Topic 1 MC [90 marks]

1. A cell contains chloroplasts, plasma membrane and 80S ribosomes. What [1 mark]
type of cell could it be?
A. Bryophyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Prokaryote
D. Neuron

Markscheme
A

2. More than 90 % of cellular cholesterol is located in the cell’s plasma [1 mark]

membrane. What is the main role of cholesterol in the plasma
membranes of mammalian cells?
A. To regulate membrane fluidity
B. To increase membrane solubility
C. To increase membrane permeability
D. To regulate membrane temperature

Markscheme
A
3. What is/are required for facilitated diffusion? [1 mark]
I. A concentration gradient
II. ATP
III. A channel protein
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B

4. Which cell component arose first during the formation of the earliest [1 mark]
cells?
A. Chloroplast
B. Plasma membrane
C. Mitochondria
D. Cell wall

Markscheme
B
5. In the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the haploid number of chromosomes[1 mark]

is 24. How many sister chromatids are present in the G2 phase of a somatic cell,
such as a cell in the bone marrow of the chimpanzee?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 48
D. 96

Markscheme
D
6. The images of the radiolarian, a single-celled marine organism, were [1 mark]
produced using a light microscope (left) and a scanning electron
microscope (right).

[Source: Munir,S.;Sun,J.;Morton, S.L. The First Record and Classification of

Planktonic Radiolarian
(Phylum Retaria) and Phaeodarian (Phylum Cercozoa) in the Eastern Indian Ocean.
Biology 2021, 10, 202.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030202 Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. This
article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

What is a reason for the difference in quality of these images?

A. Light cannot pass through the specimen.
B. Higher magnification can be achieved with the electron microscope.
C. The resolution of the electron microscope is higher.
D. Samples are stained with methylene blue when viewed with the light
microscope.

Markscheme
C
7. In an experiment on osmosis, red blood cells were immersed in a salt [1 mark]
solution for two hours. The micrographs show the appearance of these
cells before and after immersion in the salt solution.

[Source: Ed Uthman, Acanthocytes, from peripheral blood [image online] Available

at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocyte#/media/File:Acanthocytes,_Peripheral_Blood_(38
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY
2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Source adapted.]

What explains the observed changes?

A. The salt solution was hypertonic and entered the red blood cells.
B. The salt solution was hypotonic and disrupted the membranes of the red blood
cells.
C. The salt solution was hypertonic and water moved into it from the red blood
cells.
D. The salt solution was hypotonic and mineral salts were lost from the red blood
cells.

Markscheme
C
8. Pasteur used swan-necked flasks and a nutrient broth to demonstrate [1 mark]
that spontaneous generation of organisms does not occur on Earth. Some
students performed a similar experiment using two swan-necked flasks, one
containing broth which had been previously boiled and another containing broth
which had not been boiled.

The flasks were left in the school laboratory and observed after one week. What is
the evidence against the spontaneous generation theory?
A. Microorganisms died in flask F due to high temperatures.
B. No microorganisms grew in either flask.
C. Microorganisms grew in flask G.
D. No microorganisms grew in flask F but many grew in flask G.

Markscheme
D
9. Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug that prevents tumour cells from dividing [1 mark]
by mitosis as it inhibits cell processes at stage S of interphase. How does
cisplatin prevent cancer cells from dividing?
A. It inhibits the replication of DNA.
B. It inhibits the growth of the spindle fibres.
C. It prevents the breakdown of the nuclear membrane.
D. It prevents the condensation of chromosomes.

Markscheme
A
10. The micrograph of a section through a plant stem shows at least ten [1 mark]
different types of cells.

[Source: Joan Carles Juarez / Shutterstock.com.]

What explains the differences between these cells?

A. Only one gene is expressed in each cell type.
B. Different genes are expressed in each cell type.
C. Only useful genes remain in the DNA of each cell type.
D. Changes in the DNA sequence take place when these cells develop.

Markscheme
B
11. Which feature(s) allow(s) transport of glucose in blood plasma? [1 mark]
I. It is hydrophobic.
II. It is polar.
III. Its solubility is low at 37 °C.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only

Markscheme
B
12. Two cells have the following characteristics. [1 mark]

Which deduction is supported by this information?

