weeks conversion & Reactor

sizing
-

reactor based component.

We
*
design the on the
limiting
aA +
bBcc +dD

let's
say
is the
A
limiting reactant

A
2B
+ - +
AD
reacted
moles A
conversion (X):XA =

ofthe liming reactants

moles Afed

How to
find limiting reactant?

e.g)5SFy +21205 ->4IF5 5502

+
6.281g of 205

4.68796.2819 4.6879 of SF4

108.02 333.81

=0.0433 mo 0.0188 mol

5 2

0.088670.0094
↓
smaller it's the reactant.
so
limiting
we
getof from
Seidese.g) the
atmosphere.

Emor mor
50 75
=

↳>smaller it's
so
limiting.
*in combustion, he is
always given in excess so that complete
combustion can
happen & CO is
prevented from being formed.

Again, Marie
Areate
a

atch
B >X Ainitial-Afinal
=
NAO-NA
=

initial
A NAO

NAOX=
=>

NAO-NA => NA NA0

=

[1 -x)

Flow , X Aim-Aout
=
FAO-FA
=

FA
=>
Fao(1 x)
= -

Air FAO

derive
He will askto
any of these equations below:

(remember out
Design Equation flow
Batch no in or

rqV dNA
=

(from week
1)

with NA NA0(1 x)
=
-

NA=NAO-NAOX

A 0
=
-

No

NAo --

a
Nar
= -

rAV

SNAO =fat -
thisequation is used tofind the time

necessary achieve X.to

E
No" -
=

you
in
can

a batch
since is
take out

reactor.
constant
batch has constantvolume v Vo
reactor
always a
=

A
*

dNA
From mole balance (week 1):VAV= dt

NA
we know: CA =

dCAV
Thus,
= dt
=VAN
-> Differentforms of

aN =rA =
the
design equations
+ for batch reactors.

CSFR
Design Equation
FAO- FA
V =
(from week 1 In
# a
CSTR, the rate I
-

VA
concentration are
equal atevery
FA FA0(1 -x)
=

point in the reactor (itis

uniform),
also in batch reactor.
FA FAO-FAOX a
=

FAO -

FA FAOX
=

Therefore, (-rA exit=(-rAb tank

FAoX
V = *
concentration rate are
(-

VA) exit
↳ should be in the
dependanton each other.
va

tankbutit's equal to exit

ra the
at
anyways.

PFR
Design Equation

**(week 1
notto deter
rA

~
=

FA FA0(1 -x)
FA"***
=

FA=
FAO -

FAOX

hisgivesthe volume necessary the

 PBR
Design Equation

rA
=
(week1) vA = -

FAs
FA FA0(1 -X)
=

SFAO =faw
FA FAO FAOX

Fao"
=
-

o
W
*
=

0
=
-

↳ to
getthe volume

achieve
necessary
to

a conversion
of X

continuous reactors
Sizing
-

rA kCA(1storder
=

design equation for a

reactor)
-

vA k(A0(1 x)
= -

C inverse
large,
IcAo(1
when the is
#A =
conc.

x) conversion is
the juststarting,
is a small number.

it
he will ask
CSTR:v-
this

F.)
-A -B to plot

~
relation in

eators the
of
t
he exam.
PFR: r

Fa
ge
PBR:w =

>
x 1

As the rate , the conversion 4

when the rate is small, it is
big
this is towards the end of the
S vice versa.
conversion when you don'thave much
concentration
left.
 Example 2-1

means
thatit's
CSTRON
(justshade under the cure from 0 to 0.8)
PFRIPBR
0

odd
even

odd

=
cancel 0.1 90.7 out
by they're notconsistent.

& VCSTR, VaER?

CSTR:
-Exit 8(6) 6.4m3 =
=

P FR: v
Fo
=
Use
simpson's
00
integral Rule.

-(f(0) +

4f(02 2f(0.1)
+

4f(0) f(0.8)
+ +

2 [0.89
=

(4x1.33)
+

(2x2.05 (4x3.54))
+ + 2.165m3
=

#
By
rule
of thumb, PFR
gives a smaller volume for the
than ISTR

same conversion.
3 v
Y
=

ax

-. E ax+ dx+...

