(WEEK 4) Day 1 DNA (Deoxyribonucliec Acid)

 It is known as the building block of life.

 It contains the information the cell requires to synthesize Protein and to replicate it self.
 It is the storage warehouse for the information required by the cell to function.
 Often found inside the Cell Eukaryotic Cell(Inside the Nucleus), while in Prokaryotic Cell (In Nucleoid Region) and
sometimes It can be found inside the Mitochondria in Eukaryotic cell.
DNA is a POLYMER made of units called nucleotides.
 POLYMER Chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating
structure to form larger molecule.
 DNA- Sometimes called PolyNucleotide
Polynucleotide means a repeating chain of nucleotides or Many Nucleotides

Nucleotide Chain Of Nucleotides

Functions of DNA

1. Replicates (Duplicates) It self so each new cell has a complete, Identical Copy.
2. Controls the Activities of a cell by determining which proteins are produced. Remember that the combination of
Proteins determines the characteristics of each living things. Proteins also produce Nutrient to Human body.
3. Undergoes occasional Mutations (Mistakes in replication) which accounts for the variety of living things on earth.
Structure of DNA
1. Phosphate Group is just a Phosphorus atom bound four oxygen atoms, it has many important roles.
 It makes up nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, As part of Adenosine triphosphate, It provides energy for moving our
muscles.
2. Sugars in DNA
The 5 carbon sugars ribose and deoxyribose are important components of nucleotides, and are often found in RNA and
DNA.
The sugars Found in nucleic acid s are Pentose sugars (A sugar has five carbon atoms.)
RNA SUGAR and DNA SUGAR

3. Nitrogenous Bases- Organic Molecule with a nitrogen atom that has a chemical property of a base.
The main Function of a Nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together.
4 Bases
1. Adenine 2.Thymine 3.Guanine 4.Cytosine

Nitrogenous bases are divided into to classification:

1. PurinesNucleotide bases in DNA and RNA with two carbon nitrogen ring bases
Ex. Adenine and Guanine
2. Pyrimidine Nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA with one carbon Nitrogen ring Bases.
Thymine and Guanine and Uracil in RNA

Adenine and Thymine has 2 hydrogen Bonds

Guanine and Cytosine has 3 Hydrogen Bonds

Phospodiester bond  It is the linkage between the carbon 3 carbon atom of one sugar molecule and 5 carbon atom of
another sugar.

These Nitrogenous bases are Hydropobic (They cannot Form Hydrogen bonds with Water)
That is why there are Base pairing
It keeps the alternating position of the four nitrogenous bases in the double helix strands.

Nucleotide in DNA (Deoxyribonucleotides)

1. Deoxyadenylic=Phosphate Group+Sugar(Deoxyribose)+Adenine
2. Deoxyguanylic Acid=Phosphate Group+Sugar(Deoxyribose)+Guanine
3. Deoxycytidylic acid=Phosphate Group+Sugar(Deoxyribose)+Cytosine
4. Deoxythymidylic Acid=Phosphate Group+Sugar(Deoxyribose)+Thymine
Friedrich Miescher  the one who first identified the DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick  they are the first who discovered the double Helix DNA.
Helix Shape formed by a line that curves around and along a central line.
DNA is Double strand
Two strands are antiparallel. They run in opposite Direction. The complementary strand, antiparallel linked to the other
one by the HYDROGEN BONDS between BASES.
The DNA looks like a Spiral Staircase.
The Backbone of each strand of DNA is made up of Sugar and Phosphate Group.
Sugar molecules linked together by phosphate group. The 3rd and 5th Carbon atom of sugar molecule always bonds with
the Phosphate group of nucleotide.

