Answer The Following Question.

1. Why is diffusion insuf cient to meet the oxygen

requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
Solution : As in multicellular organisms, all the cells are not in
direct contact with environment, simple diffusion does not meet the
requirement of all the body cells.

2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is

alive?
Solution : All the living organism must have movement at
molecular levels along with respiration and other life process like
nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion to be called alive.

3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Solution : Outside raw materials used for by an organism includes :
a. Food
b. Water
c. Oxygen

4. What processes would you consider essential for

maintaining life?
Solution : The processes essential for maintaining life are
a. Nutrition
b. Respiration
c. Transportation
d. Excretion
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5. What are difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic
nutrition?
Solution : Distinction between autotrophic and heterotrophic
nutrition:

6. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for

photosynthesis?
Solution :
(a) Carbon dioxide from atmosphere.
(b) Light from Sun
(c) Water from Soil
(d) Chlorophyll from chloroplast of green plants.

7. What is the role of the acids in our stomach?

Solution : HCl plays following role in our stomach:
(a) Make the medium acidic for action of enzyme pepsin.
(b) Kills the harmful bacteria present in food
(c) Prevents fermentation of food
8. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Solution : Enzymes break-down the various complex components
of food into simple and soluble components so that they can be
absorbed easily.

9. How is small intestine deigned to absorb digested food?

Solution : The inner lining of small intestine has numerous nger-
like projections called villi which increase the surface area for
absorption. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which
transport the absorbed food to each and every cells of the body.
Where, it is utilized to obtaining energy and repair of old tissues.

10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial

organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for
respiration?
Solution : The rate of breathing is slower in terrestrial organisms as
compared to aquatic organisms. This is due to the fact that in water,
the amount of oxygen is less as compared to air while in aquatic
organisms the rate of breathing is faster.
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11. What are different ways in which glucose is oxidized to
provide energy in various organisms?
Solution : At rst glucose (6 carbon molecules) is broken in the
cytoplasm of cells of all organisms. This process yields a 3 carbon
molecule compound called pyruvate.
Further break down of pyruvate takes place in different manners in
different organisms.

12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human

beings?
Solution : In human beings, a pigment hemoglobin is present in
RBC which has high af nity for oxygen, takes up the oxygen from
the air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are de cient in
oxygen. Some oxygen is carried in dissolved state in blood plasma.
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is mostly
transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

13. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize

the area for exchange of gases?
Solution : In lungs, the bronchioles terminate in balloon-like
structures called alveoli. The alveoli contains network of blood
capillaries that increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
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14. What are the components of the transport system in human
beings? What are the functions of these components?
Solution : The components of human transport system include:
(a) Heart- receives and pumps the blood.
(b) Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various
organs.
(c) Veins- Bring back blood to heart.
(d) Capillaries- exchange of various materials and gases between
blood and tissues.

15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Solution : The separation of the right and left side of heart is useful
to prevent oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Such separation allows a highly ef cient supply of oxygen to the
body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such
as birds and mammals that constantly use the energy to maintain
their body temperature.

16. What are the components of transport system in highly

organized plants?
Solution : The transport system of higher plants consists of xylem
and phloem. Xylems have vessels and trachieds to transport water
and minerals from root to other part of the plants.
Phloem, which consists of sieve tubes and companion cells,
transport food from leaves to storage organs and other parts of
plant.

17. How are water and minerals transported in plants?

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 Solution : Water and minerals are transported in plants through
xylem which consists of trachieds and vessels. Water and minerals
absorbed by root hairs present in root by osmosis is passed to
xylem tissues of root. From root xylem it passes to stem xylem and
thus water reaches to leaves.

18. How is food transported in plants?

Solution : Food is transported in plants through phloem which
consists of sieve tubes, sieve cells and companion cells. The food
prepared in leaves in soluble form transported to leaves phloem.
Active transport of food passes to all other parts of plants.

