Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

Class Goals
• Motivate the field of HCI
• Learn
– Basics of interface design
– Evaluation of interfaces
– HCI research problems
– HCI community (conferences and people)
Introduction
• What is a user interface?
• Why do we care about design?

• We see this all the time.

– What’s good about the design of this error box?
• The user knows there is an error
– What’s poor about the design of this error box?
• Discouraging
• Not enough information
• No way to resolve the problem (instructions or contact info)
Definition of HCI
 Why HCI is Important
• The study of our interface with information.
• It is not just ‘how big should I make buttons’ or ‘how to layout
menu choices’
• It can affect
– Effectiveness
– Productivity
– Morale
– Safety
• Example: a car with poor HCI
• Take 5 minutes for everyone to write down one common
device with substantial HCI design choices and discuss with
the neighbor the pros and cons. How does it affect you or
other users?
My Choice
• iPod by Apple Computers
• Pros:
– portable
– power
– ease of use
– # of controls
• Cons:
– scratches easily
– no speech for car use
– proprietary
 What fields does HCI cover?
• Computer Science
• Psychology (cognitive)
• Communication
• Education
• Anthropology
• Design (e.g. graphic and industrial)
 HCI Community
• Academics/Industry Research
– Taxonomies
– Theories
– Predictive models
• Experimenters
– Empirical data
– Product design
• Other areas (Sociologists,
anthropologists, managers)
– Motor
– Perceptual
– Cognitive
– Social, economic, ethics
 HCI Tools
• Sound
• 3D
• Animation
• Video
• Devices
– Size (small->very large)
– Portable (PDA, phone)
– Plasticity
• Context sensitive/aware
• Personalizable
• Ubiquitous
 Usability Requirements
• Goals:
– Usability
– Universality
– Usefulness
• Achieved by:
– Planning
– Sensitivity to user needs
– Devotion to requirements
analysis
– Testing
 Bad Interfaces
• Encumbering
• Confusing
• Slow
• Trust (ex. windows
crashing)
• What makes it hard?
– Varies by culture
– Multiple platforms
– Variety of users
• What’s wrong with each?
– Type of error
– Who is affected
– Impact
• What’s a redesign solution?
 Requirements Analysis
1. Ascertain users’ needs
2. Ensure proper reliability
3. Promote appropriate standardization, integration,
consistency, and portability
4. Complete projects on schedule and within budget
 Ascertain User’s Needs
• Define tasks
– Tasks
– Subtasks
• Frequency
– Frequent
– Occasional
– Exceptional
– Repair
• Ex. difference between a space satellite,
car engine, and fighter jet
 Reliability
• Actions function as specified
• Data displayed must be correct
• Updates done correctly
• Leads to trust! (software,
hardware, information) – case:
Pentium floating point bug
• Privacy, security, access, data
destruction, tampering
 Standardization, Integration,
Consistency, Portability
• Standardization – common user-interface features across
multiple applications
– Apple
– Web
– Windows
• Integration – across application packages
– file formats
• Consistency – common action sequences, terms, units,
layouts, color, typography within an application
• Portability – convert data and interfaces across multiple
hardware and software environments
– Word/HTML/PDF/ASCII
 Case Study: Library of Congress
Database Design
• http://catalog.loc.gov/
• Two interfaces
– Catalog New Books
• 3-6 hour training course - staffers
– Search Catalog of Books
• General public – too complex, command language and complex cataloging
rules
• Solution
– Touch screen
– Reduced functionality
– Better information presentation
• Eventually Web based interface
• Same database and services, different interfaces
 Usability Measures
• How can we measure the ‘goodness’
of an interface?
• What are good metrics?
• ISO 9241
– Effectiveness
– Efficiency
– Satisfaction
• Schneiderman
– Time to learn
– Speed of performance
– Rate of errors
– Retention over time
– Subjective satisfaction
 •Time to learn

Usability Motivations
•Speed of performance
•Rate of errors
•Retention over time
•Subjective satisfaction
• Life-Critical systems
– Applications: air traffic, nuclear reactors, military, emergency dispatch
– Requirements: reliability and effective (even under stress)
– Not as important: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention
• Industrial and Commercial Use
– Applications: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations
– Requirements: short training, ease of use/learning, multiple languages,
adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speed
• Office, Home, and Entertainment
– Applications: E-mail, ATMs, games, education, search engines, cell
phones/PDA
– Requirements: Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates, satisfaction
– Difficulties: cost, size
 •Time to learn