A. Both cells are from plants.
B. Cell I is more complex than cell II.
C. Cell II is an animal cell.
D. Cell I is prokaryotic.

Markscheme
D
13. In which stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated? [1 mark]

[Source: M1llx, 2019. Cell cycle simple pl. [online] Available at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_cycle_simple_pl.png This file is
licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en [Accessed 1 August
2019].]

A. G1 phase
B. G2 phase
C. S phase
D. Mitosis

Markscheme
C
14. What is a universal characteristic of the genetic code? [1 mark]
A. There are more than 64 different anticodons.
B. There are more nucleotides than codons.
C. There are more codons than amino acids.
D. There are two or more amino acids for each codon.

Markscheme
C
15. Red blood cells from a small mammal were immersed in NaCl (sodium [1 mark]
chloride) solutions of different concentrations for 2 hours. The graph
shows the percentage of hemolysed (ruptured) red blood cells at each
concentration.

[Source: Zaidan, T. , de Matos, W. , Machado, É. , Junqueira, T. , Vicentini, S. ,

Presta, G. and Santos-Filho, S. (2010)
Cellular effects of an aqueous solution of Losartan® on the survival of Escherichia
coli AB1157 in the presence
and absence of SnCl2, and on the physiological property (osmotic fragility) of the
erytrocyte. Advances
in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 1, 300–304. doi: 10.4236/abb.2010.14039.
Available at https://www.scirp.org/pdf/ABB20100400005_18844979.pdf Licensed
under a Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

What can be deduced from the graph?

A. At Y, the net movement of Na ions between red blood cells and the NaCl
solutions is zero.
B. At X, Na and Cl ions disrupt the structure of cell membranes.
C. At Y, the hypertonic NaCl solutions diffuse into the red blood cells.
D. At X, water has moved by osmosis into the red blood cells.

Markscheme
D
16. Which plasma membrane is the least fluid at high temperatures? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B
17. Which feature(s) allow(s) transport of glucose in blood plasma? [1 mark]
I. It is hydrophobic.
II. It is polar.
III. Its solubility is low at 37 °C.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only

Markscheme
B
18. The image shows part of a mammalian cell. [1 mark]

[Source: Louisa Howard, Katherine Connollly - Dartmouth Electron Microscope

Facility. Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microvilli.jpg.]

What is the specialized function of this mammalian cell?

A. Locomotion
B. Absorption
C. Reception of stimuli
D. Gas exchange

Markscheme
B
19. Which features of phospholipids give them their amphipathic properties? [1 mark]
A. Basic phosphate groups and acidic lipids
B. Acidic phosphate groups and basic lipids
C. Hydrophobic phosphate groups and hydrophilic fatty acids
D. Hydrophilic phosphate groups and hydrophobic fatty acids

Markscheme
D

20. How is facilitated diffusion in axons similar to active transport? [1 mark]

A. They both require the energy of ATP.
B. They both move substances against a concentration gradient.
C. They both use sodium–potassium pumps.
D. They are both carried out by proteins embedded in the axon membrane.

Markscheme
D
21. How do both mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence for the [1 mark]
endosymbiotic theory?
A. They have double membranes.
B. They have 80S ribosomes similar to prokaryotes.
C. They contain the same DNA as the nucleus of the cell.
D. They exist together in eukaryote cells for their mutual benefit.

Markscheme
A
22. The graph shows the mitotic index in the roots of lentil plants at different [1 mark]
distances from the end of the root.

[Source: Physiologia Plantarum, Volume 105, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 171–
178, Effect of microgravity on the cell cycle
in the lentil root F. Yu, D. Driss-Ecole, J. Rembur, V. Legué, G. Perbal Wiley Online
Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.
com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105125.x]

What can be deduced from the graph?

A. As the distance from the end of the root increases, more cells are undergoing
mitosis.
B. At 0.5 mm from the end of the root, most of the cells are in prophase.
C. There were fewer cells observed at 1.5 mm than at 0.5 mm.
D. As the distance from the end of the root increases, the percentage of cells in
interphase increases.

Markscheme
D
23. In mammals, mature red blood cells are specialized in that they lack [1 mark]
nuclei, mitochondria or ribosomes. Which statement applies to red blood
cells?
A. No chemical reactions take place within their cytoplasm.
B. They cannot produce new enzymes.
C. Materials cannot enter red blood cells.
D. Materials cannot exit red blood cells.