19. Describe the structure and functioning of nephron.

Solution : Each nephron is a cluster of very thin-walled blood
capillaries. Each capillary cluster in the kidney called glomerulus is
associated with the cup shaped Bowman’s capsule that collects the
ltered urine. Nephron lters the blood in order to remove
nitrogenous waste. They also absorb some useful substance such
as glucose, amino acids, minerals and major amount of water from
ltrate.
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20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory
products?
Solution :
(i) Plant produces carbon dioxide as wastes during respiration and
oxygen as waste during photosynthesis.
(ii) Excess of water is removed through transpiration.
(iii) Some waste products like gums and resins are stored in older
xylem tissue.

21. How is amount of urine produced regulated?

Solution : The amount of urine depends on how much excess of
water is in the body and how much a water soluble waste is to be
excreted. If the amount of water and dissolved wastes in boy are
more than amount of urine will be more and if amount of wastes is
less the amount of urine produced will be less.

22. The kidneys in human beings are parts of the system for
(a) nutrition
(b) respiration
(c) excretion
(d) transpiration
Solution : (c) excretion

23. The xylem in plants are responsible for

(a) transport of water
(b) transport of food
(c) transport of amino acids
(d) transport of oxygen
Solution : (a) transport of water

24. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

(a) carbon dioxide and water
(b) chlorophyll
(c) sunlight
(d) all of the above
Solution : (d) all of the above

25. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water

and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm
(b) mitochondria
(c) chloroplast
(d) nucleus
Solution : (b) mitochondria

26. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this
process take place?
Solution : Digestion of fats takes place in small intestine. Fats
entering in intestine are in the form of large globules. Bile juice
breaks down these large globules into smaller globules. Afterwards
fat digesting enzyme lipase present in pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice converts it into fatty acids and glycerol.

27. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Solution : The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase
that breaks down starch which is complex molecule into glucose.

28. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition

and what are its by-products.
Solution : Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are:
(i) Light
(ii) Chlorophyll
(iii) Water and
(iv) Carbon dioxide
By-products are:
(i) Oxygen and
(ii) Water

29. What are differences between aerobic and anaerobic

respiration? Name some organisms that use anaerobic mode
of respiration.
Solution : Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

Anaerobic respiration takes place in yeast, some bacteria and some

internal parasites like tapeworm.
 30. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of
gases?
Solution : The walls of the alveoli is folded and has large surface
areas. It contain an extensive network of blood vessels which
provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place.

31. What would be the consequence of a de ciency of

hemoglobin in our bodies?
Solution : Haemoglobin is a pigment present in RBC. It has a high
af nity for oxygen. It carries oxygen from lungs to various tissues
which are de cient in oxygen. Presence of less hemoglobin will
result in less supply of oxygen to tissues. A person having less
hemoglobin will get tired soon and will have a pale look.

32. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it

necessary?
Solution : In mammals and birds the blood goes through the heart
twice during each cycle. This is known as double circulation.
Deoxygenated blood which enters right auricle and then it enters
the right ventricle from where it is pumped to lungs for oxygenation.
From lungs after oxygenation it comes to left auricle and then
enters left ventricle from where it is pumped to various parts of
body.
Such system of circulation does not allow mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood which allows ef cient supply of oxygen to the
body.

33. What are differences between the transport of materials in

xylem and phloem?
Solution : Difference between transport in xylem and phloem:
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34. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and
nephron in the kidneys with respect to their structure and
functioning.
Solution : Comparison between alveoli and nephron:

Important Questions of Life Processes Class 10 Science Chapter 6

Question 1.
Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(a) small intestine
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine. (2020)
Answer:
(a) small intestine

Question 2.
Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis. (Board Term
I, 2016)
Answer:
Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide
(CO2), water, light and chloroplast.

Question 3.
State the location and function of gastric glands. (Board Term I,
2014)
Answer:
Gastrifc glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They
secrete gastric juices containing mucus, protein digesting
enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Question 4.
Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release
secretions for digestion of food. Write the three components of
secretion that are released by these glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Stomach’s muscular wall contains gastric glands. These glands
secrete gastric juices which contain dilute hydrochloric acid,
mucus and two protein digesting enzymes rennin and pepsin.

Question 5.
Complete the following ow chart as per the given instructions.
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Answer:

a – Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

b – Protein digesting enzyme pepsin
c – Mucus
d – HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme
pepsin.
e – Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into
peptones.
f – Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding
action of HCl.