Usability Motivations
•Speed of performance
•Rate of errors
•Retention over time
•Subjective satisfaction
• Exploratory, Creative, Collaborative
– Applications: Web browsing, search engines, simulations,
scientific visualization, CAD, computer graphics, music
composition/artist, photo arranger (email photos)
– Requirements: remove the ‘computer’ from the
experience,
– Difficulties: user tech savvy-ness (apply this to application
examples)
• Socio-technical systems
– Applications: health care, voting, police
– Requirements: Trust, security, accuracy, veracity, error
handling, user tech-savy-ness
 Universal Usability
• Interface should handle diversity of users
– Backgrounds
– Abilities
– Motivation
– Personalities
– Cultures
• Question, how would you design an
interface to a database differently for:
– A. right-handed female, Indian, software
engineer, technology savvy, wants rapid
interaction
– B. left-handed male, French, artist
 Universal Usability
• Does not mean ‘dumbing down’
– Ex. Helping disabled has helped others
(parents w/ strollers, elderly)
– Ex. Door handles
• Goal: Address the needs of more
users - unlike yourself!
• Everyone is often not at full faculties
at all times
 Physical Variation
• Ability
– Disabled (elderly, handicapped,
vision, ambidexterity, ability to
see in stereo [SUTHERLAND])
– Speed
– Color deficiency
• Workspace (science of
ergonomics)
– Size
– Design
• Lots of prior research
 Physical Variation
• Field of anthropometry
– Measures of what is 5-95% for weight,
height, etc. (static and dynamic)
– Large variance reminds us there is
great ‘variety’
– Name some devices that this would
affect.
• note most keyboards are the same
• screen brightness varies considerably
• chair height, back height, display
angle
• Multi-modal interfaces
• Audio
• Touch screens
 Cognitive and Perceptual Variation
• Bloom’s Taxonomy
– knowledge,
comprehension, analysis,
application, synthesis,
evaluation
• Memory
– short-term and working
– long-term and semantic
• Problem solving and
reasoning
• Decision making
• Language and
communication
 Cognitive and Perceptual Variation
• Language and
communication
• Search, imagery, sensory
memory
• Learning, skill
development, knowledge
acquisition
• Confounding factors:
– Fatigue
– Cognitive load
– Background
– Boredom
– Fear
– Drugs/alcohol
 Personality
• Computer anxiety
• Gender
– Which games do women like?
– Pac-man, Donkey Kong, Tetris
– Why? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieter
soundtracks, fully visible playing fields,
softer colors, personality,
closure/completeness)
– Can we measure this?
• What current games are for women?
• Style, pace, top-down/bottom-up,
visual/audio learners, dense vs.
sparse data
 Personality
• No simple taxonomy of user
personality types. Ex. Myers-Briggs
Type Indicator
– Extrovert vs. introvert
– Sensing vs. intuition
– Perceptive vs. judging
– Feeling vs. thinking
• Weak link between personality
types and interfaces
• Think about your application, and
see if user personality is important!
– Fighter jets vs. search engines
 Cultural and International Diversity
• Language
• Date / Time conventions
• Weights and Measures
• Left-to-right
• Directions (!)
• Telephone #s and addresses
• Names, titles, salutations
• SSN, ID, passport
• Sorting
• Icons, buttons, colors
• Etiquette
• Evaluation:
– Local experts/usability studies
 Users with Disabilities
• Federal law to ensure access to IT, including computers and web
sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act)
• Disabilities
– Vision
• Blind (bill-reader)
• low-vision
• color-blind
– Hearing
• Deaf
• Limited hearing
– Mobility
– Learning
• Dyslexia
• Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc.
• Keyboard and mouse alternatives
• Color coding
• Font-size
 Users with Disabilities
• Contrast
• Text descriptors for web
images
• Screen magnification
• Text to Speech (TTS) – JAWS
(web pages)
– Check email on the road, in
bright sunshine, riding a bike
• Speech Recognition
• Head mounted optical mice
 Users with Disabilities
• Eye Gaze control
• Learning what helps those with
disabilities affects everyone
– Present procedures, directions, and
instructions accessible to even poor
readers
– Design feedback sequences that
explain the reason for error and help
put users on the right track
– Reinforcement techniques with other
devices
• Good target area for a final
project!
 Elderly
• Reduced
– Motor skills
– Perception
– Vision, hearing, touch, mobility
– Speed
– Memory
• Other needs
– Technology experience is varied (How
many grandmothers use email?
mothers?)
– Uninformed on how technology could
help them
– Practice skills (hand-eye, problem
solving, etc.)
• Touch screens, larger fonts, louder
sounds
 Children
• Technology saviness?
• Age changes much:
– Physical dexterity
• (double-clicking, click and drag, and small targets)
– Attention span
– (vaguely) Intelligence
• Varied backgrounds (socio-economic)
• Goals
– Educational acceleration
– Socialization with peers
– Psychological - improve self-image, self-confidence
– Creativity – art, music, etc. exploration
 Children
• Teenagers are a special group
– Next generation
– Beta test new interfaces, trends
– Cell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games,
virtual worlds
• Requires Safety
• They
– Like exploring (easy to reset state)
– Don’t mind making mistakes
– Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a
kid with an Ice Age DVD?)
– Don’t like patronizing comments, inappropriate humor
• Design: Focus groups
 Accommodating Hardware and
Software Diversity
• Support a wide range of hardware and software
platforms
• Software and hardware evolution
– OS, application, browsers, capabilities
– backward compatibility is a good goal
• Three major technical challenges are:
– Producing satisfying and effective Internet interaction
(broadband vs. dial-up & wireless)
– Enabling web services from large to small (size and
resolution)
– Support easy maintenance of or automatic conversion to
multiple languages
 HCI Goals
• Influence academic and industrial researchers
– Understand a problem and related theory
– Hypothesis and testing
– Study design (we’ll do this!)
– Interpret results
• Provide tools, techniques and knowledge for commercial
developers
– competitive advantage (think ipod)
• Raising the computer consciousness of the general public
– Reduce computer anxiety (error messages)
– Common fears:
• I’ll break it
• I’ll make a mistake
• The computer is smarter than me
– HCI contributes to this!
 Near & Future Interfaces
•Time to learn

•Speed of performance

• Let’s review •Rate of errors

• Minority Report •Retention over time
• Steel Battalion
•Subjective satisfaction
• Eye Toy
• Dance Dance Revolution
• Nintendo Wii