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Intro

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze, or spit. TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB that does not respond to the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB requires extensive and expensive treatment for up to two years with toxic second-line drugs. The document discusses understanding TB, MDR-TB, their causes, diagnosis, management, and significance of studying MDR-TB.

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14 views3 pages

Intro

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze, or spit. TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB that does not respond to the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB requires extensive and expensive treatment for up to two years with toxic second-line drugs. The document discusses understanding TB, MDR-TB, their causes, diagnosis, management, and significance of studying MDR-TB.

Uploaded by

vika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs and spread from person to person
through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB
germs into the air and to become infected, it just needs to inhale only a few of these
germs.1
There are several names for TB. It was called phthisis in ancient Greece, tabes
in ancient Rome, and schachepheth in ancient Hebrew. On 1882, Dr. Robert Koch
discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes TB. During this time,
TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe.2
TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and a leading killer of HIV-
positive people. In 2017, 10 million people fell ill with TB, 1.6 million died from the
disease, 1 million children became ill with TB and 230 000 children died of TB. TB
occurs in every part of the world. The largest number of new TB cases occurred in the
South-East Asia, Western Pacific regions and African region. Eighty seven percent of
new TB cases occurred in the 30 high TB burden countries, such as India, China,
Indonesia, Philippine, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa. Over 95% of
cases and deaths are in developing countries.1
In active TB disease, the symptoms may be mild for many months. Common
symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains,
weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats . TB mostly affects adults in their most
productive years. However, all age groups are at risk.. People who are infected with
HIV are 20 to 30 times more likely to develop active TB. The risk of active TB is also
greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system.1
TB is a treatable and curable disease. Active, drug-susceptible TB disease is
treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs. Anti-TB medicines
have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines
have been documented in every country surveyed. 1
Drug resistance emerges when anti-TB medicines are used inappropriately,
through incorrect prescription by health care providers, poor quality drugs, and
patients stopping treatment prematurely. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the
2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using
second-line drugs. However, second-line treatment options are limited and require
extensive chemotherapy (up to 2 years of treatment) with medicines that are
expensive and toxic.1

1.2. Problem Statement


1.2.1. What is Tuberculosis?
1.2.2. What is the etiopathogenesis of Tuberculosis?
1.2.3. How is the management of Tuberculosis?
1.2.4. What is Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
1.2.5. How is the epidemiology of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
1.2.6. What is the etiopathogenesis of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-
TB)?
1.2.7. What are the clinical manifestation of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB)?
1.2.8. How to diagnosis Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
1.2.9. What are the differential diagnosis of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB)?
1.2.10. How is the management of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
1.2.11. How is the prognosis of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
1.2.12. What are the complications of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-
TB)?

1.3. Objective of Study


1.3.1. To know what Tuberculosis is
1.3.2. To know what the etiopathogenesis of Tuberculosis is
1.3.3. To know how the management of Tuberculosis is
1.3.4. To know what Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is
1.3.5. To know how the epidemiology of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB) is
1.3.6. To know what the etiopathogenesis of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB) is
1.3.7. To know what the clinical manifestation of Multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are
1.3.8. To know how to diagnose Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
1.3.9. To know what the differential diagnosis of Multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are
1.3.10. To know how the management of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-
TB) is
1.3.11. To know how the prognosis of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-
TB) is
1.3.12. To know what the complications of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB) are

1.4. Significance of Study


Get a better understanding about Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis

Reference:

1. Tuberculosis (TB). World Health Organization. 2018 [cited 6 November 2018].


Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis

2. Tuberculosis (TB). Cdc.gov. 2018 [cited 6 November 2018]. Available from:


https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/history.htm

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