Markscheme
B

24. What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? [1 mark]

A. Both are found in the cells of Filicinophyta.
B. Both contain grana.
C. Both occur in all eukaryotic cells.
D. Both are found in a Paramecium.

Markscheme
A
25. The Davson–Danielli model of membrane structure proposed that [1 mark]
membranes were composed of a phospholipid bilayer that lies between
two layers of globular proteins, as shown in this diagram.

[Source: Cornell, B. 2016. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-

biology/13-membrane-structure/membrane-models.html]
What evidence supported this model?
A. An electron micrograph that showed two dark lines with a lighter band in
between
B. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
C. Evidence that all membranes are identical
D. The hydrophobic regions of protein would be in contact with water

Markscheme
A
26. A human organ is being prepared for transplant. In what type of solution [1 mark]
must it be bathed?
A. A hypertonic solution
B. A hypotonic solution
C. Pure water containing no solutes
D. A solution with the same osmolarity as the organ tissue

Markscheme
D

27. Which living structure is an exception to the cell theory? [1 mark]

A. Striated muscle fibres
B. A single-celled alga carrying out all of the functions of life
C. The artificial synthesis of the organic molecule urea
D. A multicellular organism with cells undertaking specialized roles

Markscheme
A
28. Which statement applies to cholesterol? [1 mark]
A. It is hydrophobic and found on the outside of the phospholipid bilayer.
B. It is hydrophilic and found inside the phospholipid bilayer.
C. It impacts membrane fluidity.
D. It is transported in association with glucose in the blood.

Markscheme
C

29. A tissue sample was examined under the microscope in order to [1 mark]
determine a mitotic index. The number of cells in each stage of the cell
cycle was determined and the data were entered into a table.

What is the mitotic index?

A. 0.125
B. 0.25
C. 0.75
D. 1.00

Markscheme
B
30. The diagrams represent cells with the same concentration of dissolved [1 mark]
substances in their cytoplasm. If all the cells were placed in the same
hypertonic sucrose solution, which cell would show the greatest rate of change in
the concentration of its cytoplasm?

Markscheme
C
31. What function is performed by the part of the cell shown in the electron [1 mark]
micrograph?

[Source: George E. Palade Electron Microscopy Slide Collection Harvey

Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Yale University Library.]
A. Locomotion
B. Synthesis of proteins
C. Movement of chromosomes
D. Breakdown of cellular organelles

Markscheme
B
32. What special property of phospholipid molecules explains their ability to [1 mark]
spontaneously assemble into a lipid bilayer?
A. They are hydrophobic.
B. They are amphipathic.
C. They are saturated.
D. They are hydrophilic

Markscheme
B

33. Which graph best represents the relationship between the concentration [1 mark]
of chloride ions in the external environment of a cell and the rate at which
the chloride ions move by facilitated diffusion into the cytoplasm of the cell?
 Markscheme
C

34. Which statement is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? [1 mark]

A. Chloroplasts contain 70S ribosomes.
B. Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
C. Organic molecules can be synthesised abiotically.
D. RNA is self-replicating.

Markscheme
A
 The images show samples of red blood cells that were placed in different
concentrations of salt solutions.

35. Which process explains the observations shown in the images? [1 mark]
A. Active transport
B. Exocytosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Osmosis

Markscheme
D

36. Which solution has the highest salt concentration? [1 mark]

A. The original solution
B. Solution 1
C. Solution 2
D. Solution 3
 Markscheme
B

37. The image shows an electron micrograph of virus particles known to [1 mark]
infect the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is associated with
gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia in humans and animals.

[Source: Lin, Y. and Lin, C., 2012. Transmission electron micrograph of phage
ϕpp2 particles with several structural proteins. [micrograph] (BMC Genomics,
13:224).]
What does a virus have in common with a living cell?
A. 70S ribosomes
B. Genetic material
C. Reproduction by binary fission
D. Anaerobic respiration

Markscheme
B
38. Three cell types are shown in the micrographs. [1 mark]

[Source: left: UCSF School of Medicine, Courtesy of Prof. D Schmucker. middle:

Professor Roger Meicenheimer, Miami University, Department of Botany. right:
Courtesy of visualhistology.com.]
What feature distinguishes striated muscle fibres from the three cell types shown
in the images?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleoid regions
C. Multinucleate structure
D. Membrane-bound organelles

Markscheme
C

39. When does DNA replication occur? [1 mark]

A. S phase of interphase
B. Early prophase
C. G phase of interphase
D. Late prophase
 Markscheme
A

The electron micrograph shows a section through a cell.