Rule:
Using trapezoidal
0.8)
08
+

v(X 0)
=
=

(1.33+1.
i
v
(x 0)
=
=

=>

=>
Reactors in series

why? & Better temp. control (bc between, each reactor a can

&
a heater
put cooler)
efficientmixing
or
more

③ improve conversion by inter-stage cooling.

&
reduce
required volume

&
Allows
you bypass,
to a can more the other
on to

reactor
if anything happens.

Xi =
total moles of A reacted up to i -> FAi FAO-FAoXi
=

moles of A fed the

into
tractor

⑧
-

0
-

CSTR in series (general design equation)

CSTR 1:

FAO-FA+VAI, 8 =

FAo- (FA0-FAoX) +rAIV, 0

=

General design equation:

Vi
FAu()* Vi FA( ) (xi-xi)
=
=

CSTR2:
FAI-FAztrAzV 0
=

CFAo-FAD (FAo-FAoX) - +
rAzV2 0
=

Ve Fao =

((X- xi) -
 conversion.

Eg
2 -

2) x, 40%
V, 2
=

=
v
Fao)(X,-x"O
=

Vc 2
x
=

80%
=
v, 0.4(5)(0.2)
=

0.82m3
=

FAo()(x-
2

FAO 0.4 molls

=

V2 =
-

x)

always sketch: v
0.4(-)(0.8 -0.1) 3.2m3
=

FAs

1
x 0.4
=

frA, =0.19

**Ax 0.8(-ra2 0.057 =

=

>
FA2

PFR
in series

vi =

Y ax
e.g) -* ax+x
dx
.
 FA8

FAz

FAl

FA3

Reactor 1:CSTR

V, =

=- S
Fao-CFao-Frox)
-

VAI
=
FAI =

FAO(1 X) -

FAI FAO =
-

FAOX,

Reactor 2 (PFR):

v
=
-
FAOX3 +FAOX 2
Reactor 3
(CSTR:
V3 FAz-FA3=o-FAoXz)-(EYAo-FAoX)
=

rAb VA3
-
-

-
FA0(Xs x)
-

VA3
space velocity
time a

related
the extent
ofconversion of is
reactants the time
to

reactor.
the chemical species spends in the

rxn time (batch)

space
time (CSTR) - used as
scaling parameter in reactor
design.
residence time (PFR)

time: (i) reactor

necessary process
the time I
space to

volume
offluid atentrance conditions.

r
=
The time it
takes for this fluid to enter the reactor
completely
is called
holding time/mean residence time.

fluid inside
Actual
reactor.
residence time:time
actually spent by
the
 so order)

21storders
(and order)

XA 0.99
=

(A (A0(1 x)
=
-

CA=0.01CAO
FAO vo LAO
FA0=5mol/h
=

5moy/hr 10 am/hr
= CAS

CSTR:
CA0 0.5
=

mol/dm

FA0X 5mol/hr (0.993 99dm3

a) V =

= =

VA
mol/dm.hr
-

0.05

x
beno;0.0
DV =
=

=2750dm
A
40.5

G 5m01/
x0.99
=
- 66000dm
dmYnoe.n
(0.01.5
3 x
 ***ax
CA CA0(1-x)
=

-> CA0-CAOX
dLA =
-

CA0 dX
dx
dA
=
-

=g
0.
OICAO

a) v =

) dCA =

(0.0CA0-CAD
CAD
↓

CA0-odmin (0.01x0.5-0 in
k

or v
E5dX
=

9m
=

ur.dm =99dm
Bl v
Y) ax
=

v
YS O
=
dX

CA (A0(1 x)
=
-

CA
=

CAO-CASX

dCA = -
CAO dX

=get (injoacato-Inknt) [AO

cameos (in (0.0xosmog In

i
Cosmoyant
 =127.92 dm

· v
-1)
-10me(r) [0,01x0.57 0.5) 660 ee
=
=
-

a) Batch
CA0 0.5 mol/dm

wrNA S e
=

b2
+= (A
but = 0.01 CA0 anymore
conversion
the
is different.

