a description of the specific methods expected to be employed throughout the project.
The contents of the final design report will include changes to the design presented in the preliminary
design report as a result of consultation in addition to the following:
• Summary of Stakeholder Engagement
• Engineering Design Plans, Drawings and Specifications
• Site and Channel Rehabilitation Plan
• Environmental Management Plan
• Construction Supervision Plan
• Performance Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan

2.1 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement

□ Mitigation plans regarding any potential losses of recreational facilities (fishing, boating,
canoeing, water supply)
□ Mitigation plans regarding any potential losses to businesses
□ Mitigation plans regarding any potential losses of property value
2.2 Engineering Design Plans, Drawing and Specifications
Plans shall be drawn up to detail the configuration and specifications of the dam following the proposed
decommission and any remaining associated works. The plans and specifications must contain sufficient
detail to totally depict the proposed construction work and shall be submitted to the DSO for review and
acceptance.

□ Project location and vicinity maps

44
 □ Site map of dam and reservoir area showing unique and natural features, property boundaries,
full supply contour, normal water level contour following dam removal, and appurtenances at a
scale of 1:1000 or larger (e.g. 1:500 is larger)
□ Sectional view along longitudinal axis of dam (1:250 or larger) identifying abutment and
foundation contacts
□ For partial removals, cross-sectional views of dam at location of maximum height adjacent to
breach (1:75 or larger)
□ Spoil disposal areas
□ Riprap to extend up the breach sideslopes to a minimum height of the 200-year flood elevation
□ Riprap sizing (based on hydraulic analysis), angular/round, gradation, bedding thickness and
volumes
□ Geosynthetic product descriptions
□ Seismic stability analysis for any remaining structures (e.g. tower-like structures and notched
concrete dams)
□ Details of embedded metalwork, drainage systems, core wall, etc.
□ Inventory of mechanical and electrical equipment
□ Drawdown method and rate limitations
□ Temporary cofferdam and diversion methods
□ A description of the demolition method (e.g. excavation, drill/blast, hammer, diamond-wire
sawcutting, chemical, etc.)
□ Location for disposal of dam materials
□ Staging areas identified
□ Access routes identified
2.2.1 Sediment Management Plan

This section is intended to build on the initial assessment undertaken in the preliminary plan submission
and the consultation processes, and provides results of any additional analysis or modelling required to
assess future channel stability, both at the dam/reservoir site and downstream, and including possible
ecological impacts. Typical options for the management of sediment include:

□ No action required as there is limited sediment storage

□ Engineered rapid release of sediment (e.g. Condit Dam, 2.4 million cubic yards in 90
minutes)

□ Mechanical removal (e.g. clamshell excavation, hydraulic dredging, excavator and barge)

45
 □ Stabilization of sediment
□ Combination of the above
Information to collect could include:
□ Volume estimates of stored sediment in the reservoir that would be removed and/or released
□ Computer modelling of large-volume sediment releases and/or highly sensitive streams/aquatic
ecosystem to simulate
• Breaching
• Road crossing options
• Channel modifications
• In-channel detention basins
□ Details on downstream sediment trap(s) and operation plan
□ Sectional view of the channel showing sediment detention basin profile, if required
□ Project time frame
2.2.2 Channel Reconstruction
Reconstruction of a stable channel through the reservoir and dam will require consideration of
alignment, grade control, and bed materials. The design will need to be considered in conjunction with
the sediment management plan.
□ Self-adjusting, naturalized channel requiring no long-term maintenance or monitoring

2.3 Site and Channel Rehabilitation Plan

On Crown lands, the owner will be required to leave the site in a condition that is safe and does not
alienate the property for future use or enjoyment of the public. In environmentally sensitive areas, it
may be important to ensure that revegetation of disturbed soils occurs in a manner that precludes the
establishment of invasive vegetation.

Consideration should be given to the provision for recreational facilities. This may include new buildings,
trails, or boating facilities. Depending on the layout of the site and the decommissioning plan, provisions
for public safety may also be required.

□ Public safety
□ Details for re-contouring of site
□ Identification of spoil areas
□ Revegetation

46
2.4 Environmental Management Plan
Those projects deemed to have significant environmental impacts during the construction may require a
separate plan detailing how the impacts to the environment will be monitored. Depending on the scale
of impacts, a requirement of the leave to commence construction or licence will be to retain an
acceptable person to implement and manage the accepted Environmental Management Plan.
The Environmental Management Plan must be based on the environmental assessment undertaken in
the Preliminary Design report and include the following:
□ Site inventory of species at risk
□ Sensitive areas mapping
□ Species salvage plan
□ Environmental monitoring requirements
□ Water quality monitoring
□ Timing windows provided
□ Mitigative activities and methods for avoiding impacts
□ Site restoration and replanting plan
□ Planned compensation
□ Weed and invasive plant management
□ Sediment and erosion control plan
□ Emergency procedures
2.5 Construction Supervision Plan
For all dams, a plan shall be submitted to the DSO describing how adequate and competent construction
supervision will be provided. The Construction Supervision Plan may include:
□ Construction methods (Concrete: drilling and blasting, diamond-wire sawcutting, mechanical
demolition, or other. Embankment: common earth-moving equipment)
□ Sequence of activities
□ Emergency response plan (for a project where an uncontrolled release might occur)
□ Site access and mobilization (need for road construction or improvements, helicopter support
for remote locations, etc.)
□ Reservoir drawdown methodology (low-level outlet release, siphon and/or pumping), rate and
limitations
□ Protection of existing structures and utilities
□ Public protection requirements

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 □ A description of construction management organization and responsibilities
□ Details for stream diversion, dewatering, work area isolation. The site diversion shall be capable
and safely passing the construction design runoff (1:10-year flood to 1:200-year flood based on
consequence classification)
□ Details for providing flow to the downstream channel for ecosystems, fish life, water users and
water quality
□ A listing of construction activities related to critical project elements and planned inspection
efforts including staffing level, responsibilities, frequency and duration of site visits
□ A description of the quality assurance testing program which describes the type of test, general
frequency, acceptable results, handling of deficient materials and the individuals responsible for
overseeing the testing
□ Description of the technical records handling and the content and frequency of construction
progress reports
□ A detailed construction schedule showing the proposed start dates and duration of construction
activities
□ A description of planned engineering supervision
□ A description of planned instrumentation to be employed or other pertinent information
□ Stabilization of remaining structures
□ Burial of material
□ Information on the construction methods and timing
2.6 Performance Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan

□ Monitoring objectives, methods, locations and duration discussed

□ Condition Assessment Report criteria for one‐year warranty inspection
□ Proposed effects monitoring
□ Frequency of post-construction monitoring
□ Acceptable mortality for vegetation
□ Compensation

3.0 Post-Construction Report

□ As‐built drawings
□ Photographs showing removal and final product

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□ Other design and construction records
□ Information regarding site stabilization, including revegetation activities
□ Refined Performance Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan

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