Question 6.
(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion
:
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of nger-like projections present in the small
intestine. (2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas
in an inactive form called trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining
proteins into peptones and the peptones into peptides and amino
acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine.
Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
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 (b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long
nger-like projections called villi. Two functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner
lining of small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid
absorption of digested food.

Question 7.
Explain the signi cance of photosynthesis. Writd the balanced
chemical equation involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from
simple raw materials like CO2 and H2O. Thus, it sustains life on
earth.
(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of
photosynthesis is needed by animals and humans for respiration. It
is also required for respiration of microbes. Oxygen also supports
combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of
stored solar energy synthesised millions of years ago through
photosynthesis. Balanced chemical equation involved in the
process of photosynthesis is given as :

Question 8.
Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one
example of each. (Board Term 1,2017)
Answer:
Differences between autotrophs and hetero- trophs are as follows:
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Question 9
Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the
different steps involved in nutrition in Amoeba. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of
obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.

1 Amoeba ingests food by using its nger-like projections called

pseudopodia.
2 The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a
food vacuole inside the Amoeba. The food is digested inside
food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
3 Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by
diffusion.
4 Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
5 When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside
Amoeba then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw
out this undigested food.
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Diagrammatic representation of different stages in the holozoic
nutrition (feeding) of Amoeba is as follows:

Question 10.
(a) What is peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How
do they do photosynthesis? (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested
food downwards throughout the alimentary canal is called
peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon
dioxide (CO2). Stomata remain closed during daytime to prevent
the loss of water by transpiration. They store the CO2 in their cells
until the sun comes out so that they can carry on with
photosynthesis during the daytime.

Question 11.
(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric
glands? (2020)
Answer:
(a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities
like respiration, circulation, excretion, etc. Energy is required even
we are sleeping because a number of biological processes keep
on occurring. All these processes require energy and this energy is
obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also needed for growth and
repair of human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can

contract and expand alternately. The contraction and expansion
movement of the walls of foodpipe is called peristaltic movement.
The peristaltic movement moves the partially digested food in all
the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

(c) Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes

longer time for complete digestion by the enzymes present in
symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small intestine.
Carnivores, feed on esh which is easier to digest and do not
contain cellulose also. Therefore, they have shorter intestine for
digestion of food eaten by them.

(d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin

enzymes. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the
action of HCl and enzymes. In the absence of mucus, there would
be erosion of inner lining of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.

Question 12.
(a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of
diagram. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of
complex sugar known as starch. They are later broken down into
simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical
bonds. Their bond energy is released by oxidation in the cell. This
energy is trapped by forming bonds between ADP (adenosine
diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to synthesise ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later broken
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by enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy released is utilised for
cellular processes.

(b) Amoeba is a unicellular animal. Amoeba eats tiny (microscopic)

plants and animals which oat in water. The mode of nutrition in
Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is
called phagocytosis. When a food particle comes close to
Amoeba, it ingests the food particle by forming temporary nger-
like projections called pseudopodia around it. The food is engulfed
with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the
Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive
enzymes and absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba cell
by diffusion. A part of absorbed food is used to obtain energy and
the remaining part is utilised for growth of Amoeba. When
considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba
then its cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this
undigested food. This process is called egestion.

Refer to answer 9 for gure.

Question 13.
Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. (2020)
Answer:
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation

Question 14.
Diffusion is insuf cient to meet the oxygen requirement of
multicellular organisms like human. State reason. (Board Term
1,2017)
Answer:
Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so
large that oxygen cannot diffuse into all cells of the body quickly as
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oxygen will have to travel large distances to reach each and every
cell. So diffusion is insuf cient to meet the oxygen demand of
multicellular organisms.

Question 15.
Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide
energy in human body. Write the products formed in each case.
(Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide
energy in human body are:
(i) Aerobic respiration : The end products in aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Question 16.
(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that
in terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of
glucose.
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Answer:
(a) Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood.

(b) Aquatic animals like shes obtain oxygen from water present in
the dissolved form through their gills. The amount of dissolved
oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the
air. Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic
animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

Question 17.
Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.
(Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
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 Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

Question 18.
Draw a ow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various
pathways. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Breakdown of glucose by various pathway

Question 19.
Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and
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respiration in animals. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as
follows:

Question 20.