(A0)1 x)
4)*
CA
=
-

t =

[( (Ar)
= -

(A 0.5(1 -0.999)
=

"nol/dm
-

CAO CA 5x18
=

d
"s(5x0-4-0.5
CA
- 9.99
= hr
 in(-1nscrol
-

6.000x (in(5x) -In(oct)

19.18h
=

-
()
E(5x10 11 (0.57 66xur
-
=
-

am/min
3
 Week Rate Laws
stichiometry
3 -
&

homogeneous rxn: involves

only 1
phase.
heterogeneous rxn: involves more than 1
phase. e.g)(5) 02(y) (0x()
+
-

irreversible rxn: rxm

proceeds in 1 direction
only. (-)
reversible rxn: rxm can
that
proceed in either direction (J
conversion.
->
calculate time
used to required achieve
to
recessary
rxn rate
-) used to evaluate reactor volume.

↓
expressed in terms
of concentration( -r
=

k) ((A,(A,.))
derived from experiments.

rxn rate constant "K":

expressed as a
function of temp. using
E/RT
arhenius
equation.
k AT e-
=

(0xr t =

↳
changes depending on
temp.

E- activation (5/worl depend

energy * units
of 18 A

R-8.3145/nor.k on the overall reaction order.

+- Kelvin

frequency factor.
A

Rxn order: which the concentration is raised in the

power to

rxh rate. -

vA kCAN
=

Elementary rxn:the reaction order follows the

inefficients.
stichiometry
dD
e.g)aA
+bB -c +

rA kca",
=

- overall ran order"n" a b

=
+
 exo.
Heat
of ran:
Emien
off consumed
during or a chemical isothermal

system. (exo & endol

For combustion
systems, it's
automatically Since
burning
*
an exo rxh.

occurs
(CHy+202 ->(O2 +

2H20)

Stoichiometery.
aA bB
+ - c +

dD
Let's reactant.
limiting
A
is the
say

A
B
+
-
EC D:for
+

every
more
of A,(* moles
of B

are
ended, (4) moles
of <e(d/d)
moles
of
D are
formed.

eg 2A -
B

=B:rA =
-

2rB:r =

vA.
KCA2
-
=

A =

=
VB
= 2. r
=
-

aA bB
+
- c dD
+

A =

2
=

d
=

appearing ing

2A
e. B
+ - 3C

*A =
=

rA 10
=

moe/dm.s
-
rB 1 VB 5mil/dm.S
=
=
=
- =

rB Src ?
=

Er= 15 moree
 Rate Laws

X:order in A

rA kA1A CBE
=

B:
order in B

n:x
B
+

↳ overall order ixn.

units
*
of -vA ->
always inconcentration per unittime.
units
of Ento varies
w overall order (n).

concentration"
o

TFA] =

time.

rxn order rate law kunit

0 -

VA FA=
conc.
Hime "
I -

VA KA=

CA 4time Ys
2
-

rA KACA
=
come."
/time tim).Ys=s
conc.-*/time
3

use
3 -

A
=

kACA

Areactor
follows an
elementary rate
if
law the ran orders just
happens agree
to w/ the stichiometric coefficients.

Rate laws are

found from experiments.
Rate laws could be
nu
non-elementary.

2.g) 2A +
B-3c

reaction could be:2nd order in A => -

rA KACA
=

0 order in B
CA2
- -VB kB =

overall Indorder rc Fc
->
=
CA
 dD
eaA
+bB + x +

Rate law: K
-rA= CA*CB*

if elementary:will follow stoichio.

non-elementary:will have
if
differentrate a law.

e.g) elementary
H2 Ez 2H) ratelaw:
+
+

H1=KCH2CI2

CO+CIc -
LOCI non-ele. law:
-V kcoCs?!
=

e.g i3 A B
+

- C

&
-

rA k(A

BB
=

=
?
(B'k

rc 2
=
e
-KABY vB
=

rc
=
-
vA kCACB"
=

B) rAc VB, r ?
=

CA 1.5
=
mod/dm
CB amol/dm
=

kA 2(dm3/me)"(Ys
=

vA 2 x
=
1.5x91 amol/dm.s =

rB Y2 x
=
2 x 1.5x912 4.5 moe/dm.s
=

rc 2x
= 1.5xq112
amo/dm.S
=

reached in
Activation
*
energy:energy mustbe
that order
for a

chemical ran occur.

to
 used
stoichiometry
tables ->
express
to the concentration as a
func
of conversion. Then combine (i f(x)
=

b) the appropriate rate law.

aA bB +
- x +
dD

A reactant. CA 2A0(1 x):concentration in of X

limiting
is the = -
terms

rA K
=
CACBY:rate
A
law.