[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb. Nucleus, glyoxisomes, chloroplasts, and

mitochondria - magnification
at 13,900x - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries (wisc.edu)
(https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AE2SBIWRVTRR5T87).]

40. What is the name of the cell component labelled Y? [1 mark]

A. Golgi apparatus
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Vacuole
 Markscheme
B

41. Which feature of the cell in the micrograph is consistent with the [1 mark]
endosymbiotic theory?
A. X has a single membrane.
B. Y has a double membrane.
C. X contains 70S ribosomes.
D. Y contains 80S ribosomes.

Markscheme
C

42. Which sequence has the cells arranged according to their ability to [1 mark]
differentiate, starting from the least able?
A. bone marrow, neuron, embryonic, umbilical
B. neuron, bone marrow, umbilical, embryonic
C. umbilical, embryonic, bone marrow, neuron
D. embryonic, umbilical, bone marrow, neuron

Markscheme
B
43. The diagram shows a section through a membrane. What are the modes [1 mark]
of transport in the diagram?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Markscheme
C
44. How many chromosomes are there in a cell during anaphase of mitosis, if [1 mark]
the diploid number of the cell is 20?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 80

Markscheme
C

45. Chlorella and Paramecium are both unicellular eukaryotic organisms living[1 mark]
in freshwater. Chlorella is photosynthetic and has a cell wall. Which
organelle will be found in Paramecium but not in Chlorella?
A. Chloroplast
B. Contractile vacuole
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Mitochondrion

Markscheme
B
46. What would show that a person has developed metastatic cancer? [1 mark]
A. Alveolus cells forming a tumour in the lungs
B. Cancer cells producing the skin pigment melanin in the liver
C. A tumour in the prostate gland increasing levels of prostate-specific antigen
D. Cancerous lymphocytes in blood plasma

Markscheme
B

47. The first iron ore deposits in rocks appeared about 1.8 billion years ago. [1 mark]
What took place to make this occur?
A. Some prokaryotic organisms began to absorb carbon dioxide from seawater.
B. Some eukaryotic organisms began to absorb carbon dioxide from seawater.
C. Some prokaryotic organisms began to release oxygen into seawater.
D. Some eukaryotic organisms began to release oxygen into seawater.

Markscheme
C
48. The electron micrograph shows a thin section through a plant mesophyll [1 mark]
cell.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euglena_sp.jpg, by
Deuterostome
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode]

What is the magnification of the image?

A. × 75
B. × 300
C. × 3000
D. × 7500

Markscheme
C
49. By which process do potassium ions move through potassium channels in [1 mark]
axons?
A. Active transport
B. Exocytosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Simple diffusion

Markscheme
C

50. Which statement provides evidence for endosymbiosis? [1 mark]

A. Early prokaryotes contributed to a large increase in oxygen in the atmosphere.
B. Eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA.
C. Certain groups of ancient prokaryotes developed mechanisms to carry out
aerobic respiration.
D. Experiments by Miller and Urey produced simple organic molecules in abiotic
conditions.

Markscheme
B
51. In the micrograph, which letter points to a cell in anaphase? [1 mark]

[Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitotic_Stages_in_Apical_Meristem_of_Allium_Roo
licensed under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication]

Markscheme
B
52. Students examined micrographs and counted cells in the different stages [1 mark]
of mitosis as well as those cells with no visible chromosomes. The table
shows their results.

What is the mitotic index?

A. 0.2
B. 0.4
C. 0.6
D. 0.7

Markscheme
B

53. Stargardt’s disease, a genetic disorder that causes vision loss, is being [1 mark]
treated using retinal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Why
are embryonic stem cells used?
A. They are already specialized for this function.
B. They are able to differentiate into the required cell type.
C. They retain stem cell properties after specialization.
D. There are no ethical issues concerning their use.