(a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between

aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label –
pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm and alveolar sac on it. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic
organisms thrive on the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air
contains about 21% of oxygen while water has less than 1%
oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through water at a
much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial organism has the
advantage of utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with
lesser effort whereas, aquatic organisms have to put more effort to
obtain the same amount of oxygen, therefore breathing in aquatic
organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system is a follows :

 Question 21.
(a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have
shorter small intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area
for exchange of gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms’is much faster than
that seen in terrestrial organisms. (Board Term 1,2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of
carnivores because their diet is mostly grass and plants, that
contains more bres and cellulose which are hard to digest. Longer
small intestine also hosts many small bacteria that process and
break down cellulose into glucose which is a source of energy.
Carnivores diet is not rich in cellulose so, they do not need to
harbour bacteria for cellulose digestion.

(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory

tubes. A primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchus, which
in turn forms tertiary bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides
repeatedly into bronchioles which nally terminate into alveoli.
Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are extremely
thin- walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange
of gases. Due to vast surface area of alveoli, exchange of gases
becomes a fast and effective process. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli
into pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out from
capillaries into alveoli.

(b) Refer to answer 20(a).

Question 22.
Draw a ow chart showing the three different pathways involved in
the breakdown of glucose in different organisms. Name the
respiratory pigment present in human beings. State the function of
rings of cartilage present in our throat. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 18.
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 Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other.
These cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from collapsing and
blocking the airway.

Question 23.
(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label:
Trachea, Bronchi and Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 20(b).

(b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the
breathing cycle, when air is inhaled and exhaled, there must be
suf cient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon
dioxide to be released. It is also important as it prevents the lungs
from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in ltration of inhaled air.
It traps harmful substances and germs present in air.

Question 24.
Which one of the following statements is correct about the human
circulatory system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has ve chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not ow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen – rich and oxygen – de cient blood gets mixed in
the heart. (2020)
Answer:
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not ow backwards.

Question 25.
Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs. (Board
Term I, 2017)
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 Answer:
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
of heart.

Question 26.
De ne translocation in reference to plants. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of
photosynthesis, to various parts (roots, stem, branches, etc.) of the
plant is called translocation.

Question 27.
Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of
each. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii)
veins and (iii) capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to
various parts of the body. The walls of arteries are thick, elastic and
muscular that enables them to dilate but not rupture when the heart
contracts and forces blood into them.

(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the
body back to the heart. They are larger and hold more blood than
the arteries. The lumen of veins are provided with valves to prevent
the back ow of blood.

(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels
which occur at the terminals of artery and vein. The wall of
capillaries are permeable to water and dissolved substances so
that the exchange of materials between the blood and body cells
can take place.

Question 28.
(a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does
water enter continuously into the root xylem?
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(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to
animals. (AI 2019)
Answer:
(a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues
present in plants that help in rapid movement of water. In xylem
tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are
interconnected to form a continuous system of water conducting
channels reaching all parts of the plant.

Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root

hairs from the soil by the process of osmosis and take in minerals
by the process of diffusion. Thus, a difference in concentration of
ions is created between the roots and the soil which enables the
water to enter into roots to compensate the difference in
concentration. The water, alongwith dissolved minerals from root
hairs, passes into xylem vessels through cells of the cortex,
endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e., upward
movement of water and mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts
of the plant against the gravitational force) takes place from xylem
of the roots to the xylem of stem and leaves through vessels and
tracheids. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of leaves
creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from xylem cells.

(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place
to another in search of their food. Movements in a plant are usually
at the cellular level and hence they required less amount of energy.
Whereas animals are heterotrophic and locomote in search of food
and other activities, hence require higher amount of energy than of
plants.

Question 29.
Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in
plants is achieved by utilising energy. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of
plant. The transport of food from leaves to different parts of plant is
termed as translocation. Components of phloem are sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem bres. The food
is manufactured in the mesophyll cells (or photosynthetic cells) of a
leaf. The manufactured food enters into sieve tubes of the phloem
and is transported as a dilute aqueous solution either in upward or
downward direction. Food is transported to all non-green parts of
the plant for their growth and metabolic activities. Besides food
molecules, phloem also transports amino acids, hormones
synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.

