By: International Trainer

Dr.Eng. Labib Omar Hugari - Schlumberger Software Expert

1 Initials
 Fluid properties (also known as PVT properties) are predicted by
correlations developed by fitting experimental fluid data with
mathematical models. Various correlations have been developed
over the years based on experimental data sets covering a range of
fluid properties.

The PIPESIM help system describes the range of fluid properties

used to develop each correlation, which helps you select the most
appropriate correlation for the fluid at hand. The default correlations
in PIPESIM are based on the overall accuracy of the correlations
as applied to a broad range of fluids.

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 There are two calibration options available in PIPESIM:
• Single Point calibration
• Multi-Point calibration.

1- Single Point Calibration

In many cases, actual measured values for some properties show a slight
variance from calculated values. When this occurs, it is useful to calibrate
the property using the measured point.
PIPESIM can use the known data for the property to calculate a
calibration constant Kc;
Kc = Measured Property @(P,T)/Calculated Property @(P,T)
Calibrated value = Kc (Predicted value)
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 2- Multi-Point Calibration
In multi-point calibration, black oil correlations are tuned so that
the correlation honors all data points (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Correlation running through all data points

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 2- Multi-Point Calibration Cont.
A calibration factor is calculated for every measurement point, and
a plot is generated for the Pressure vs. Calibration factor, as shown
in (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Pressure vs. Calibration factor

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
To calibrate PVT data:
1. Open Your Oil Well Performance Analysis file.
2. From Setup > Black Oil, select the Viscosity
Data tab.
3. Enter the following calibration data:
4. Under Dead Oil Viscosity, select User’s 2 Data
points as the correlation.
5. Enter the following measurements:

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
5. For Live Oil Viscosity,
ensure that the Chew &
Connally correlation is
selected.
6. For the Emulsion Viscosity
Method, select the
Brinkman 1952 correlation.
7. For the Undersaturated Oil
Viscosity, select the
BergmanSutton correlation.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
8. Select the Advanced
Calibration Data tab and
click SinglePoint
Calibration.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
9. Enter the measured data to calibrate the PVT model.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
10. Select the following PVT correlations:

11. From the Advanced Calibration Data tab, select Plot PVT
Data (Laboratory Conditions GOR = GSAT) to generate a plot
of the PVT properties for various pressures and temperatures.
12. Select Series and change the y-axis to Oil Formation Volume
Factor.
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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
13. Verify that the predicted values match the calibration points.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
14. Repeat steps 12 and 13 for Oil viscosity and Gas viscosity to
ensure the predicted values are correct.
NOTE: Dead Oil conditions are at 14.7 psia.

Notice that the predicted oil

viscosity value at a
temperature of 60 degF and
14.7 psia is 10.0 P,
consistent with the
laboratory dead oil data.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
15. Now that the fluid model is calibrated, rerun the Pressure-
Temperature Profile.
16. Determine the flowing bottomhole pressure, flowing wellhead
temperature, and production rate for the given wellhead
pressure.
17. Compare your answers to the uncalibrated model results in.
18. Inspect the plot and summary output to determine answers.

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 Exercise 1: Calibrate PVT data
Results
Wellhead Pressure Calibrated Uncalibrated
Production Rate
Flowing BHP
Flowing WHT
Depth where gas appears

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 Training Exercise:

Wellhead Pressure = 300 psia

Production Rate = 7,808 stb/d
Flowing BHP = 2,624 psia
Flowing WHT = 129 degF
Depth at which gas appears = 6,730 ft

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 The pressure distribution of the fluid as it flows though
the tubing is very important in production engineering
tasks such as selecting tubing sizes, forecasting well
productivity, and designing artificial lift installations.

Pressure distribution along particular tubing can be

obtained from actual measurements taken with pressure
gauges using wireline/ slickline at different depths in the
well while it is flowing at a constant rate. The result of this
measurement is a plot of fluid pressure along tubing versus
vertical depth, called a Flowing
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 Figure 3: Flowing Gradient survey
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‫فحص نسبة إنحدار التدفق‬
 When an Flowing Gradient Survey (FGS) is available, it is always
best to compare different multiphase flow correlations with the FGS,
to determine the one that best matches the FGS.

Additionally, the correlation can be tuned to more accurately match

the data. Optimization routines in PIPESIM allow the PIPESIM
Single Branch engine to calculate optimal values of parameters to
match measured pressure and/or temperature data. The match is
performed by tuning parameters, such as friction and hold-up factor
multiplier for pressure matching, and a U-factor multiplier for
temperature matching. After the model is tuned, you should validate
it against test data measured at different conditions.
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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching
An Flowing Gradient survey (FGS) is available for this well.
In this exercise, you use the measured data to select the most
appropriate vertical flow correlation.

To perform a flow correlation

match:
1. Select Data > Load/Add
Measured Data.

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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation
Matching

2. Click New.
3. Enter the name of the well
“Oil Well”, and enter the
today date “13/02/2021”

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 Exercise 2: Flow
Correlation Matching

4. Enter the test data, as

shown.
5. Click Save Changes.
6. Go to Operations > Data
Matching and enter the
range of calibration factors,
as shown in the next figure.

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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching
NOTE: You can uncheck the
calibration factor for
horizontal flow as there is no
horizontal flow in this model.