Markscheme
B
54. Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio [1 mark]
with increasing cell diameter?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Markscheme
B
55. The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell. [1 mark]

[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin –

Madison.]

Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?

A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.
B. They contain 70S ribosomes.
C. They contain naked DNA.
D. They are only found in leaf cells.

Markscheme
A
56. The images show a sequence of changes in an organism. [1 mark]

[Source: Copyright (2007) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 'A comparative

analysis of frog early development'.
Eugenia M. del Pino, Michael Venegas-Ferrín, Andrés Romero-Carvajal, Paola
Montenegro-Larrea, Natalia
Sáenz-Ponce, Iván M. Moya, Ingrid Alarcón, Norihiro Sudou, Shinji Yamamoto, and
Masanori Taira,
PNAS July 17, 2007 104 (29) 11882–11888;
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705092104]

What is the change and which process is necessary for it to occur?

Markscheme
B
57. Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis? [1 mark]
I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine
II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment
III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B

58. The table shows the number of cells in various stages of the cell cycle in [1 mark]
four samples of ovarian tissue from different patients. Which tissue
sample A, B, C or D has the highest mitotic index?
 Markscheme
C

59. Which structures are found only in prokaryotic cells? [1 mark]

A. Ribosomes
B. Pili
C. Cell walls
D. Flagella

Markscheme
B
60. The magnification of the micrograph is 2000×. [1 mark]

[Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33
by TenOfAllTrades.]

What is the maximum diameter of the nucleus in the cell labelled X?

A. 10 μm
B. 10 nm
C. 20 μm
D. 20 nm

Markscheme
A
61. The image shows a micrograph of a cell. [1 mark]

[Source: © 2014,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;_root_meristem_of_onio
in_prophase,_metaphase,_anaphase,_telophase).jpg by Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig,
CSc.]

What explains the appearance of the cell in the micrograph?

A. The cell is dying.
B. The DNA is replicating.
C. The cell is in metaphase.
D. The cell is in telophase.

Markscheme
C
62. Which processes are involved in the development of cancer? [1 mark]
I. Mutations occur in oncogenes.
II. Oncogenes prevent cancer.
III. Oncogenes affect cell cycle regulatory proteins.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B
63. The table shows concentrations of potassium ions and sodium ions inside [1 mark]
and outside human cells.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What explains these concentrations?

A. Potassium ions diffuse in and sodium ions diffuse out.
B. Sodium ions diffuse in and potassium ions diffuse out.
C. Active transport pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out.
D. Active transport pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in.

Markscheme
D
64. The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a [1 mark]
transmission electron microscope.

[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer

Zorkun is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License]

Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic
bacterium?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Multiple nuclei
C. 70S ribosomes
D. Lysosomes

Markscheme
C
65. Which is an essential feature of the Davson–Danielli model of membrane [1 mark]
structure?
A. A phospholipid monolayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
B. A layer of protein sandwiched between two layers of lipid
C. A phospholipid bilayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
D. A layer of lipid sandwiched between two layers of protein

Markscheme
D

66. The diagram shows a stage in cell division. [1 mark]

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What is the stage shown?

A. Anaphase I of mitosis
B. Anaphase II of mitosis
C. Anaphase I of meiosis
D. Anaphase II of meiosis
 Markscheme
D

67. If cells of a multicellular organism have the same genes, how can there be[1 mark]
many different cell types in a body?
A. Some genes but not others are expressed in each cell type.
B. Cells lose some genes as development occurs.
C. Genes do not determine the structure of a cell.
D. Cells must practice division of labour in order to survive.

Markscheme
A
68. The diagram represents the nucleus of a cell 2 n = 8 in late prophase of [1 mark]
mitosis.

Which diagram represents a cell from the same species in anaphase II of meiosis?

Markscheme
C
69. The electron micrograph shows part of a cell. Which organelle is the site [1 mark]
of aerobic respiration?

Markscheme
C
70. The images are microscopic views of two similar cells. [1 mark]

What is a reason for the differences between the two micrographs?

A. The lower image has a higher magnification.
B. The lower image has greater resolution.
C. A nucleus can only be seen in the upper image.
D. The upper image is an electron micrograph.

