Conduction Heat Transfer

Dr. Tsrong-Yi Wen

Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
 Outline
• Introduction

• Dimensions and Units

• Review of thermodynamics

• Review of heat transfer

• Heat diffusion equation

• Boundary conditions

• Procedures of problem solving 2

 Introduction

What is heat transfer?

Why do we need to learn heat transfer?

What is the driving force for heat transfer?

Why do we need to learn heat conduction?

3
 Introduction

Where to use heat conduction?

4
 Introduction
• Macroscopic point of view of conduction heat transfer

– Temperature change through contact

– Individual particle behavior is not important

– Medium considered as a whole (continuum)

– Solve for temperature distribution T(r,t)

5
 Introduction
• Microscopic point of view of conduction heat transfer

– Solids: energy transfer by molecular and lattice

vibrations and free electron drift

– Gases and liquids: kinetic energy transfer through

collisions of molecules

6
 Dimensions and Units
• Length (L): meter (m)

• Time (t): second (s)

• Mass (m): kilogram (kg)

• Temperature (T): kelvin (K)

• Force: mass x acceleration (kg x m/s2)

• Energy: force x distance (N x m = kg x m2/s2)

• Power: energy rate of one joule per second (W = J/s = kg x m2/s3)

7
Review of Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics makes constant reference to the
heat transfer between systems

• The first law of thermodynamics for a closed

system takes the following form on a rate basis
work transfer rate

internal thermal energy

heat transfer rate

dU
Q = Wk +
dt
positive toward
the system positive when the
system’s energy
positive away increases
from the system 8
 Review of Thermodynamics
• If the pressure-volume (PV) work is the only work in
the system
dV dU
Q= p +
dt dt
dU dT
– Constant volume process: Q= = mcv
dt dt
dH d ( pV + U ) dT
– Constant pressure process: Q= = = mc p
dt dt dt

• When the substance undergoing the process is

incompressible, then two specific heats are equal
volume is constant for any pressure variation dU dT
Q= = mc
dt dt 9
Review of Thermodynamics
dU dT
• If U(t) is known, then Q= = mc would give Q
dt dt

– Unfortunately, U(t) is seldom known a priori

• How to predict Q? Transport laws,

– Fourier’s law — heat conduction

– Newton’s law of cooling — heat convection

– The Stefan-Boltzmann law — heat radiation

10
Review of Heat Transfer
• Modes of heat transfer

– Conduction

– Convection

– Radiation

water: analogous to heat

people: analogous to heat transfer medium 11
Review of Heat Transfer
• Conduction
empirical law
– The heat flux resulting
from thermal conduction
is proportional to the
magnitude of the
temperature gradient and
opposite to it in sign
thermal conductivity
temperature gradient
heat flux dT
q = −k
dx
Q Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830
q= heat transfer rate
A 12
Review of Heat Transfer
• Observations of Fourier’s Law

– The heat flux is a vector quantity

– If the temperature decreases with x, the heat flux

is positive

– The heat flux always flows from high to low

temperatures

13
 Review of Heat Transfer
dT q 1
− = ∝
• Thermal conductivity dx k k

Synthetic q is constant Synthetic

Materials occurring in nature
insulation conductors

Compound evacuated Evacuated powders

insulation and fibers

Nonmetallic gases

300 K High temperatures

Unevacuated
insulating
materials

Other nonmetallic solids

Nonmetallic Liquid
liquids metals
Silica aerogel

Balsa wood

Ice

Solid
metals
Water

Mercury
Freon 12

Diamond
Iron

Copper
Sliver
Stainless
steels and
nickel

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Review of Heat Transfer
• Example 1:

15
Review of Heat Transfer
• Example 2:

16
 Review of Heat Transfer
• Newton’s law of cooling (steady-state)

dTbody
∝ Tbody − T∞
dt
Q ∝ Tbody − T∞
(
q = h Tbody − T∞ )
heat transfer coefficient

17
Review of Heat Transfer
• All bodies constantly emit energy by a process of
electromagnetic radiation

• The intensity of such energy flux depends on the

temperature of the body and the nature of its
surface

• Stefan-Boltzmann law
blackbody radiation flux emissivity (1 is max)

er blackbody radiation flux

eb (T ) = σ T 4
ε=
eb
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67036 x 10-8 W/m2K4 18
 Heat Diffusion Equation
• 1D heat diffusion equation
⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
qnet = ⎜ −k ⎟⎠ − ⎜⎝ −k ∂x ⎟⎠
⎝ ∂x x+δ x x

⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞
= −k ⎜ − ⎟⎠
⎝ ∂x x+δ x ∂x x

⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞
⎜⎝ ∂x − ⎟⎠
x+δ x ∂x
= −k x
δx
δx
∂2 T
= −k 2 δ x
∂x
Qnet = qnet A

19
 Heat Diffusion Equation
• 1D heat diffusion equation
dU dT dT
−Qnet = −qnet A = = mc = ( ρ Aδ x ) c
dt dt dt
∂2 T dT
kA 2 δ x = ρ cA δx
∂x dt
∂2 T dT
⇒ k 2 = ρc
∂x dt
∂ 2 T ρ c dT 1 dT
⇒ 2 = ≡
∂x k dt α dt

• Thermal diffusivity
• a measure of how quickly a material can carry heat away from a hot source
• involves both the conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity
• Thermal conductivity: steady-state conduction
• Thermal diffusivity: transient conduction
20
 Boundary Conditions
• Specified temperature

T ( 0, y ) = T0

• Specified flux
∂T ( L, y )
q = −k
∂x
An origin and coordinate system must
• Convection be specified before specifying boundary
conditions
∂T ( x,0 )
h (T∞ − T ( x,0 )) = −k
∂y

21
 Boundary Conditions
• Insulated boundary
∂T ( x,W )
−k =0
∂y

• Interface
∂T1 ( 0, y ) ∂T2 ( 0, y )
T1 ( 0, y ) = T2 ( 0, y ) and k1 = k2
∂x ∂x

• Interface with a heat source

∂T1 ( 0, y ) ∂T2 ( 0, y )
−k1 + qi = −k2
∂x ∂x

22