A +

2B -
c 1)
+

Oi =

Nio = =

8 change
=
in total number of moles

moles
ofAreacted

-(a
b
a
+

8 =
=
+ -

8 1
=
=
+
-

Let's
reactor.
have a
say
we

of remaining (N):
moles A

NA NA0(1 -x)
=

NA NAO-NAOX
=

L -> reacted.
fed

moles
of i reacted:
(coefficientof Bx
moles
of Areacted)
NBoX A (Not
=

yesofBrenag:
molestateare
of
voles
fed
i
NB NBo =

/NAoX
 &B 8
=
- NBO=OBNAO

NB OBNAO-I (NAoX
=

(OB **)
tob the
NB NAO
=
-
->
NB = -

Nc Nc0
=
+ NcoX

NcoX =

NAD

O, =
Nc NAoOc =

+ ENAoX

Nc NA0(0c aX)
=

Batch Table
system stiochiometry
-

aA bB+ - > (C dIB

+

Remaining
mbol
species -y
Initial
change
A A NAO -
NAO X NA NAO(1 x)
=
-

B B NBO NAO OB
=
-
P/a NAoX NAO
Wis= (OB- YaX
C C
NCO NAOOC=

4a NAoX Nc NA0(Oc 4aX)

=
+

D D NDO NAOOD= d/a WAoX MD NAx(8p

=

4aX) +

inert I
NIO NAOOI gets
nothingreacted. NI NAO OI
=
=

NTo
=

NT NTO =

+ SNAOX
(it's inert
 unless told
by default
Batch reactor
* has a volume
constant otherwise.

A m ((l-
B -

(A =
=

X) cA0(0 (X)
CB
AB m
-
= = -

C
A
=

NA0(0
= 4ax)
+

(A0(Oc 4/aX)
=
+

(D A
=
=
(A0(Op 4(a)
+

suppose rA=FACA CB
-

V V6 =

-
A kA((Ar(1 x)2(2A0(0D
= -
-

YaX)
-

rA kA
=

(A0(1 A(A0(0B - -

Y/aX)
P/aX)
"
-

rA kA
= CA0 (1 x) (05
-
-

E equimolar feed:OB 1
=

sticchiometric
feed:OB "a =

5)
=.g
1 A 2B C words:
key
-
+ -

kCACB*
elementary -> rA
-
=

ay rate law in terms

of batch - V
constant

concentration:

CACB(since it's elementary rxn)

k an
vA
=
-

B Ain terms
of 1, CA0,X -rA
k(-)-2*
=

****
-

vA k(ACB
=

*
↳ When do we
say go
when Op?
 limiting reactant:

3A B
+
- 3 +
D moles A 10
=

moles B
I
2
=

smaller
limiting
= 3.33 =

- so

Eg
5-3) 3A B
+
- 3C D
+

[Flow system stoich. table)

species symbo reactor feed change reactor effluent

A A FAO -

F-A0X FA FA0(1 x)
=
-

B B FBO FAO OB
=
-

FaoaX FB FA--YaX)
=

d C
FC0 FAOOC
=
FA0YaX Fc FAr(0
=
4aX) +

D D
FDo=FNoOD FAsdax FD FA0(8D 4aX)
=

inert I
FIO FIOI #I FAO OI
=

FT FT0 +8FroX
=

#To

( a) ( )
whereon
S =
+
-
+

flow system.(constantvolumetric
minase flow rate)
x)
= (A0(1 x)
-

(A
= -
=

m (Ax(0B P(ax)
-4ax)
(B E
=
=

=
-

x
(A0(0c Yax)
=
+

(p (A0(0p d(aX)
=
+
 Volume
change for gas phase systems.