In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using

energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue
causing the water to move into it (endosmosis). Soluble material is
then transferred from phloem tissue to other tissues which have
less pressure than in the phloem. Thus, according to plants
requirement, the material is translocated from higher osmotic
pressure areas to lower osmotic pressure areas.

Question 30.
What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports
water and minerals from roots to all aerial parts of plants which
occurs against gravitational force with the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through
photosynthesis, to various parts of plant. This process is called
translocation. Phloem also transports amino acids, hormones
synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings
oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins
of body except pulmonary vein and pass it to the right atrium of
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 heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right
atrium of heart to lungs for oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic
arteries which further take the blood to various body parts and
organs.

Question 31.
Explain giving any three reasons the signi cance of transpiration in
plants. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Signi cance of transpiration in plants:
(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through
xylem vessels which is greatly in uenced by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals
with it. Transpiration also helps in distributing these minerals
throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling
effect to the leaves.

Question 32.
List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins.
(Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
Differences between arteries and veins are as follows:
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 Question 33.
Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in
terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through
xylem as compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with
high pressure, they have thicker walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as
plants are less active, so their cells do not need to be supplied with
materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like sh have gills to oxygenate blood.
The ow of blood in a sh is single circulation because the blood
passes through the heart only once in one complete cycle of body.
The terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have double
circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one complete cycle of
blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them
to ow in only one direction. Thus prevent back ow of blood.

Question 34.
(a) “Blood circulation in shes is different from the blood circulation
in human beings”. Justify the statement.
(b) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Fishes have only two chambers in their heart, the blood is
pumped to the gills to get oxygenated blood and from there it
passes directly to rest of the body. Thus, the blood goes only once
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through the heart during one cycle of passage through the body.
This type of circulation is termed as single circulation.

In human beings, during circulation blood travels twice through the

heart in one complete cycle of the body and is called double
circulation. The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and
back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation and the pathway
of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to heart is
called systemic circulation.

(b) Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is poured into right
atrium. Contraction of heart forces it into right ventricle. From right
ventricle, deoxygenated blood ows to the lungs through
pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood from lungs is returned into left
atrium and then into left ventricle. The left ventricle forces the
oxygenated blood to the whole body. Thus, for making one
complete round or circulation circuit around all body parts, the
blood passes through the heart twice. This is known as double
circulation of blood.

Question 35.
(a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and
ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of
artery and veins. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood
corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it
moves to heart and pumped to different parts of the body. Its path
can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta →
Arteries → Body parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back ow of blood
between ventricles and atria. They open and allow the right amount
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of blood to ow from one chamber to the other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins:
Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have
valves to prevent back ow of blood.

Arteries:
Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Question 36.
Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys,
ureters on it. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Diagram of human excretory system is as follows:

Question 37.
Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and
label on it:
(i) Left kidney
(ii) Urinary bladder. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 36.
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Question 38.
Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of
diagram. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Structure of nephron is as follows:

The function of nephron is ltration of blood and elimination of

waste material from it. Blood is ltered from the blood capillaries
into Bowmans capsule and pour the ltrate into the renal tubule. In
this part, large amount of water and useful substances like
glucose, amino acid, minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed.
Nitrogenous waste along with little amount of water is sent to the
urinary bladder, which later expels the urine to the outside through
urethra.

Question 39.
(a) Name four types of metabolic wastes produced by humans.
(b) Name any two human excretory organs other than kidney.
(Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Four types of metabolic wastes produced by human are urea,
carbon dioxide, water and salts.
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 (b) Two human excretory organs other than kidneys are:
(i) Lungs : They help to eliminate carbon dioxide.
(ii) Liver : It is an excretory organ as it converts harmful amino
acids to harmless urea and haemoglobin of worn out RBCs to
bilirubin and biliverdin that can be excreted out of the body.