Markscheme
B
71. What part of the plasma membrane is fluid, allowing the movement of [1 mark]
proteins in accordance with the fluid mosaic model?

Markscheme
B
72. Apparatus was set up as shown to collect data. [1 mark]

The graph shows the results after 47 minutes of data collection.

What causes the rates to differ?

I. Different concentration gradients at the start
II. Diffusion of sugar is initially greater in Y than in X
III. The systems are reaching equilibrium over time
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
 Markscheme
C

73. How does mitosis produce two genetically identical nuclei? [1 mark]
A. By separation of homologous chromosomes
B. By separation of sister chromatids
C. By division of the cytoplasm into two equal cells
D. By division of the nuclear membrane into two equal parts

Markscheme
B
74. The image shows an electron micrograph of a fungus, Candida albicans. [1 mark]

Which terms identify the structures labelled I and II in the image?

Markscheme
C
75. Which method provides biochemical evidence that cells have begun to [1 mark]
differentiate?
A. Observation with a light microscope
B. Observation with an electron microscope
C. Examination of the DNA sequence
D. Analysis of the proteins

Markscheme
D

76. How are villi, alveoli and nephrons similar? [1 mark]

A. They are internal organs.
B. They provide large surface areas for molecular exchange.
C. They secrete hormones.
D. They have a role in excretion.

Markscheme
B
77. In a copy of Louis Pasteur’s famous experiment, broth was put into flasks [1 mark]
as shown in the diagrams.

What results would be expected with no spontaneous generation of life?

A. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flask W.
B. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W and X.
C. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Y.
D. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Z.

Markscheme
B
78. What feature of both striated muscle and aseptate fungal hyphae is [1 mark]
different from typical cell structure?
A. They have multiple nuclei within a structural unit.
B. They have a cell wall that is not made of cellulose.
C. They have plasmids.
D. They have an absence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane.

Markscheme
A

79. Where could genes be located in a prokaryotic cell? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B
80. Neural pathways in living brains can now be mapped by tracking the [1 mark]
movement of water molecules inside axons. What keeps water molecules
inside axons?
A. Plasma membrane
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Pump proteins
D. Synapse

Markscheme
A

81. How does potassium move across the membrane of a neuron during [1 mark]
repolarization?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Active transport

Markscheme
B
82. Which organelle provides evidence that eukaryotic cells originated when [1 mark]
large prokaryotes engulfed small free-living prokaryotes?
A. Chloroplast
B. Nucleoid
C. 80S ribosome
D. Vacuole

Markscheme
A

83. The concentrations of cyclins rise and fall in cells at certain times. [1 mark]

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin#/media/File:Cyclin_Expression.svg]
What times are these?
A. Day and night
B. Seasons of the year
C. Stages of mitosis and interphase
D. Developmental stages in the life cycle
 Markscheme
C

84. When compared to other body cells, which characteristic of stem cells is [1 mark]
the most important for therapeutic uses?
A. Less differentiation
B. Less excretion
C. Lower rate of reproduction
D. Lower rate of metabolism

Markscheme
A
85. The image shows an electron micrograph of a cell. [1 mark]

[Source: Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 15th edition, by Anthony L. Mescher,

McGraw-Hill publisher.]
Which organelles correspond to the labels in the electron micrograph of this cell?

Markscheme
C
86. Which molecule regulates the fluidity of cell membranes? [1 mark]
A. Phospholipid
B. Cholesterol
C. Glycoprotein
D. Peripheral protein

Markscheme
B

87. Pasteur carried out a series of experiments that provided strong evidence [1 mark]
against a widely supported theory. What was this theory?
A. Endosymbiosis
B. Spontaneous generation
C. Conservative replication of DNA
D. Evolution

Markscheme
B
88. The image shows cells in the different stages of mitosis. Which cell is in [1 mark]
telophase?

[Source: © The Trustees of Indiana University]

Markscheme
D

89. Which type of transportation happens in the sodium–potassium pump? [1 mark]

A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Simple diffusion
D. Active transport

Markscheme
D
 The image is of a Paramecium

[Source: Adapted from www.biology-resources.com. Copyright 2004-2017 D G

Mackean & Ian Mackean. All rights reserved.]

90. Which function is accomplished by structures X and Y in the Paramecium? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B

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