Real law:PV=
gas Z
NIRT
Derivation is
important.
initial
e conditions
.
PoVo= ZoNtoRTO

PV n
=

=kTz
PoVo no =

Tozo

the reactor volume

time:
& v vo=

tr)
any given

Nt
8X
1
SYA
Nto
=
+
= +
-

fed reacted
the volume at
anytime for an
ages (z 2)
=

v
vo(1 8
=
+

v
= =

v(1 xx) +

where I SYAO
=

Gas
Ex phase Flow
system
-
1 E
=

2to Po
=

R
v
v.r)
=

zo To

v vo
() (for flow system
=

FT C+
=

#TO to
=
Vo
 c
r) -
=
=

5 40(i)()
=

FT FA
=

FB
+

Fc
+ +...

v
=

vo
ET FT0 FAO 8X
=
+

v =

vo( ) v(+E8) =

(j =
-(
v
vo(1 xx)
=
+

5j Fj0 vj(Fas4 Fa0/0i

X) oj=
=
=
+ +

sticchiometric
coefficient (-reR, tvep)
A B
+ +

c aD +

VA =
-

1, B -
=

4/a,Vz Ya)Vx 4/a

= =

FAo(0j vix) cAo(0j trix)

G I
+

= = =

vo(HEX) (1 2x)
+
E.g4 - elementary gas phase rxm:

A +
B -

rA k(ACB
=

k) )()
=
-

i.g, if
For an the run is
of
const.
TBP, what's the volume?

v vo =

ESX) cancel constant

top.

v vo
=

(i Yaox)
+

Final rate
of rxn: -

A k
=
(ACB

Op a
=
1
=

1
--

CA =
(A0(8a +vax) (A0(1 x)
=
-

(1+EX) (1 EX)
+

(0(0x vix)
(B
sx)*
=

(1 Ex)
+

-rA k
=
cAo(1 -

x)2
(17EX)2

3) B SP
E.g5
-
A - cons. T

l 3m=

d 0.025m
=

FB 17.21
=

moe/h
tubular reactors?
X 90%
=

k 53.6/win
=
 mol/m3
CA0 0.7=

(liquid rxn)
i
-

For batch V Vo
gas ->
=

or

For continious -> liquid (v v0) =

(v=vo)
gas
tubebyitself
each isa small

vo
-
e l 3m
-
=

d 0.0254m
=

Vc d
=

(cylinder)
I (0.02544
=
1.52x10
=
-

3m

other V=nVc
FB FA0(0B
=

VBX)
+

↓
↳>1
efficient)

↳
#of tubes. OB 0
=
=

Fi Fsto
FB FA0(X)
=

FAo=
IB A win
=

re
(1 2x)
+

cons. 594
0.318
=

mol/mim
-v k
x 0.9
=

I
dx
VT FAO
=

ICA.S1-x)
3 4A08 (B(1 ) 0
= = =
-

Tox
↓
-
pure feed
 VT =
0.318

59.6/minxo.7
mol/min

moyse 0.0195
= m

UT =
nVs

0.0195
n(0.00152)
=

decimal)
m 12.8
=
13
=

tubes.
(always round upif it'sa

Reversible Reactions

must
satisfy thermodynamic relationship at
equilibrium.
reduce irreversible rate
to law when the core
of 1 or more
of the

ran
productsis 0.

aA +bB
- > c dD
+

d
Cc
Thermodynamic equilibrium:kc =

Ca Cie
=
relationship
c d (a k)

(n)
+
-
+

(k)
=

E.g7 2CyHs GnH+Hu 2B

D H2
+

backward

VB, forward FBCB

=

ri, reverse
k
= -
B CDHz

VB,net vi,forward
=
+ ri, reverse

ris, net = -
kB(B kB(xCH2+

iret
kB("
=
-

rB,ret kB((B2 ((H2/k))

-
=

-
 excess
-
E.g6 7 28%5O2 250z 02 2503
-
+
-

7 2% dir 2A B
+ = 22

flow reactor
- A
B
+
-

① Stoichio table.
&
Rate
of rxn (Ist order) -
SO, BO2
const. T SP

L
↓

1485 IPa
227°

symbol intial
change remaining
A FAS ~

FAoX FA FA0(1
= -

A
B FBO -

YzFAoX FB FA0(0B
=

-Y2X)
FA0(0c x)
C
Fco +FAoX Fc
=

N FNO FN FNO
das
=
-

9
inert

rA kACACB
=
-> 1St order rate in terms
of ABB.