Question 40.
(a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human
beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Excretory system (Urinary system) in human beings consists of
a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

(b) In the kidney, the wastes are converted to urine by three

processes :
(i) Ultra ltration : In it, large amount of water along with certain
harmful substances like urea, uric acid, K+, ammonium salts,
creatinine, etc., and certain useful substances like glucose, amino
acids, Na+, etc., pass through glomerular capillaries and
glomerular membrane into cavity of Bowman’s capsule of nephrons
under pressure. The ltrate so formed is called nephric ltrate
which is moved towards ureter.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : In it, large amount of water and sodium,

whole of glucose and amino acids and small amount of urea are
passed back from nephric ltrate into blood capillaries. It occurs
either by back diffusion (i.e., water and urea) or active transport
(i.e., Na+, glucose and amino acids). It generally occurs in PCT
(Proximal convoluted tubule) of nephrons.

(iii) Tubular secretion : In this, certain harmful chemicals like uric

acid, creatinine, K+, etc., are passed from blood capillaries
surrounding the nephron into nephric ltrate by active transport. It
generally occurs in DCT (Distal convoluted tubule) of nephrons.
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 Now, the uid is termed as urine and is excreted out of the
excretory organs.

Question 41.
(a) De ne excretion.
(b) Name the basic ltration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following
organs of excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) store urine until it is passed out. (2018)
Answer:
(a) The biological process involved in the removal of wastes,
produced during various metabolic activities in the body from the
body of an organism is called excretion. The wastes are non-
gaseous nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc.,
along with excess of water, salts and pigments.

(b) Basic ltration unit present in kidney is nephron.

(c) Refer to answer 36.

(i) Kidney
(ii) Ureter
(iii) Urinary bladder

Question 42.
(a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label
following parts:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney
(iii) Ureter
(iv) Urinary bladder
(b) What are nephrons ? How is a nephron involved in the ltration
of blood and formation of urine? (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 36 for gure.
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 (b) Nephrons are the functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has
about one million nephrons. Each nephron consists of a cup-
shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule containing a bunch of
capillaries called glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule leads into tubular
structure which ultimately joins the transverse collecting tubule.
Filtration of blood and formation of urine in nephron involves the
following steps:
(i) The blood along with waste and excess water is brought to
kidney by renal arteries. Blood is ltered from the blood capillaries
into Bowmans capsule.
(ii) As the nephric ltrate passes through the tubular part of
nephron, useful substances like glucose, amino acid, mineral ions,
water, etc., are reabsorbed by blood capillaries surrounding the
nephron.
(iii) Tubular secretion occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the
collecting duct of the nephron where additional wastes are
excreted from the blood stream into the ltrate.
(iv) The uid that ows through collecting tubule is urine which
consists of water, urea, uric acid, mineral ions like sodium,
potassium, chloride, phosphates, etc.

Question 43.
(a) Draw a well-labelled diagram of structural and functional unit of
kidney.
(b) Explain the mechanism of the urine formation. (Board Term I,
2013)
Answer:
(a) Structural and functional unit of kidney is nephron. Its structure
is as follows:

(b) Main function of nephron is to form urine. The three main

processes involved in the urine formation are:
(i) Ultra ltration: It is the ltration of body uids and solutes from the
blood, out of the glomerular capillaries into the Bowmans capsule
due to the pressure of the glomerulus. All substances from the
blood are ltered out except the large protein molecules and blood
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 corpuscles. This uid in the glomerular capsule is called
glomerular ltrate. It consists of water, urea, salts, glucose and
other plasma solutes.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : Glomerular ltrate contains a lot of

useful materials like water, glucose and salts such as sodium.
These substances are reabsorbed by blood capillaries surrounding
the nephron from the renal tubule at various levels and to various
extents.

(iii) Tubular secretion : This occurs mainly in the renal tubule and
the collecting duct of the nephron. It is a process performed by the
cells of the cuboidal epithelium lining the tubules which excrete
additional wastes from the blood stream into the ltrate by active
transport. In this process substances like potassium, hydrogen,
creatinine and certain drugs like phenol, penicillin, etc., are directly
excreted by the tubular cells from the blood. The uid which now
ows through collecting tubule is urine which consists of water,
urea, uric acid, mineral ions like sodium, potassium, chloride,
phosphates, etc.
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