DNA Replication
 The process of copying the cell ‘s DNA before it divides.
 The DNA Duplicate it self for the preparation of cell division(Creating new daughter cell which contain the
replicated DNA)
Important Enzymes in DNA
 1. DNA helicase Unwinds or breaks a portion of a double helix.2.
 2. DNA Polymerase Binds to one strand of the DNA and moves in a 3’ to 5’ direction as a guide for assembling
leading strand of nucleotide and forming again double helix.
 3. DNA ligase I  Stitches together discontinuous segments of polynucleotides (Okazaki Fragments) Into a
lagging strand.
Step by step Process of Replicating DNA
 1.Hydrogen Bonds that holds the double helix Together is BROKEN by enzyme DNA helicase (Two DNA
strands Unwind).
 2. Enzyme DNA polymerase assembles a complementary strand of DNA on each of the parent strand. Sequence
of bases on each separated strands serves as template to guide insertion of a complementary set of bases on the
strand being synthesized.
 3. The new strands are assembled from deoxynucleoside triphosphates. As new strand (Magenta) lengthens it
winds up w/ the parent strand into a double helix forming two double stranded molecules of DNA, One
Parental(Old) and the other New.
 4. DNA Polymerase Follows base pairing rules as it moves along the strands of DNA and it uses the sequence of
bases template (Guide) to assemble new strand of DNA from free nucleotides
 5. The Polymerase adds T to the end of the new DNA strand when it reaches an A in the parent DNA sequence
and G when it reaches a C, and so on The Enzyme DNA ligase seals any gaps so a new continuous strand of
DNA is produce.
 6. When the process is complete, two DNA molecules have been formed identical to each other and to the parent
molecule.

Day 2-3
Mini-task (Mini-DNA model)
Objectives:
1. Describe the structure of DNA
2. Identify the correct base pairing of the four nitrogenous bases.
3. Construct a 3-D model of DNA showing its double helix strand.
Task:
 1. Create a 3D mini-model of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) using the available materials at home. Students may
use (Recyclable Materials) as long as it is safe and within reason! There’s no need to buy materials. Just use
things that can be find around the house.
2. The DNA model should be 10cm high.
3. It should include the correct base pairing of nitrogenous bases and attached some important information about
DNA.
SAMPLE 3D DNA MODEL

Day 4 Evaluation
A. Instruction: Read and understand the following statement and write the correct
answer on the space provided before the number.

Digestive Enzymes1. It helps in digestion of food catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units.
Alternate 2. DNA is Double strand that are antiparallel. Antiparallel means, they run in ____Direction.
_Phosphate group 3. The DNA is composed of Sugar, Nitrogenous bases and _____.
_ Polymers __4. A Chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating
structure to form larger molecule.
_ Enzymes __5. It produced by the cell, are catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually
complex or conjugated proteins.
____Structure___6. It helps in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or
hormones.
_Amino Acids __7. It serves as the building block of Proteins
__Hormones ___8. It carries substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body
____________9. Enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrates.
__Denaturation__10. It involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within
a protein
___T_____11. It is the one letter abbreviation of Tryptophan.
__Protein___12. It is the resulting chain of amino acids.
_Deoxyguanilic Acid__13. A combination of Phosphate Group, Sugar and Guanine are called _____.
__Polymers__14. It serves as the building blocks of Deoxyribonucleic acid.
___Hormones___15. It coordinates the activity of different body systems.
A. Instruction: Write your Reflection About the topic (Protein and DNA).

PROTEIN
__Proteins are very important for all living things, we are not able to live, nor function, grow, develop, heal
and protect our bodies, restore our energies and even reproduce. Protein is one of the most important
building block of all living things. Before, when I still haven’t study protein, I thought proteins were only
nutrients that gives us energy, I never knew it is responsible to affect my daily activities. Proteins have a
variety of tasks that almost covers the very function of our human body.____

DEOXY RIBONUCLEIC ACID

__Deoxyribonucleic acid is a very important molecule in our body too, because not only does it replicates to
form another identical cell but it is also a storage of information. It answers the question why our body is
still intact. I also find out that DNA’s makes mistakes, and that’s the reason why all living things differs
from each other. Mistakes can actually become a good thing, it makes a person, a person; They are unique
and real._____