6. Click the Flow

Correlation tab and
select some of the
vertical multiphase flow
correlations, as shown
below.
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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching

7. Go to the Run tab and

specify the given Outlet
Pressure (Wellhead) and
Liquid Rate.

8. Select the Inlet Pressure

as the calculated variable
and click Run model.

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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching
9. Click Run model.

10. View the results in Data Matching window to determine which flow
correlation agrees most closely with the measured data.

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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching
11. Select the best correlation and click Save Selected Results
to update the model with this correlation and the matched
values for the friction factor, holdup factor, and U-Value
multipliers.

NOTE: Weighting factors are used to set the relative importance

of the pressure and temperature error terms if both
pressure and temperature data have been specified.

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 Exercise 2: Flow Correlation Matching
Results
Best Vertical Correlation
Flowing BHP
Head Factor Multiplier
Friction Factor Multiplier
U Factor Multiplier

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 Training Exercise:

Wellhead Pressure = 300 psia

Vertical Correlation = TUFFP-2Phase
Flowing BHP = 2,681 psia
Head Factor = 1.0059
Friction Factor = 0.93035
U Factor = 0.7907

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 Exercise 3: Matching Inflow Performance
It is known from a pressure gradient survey that this particular well can
flow 6,500 bbl/d of liquid against 300 psia of wellhead pressure. Using
the correct flow correlation from the previous exercise, run the
Pressure/Temperature profile to determine how much this well can
produce for the same boundary conditions.

If the calculated flow rate is different from measured flow rate (6,500
bbl/d), it is time to determine the Productivity Index (PI) that matches the
test data.
Wellhead Pressure 300 psia
In this exercise, you also determine the absolute open flow potential
(AOFP) of the well with the new PI, given a reservoir pressure known to
be 3,600 psia.
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 Exercise 3: Matching Inflow Performance (IPR)
TIP: The Productivity Index (PI) is expected to be in the
range from 5 to10 stb/d/psi.
To perform the IPR matching:
1. Select Operations >
Pressure/Temperature
Profile.
2. Enter the Outlet Pressure 300
psia and the Liquid Rate 6,500
bbl/d.
3. Select the User variable as the
calculated variable and click
Define.
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 Exercise 3: Matching Inflow Performance (IPR)

4. Select Object VertWell_1

and the Variable
Productivity Index.
5. Enter the expected range
of PI (5-10) and click
OK.
6. Run the model and
review the PsPlot for
calculated Liquid PI.
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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions

Log analysis shows that a shallow gas zone exists at a TVD

of 7,500 feet (Figure 4). As an alternative to gas lift injection,
you can investigate the benefits of perforating this zone and
self lifting the well.

31 Initials Figure 4: Shallow zone at 7,500 ft

 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
Defining a Second Completion
To define a second completion:
1. Insert a second vertical completion
below the NODAL analysis point.
2. Connect this 2ed completion to the
NODAL analysis instead of the first.
3. Connect to the original completion using
a separate tubing model , as shown.
3. Modify the upper tubing 1st string to
extend only to the top of the upper
perforations.
a) Modify the Deviation survey such that it
32 Initials will extend to only 7,200 feet TVD.
 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
Defining a Second Completion
1 2 3 4

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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
b) Modify the Geothermal survey
such that the ambient
temperature at an MD of 7,500
feet is 180 deg F.
c) In the Tubing Configurations
tab, specify a bottom MD of
7,500 feet and a tubing ID of
3.958 inches.
d) In the Downhole Equipment
tab, remove the gas lift
injection.
e) Click OK to close the menu.
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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion:
4. Double-click on the lower
tubing string to define its
properties,
a) In the Deviation Survey
tab, define the lower
tubing string profile, as
shown. And click on the
calculate angle.

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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion:
b) In the Geothermal survey
specify temperature of 180
deg F at 7,500 feet and 200
degF at 9,000 feet.

c) Specify the U value as 5

Btu/hr/ft2/F.

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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion:
d) In the Tubing
Configuration tab, specify
a tubing ID of 3.958
inches to a depth of 8,600
feet MD and 6.184 inches
to a depth of 9,000 feet.

e) Click OK to close the

menu.

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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion:
5.With no test data at hand, model the
reservoir performance of the upper zone
using the pseudo-steady state Darcy
equation.
Specify the upper completion using the
following data:
6.Select the Fluid model tab within the
completion dialog and enter the
following:
a. Use a locally-defined fluid model with
an OGR of 0 STB/mmscfd and a
WGR of 0 (all gas).
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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion:
b. Specify a gas gravity of 0.67.
c. Leave all other properties
and correlations at their
default settings.
7. To analyze the effect of
perforating the upper zone
(compared with gas lift
injection), run a
Pressure/Temperature
Profile for the 60% water cut
case.
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 Exercise 4: Working with Multiple Completions
To define a 2ed completion cont.:
a) From Setup > Black Oil, set the water cut to 60%.
b) Select Operations > Pressure/Temperature Profile.
c) Specify the Outlet Pressure as 300 psia.
d) Specify the Mass Rate as the Calculated Variable.
e) Run the model.
f) Inspect the output file to determine the results.

Wellhead Pressure 300 psia

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