(A0(85 Yux)
cao*x
-

c =

(B
=

1
GX
+

-> 0.2102 (0.72 air) FT

0.727/x0.2) ↓
&B
E 0.54
=
= =

0.28 FA there's 72% ofair

21.of 02

1A) totally
2 YA08 =

0.28(1
=
-
(1 +
=
-
0.14
in
the air.

(0.54-4.x
(Ao,,4)
<A0
-A =

2 -
0.14x)

cao
et
d67 3) -
 Week Isothermal Reactor
Design
4-

Ci i-batch
=

Ci E-
=
Flow

Algorithm solve:
to

from week 1

E.g
1-
) t ? =

90% k 10
4Ys
-

X =

0.9
=
=

V V0=

batch

a) -

rA KCA(1st
=

order)

using algorithm:

EinHA+) raav-
mole balance:

ANA
Notethe
rAV

rvax
=

NA=NAO-NAOX

*A 0-NAO =
 x)
(A A NA-
=
=

(A01 -X)
=

NAS
--rAV

a=
dt

vo
kV
=

Cat=cao"
t

t =

-
-

= t).

(in og-info
-

23025.85
=

- va
b) ka
=

can
jat =co. = caftor- res
-

-tion
900S
=
 2.47
PFR
E.g V= 2 F 300
=

million
pounds/year
irreversible

element rate law

any
X 0.8
=

T 1100k
=

-> isothermal.
P 6dtm
=

ethylene
rA kCA ~
=
-

↑CeH6 -(yHy +H2

Cd*??" ethane A > B C -
+

#b
mill* 3'sdays"texts s
300
=

=0.34 Ibnole/s

Arrhenius R2 0.072/s& T2
using
1000k
=

-> =

k 2
=

-1s e T look
=

* -6(π )
=
-

↳*
cal/gnol
e) (in)]
E, 12000
=

R
= 1.987
cal/no1.k

v
Far
=

-
=
kcE7Y
kq
-
- =

v
ons*
=
1

Cao- YE
*

VisJ2x(x)
0.0045(bure/ft
-

x) 80.7ft
=
=
 DA

DA =
-rAo rate
=

of rxnat entrance -

rate
the
FAO
entering flow rate of A

DA (Istorder) 24where (i) or

'timeunits

I-
=
=

DA (endor) 5
=
KCA0

Yo e

of
thumb:
if
Rule DA <0.1 X <0.1

if
DA > 10 0.9
x

gt. Turner PA
big, the big
when is conversion is

if
I small, slow
is on.

DA

Iso thermal CSTR

X-V-rexit
Liquid phase: =
or FAO

v =AoX =

=x =
5-vA) exit
 (A =

2A0(1 x) -

Istorder isothermal
-

rA k(A
=

kCAo(1 x)
= -

[For reactor)

2AOX
-=x
V= ~o

-
VA

t
=

=
x

-- =
~

[k(1 x) -
=
x

[k -
[kX x =

xk x 2kX = +

xk
x(1
=
tk)
+

x
Ek A
=
=

(A (A0(1
=
- x)
(A cA0( )
=
-

A
C
CA cA0 = -

to

CA CAO = +
CAODA-CAODA
=
=
1 Ik
+

ItDA
 I so thermal CSTRs in series.

order
1st irreversible liquid phase rxn. -

A KCA
=

CAI=
x, (effluent conc.
of
A from the reactor
1st

name (at
mole -> U2 FAI
=
-
FAz

balance -
VA2
on reactor 2

·2 a e
the
-

dependanton size

of equal size (Ai)

if both reactors are = &
operate at the

same
temp (k
=
k2 1), them:
=

CAD
CA2 =

(1 [k)
+

for a
equal sized CSTR's connected in
series, the cone,
leaving
reactor
the last is: CAD

EE(1+ba)"
=

can

in terms
of conversion:
CAO)1-X CAO =

(1 Da)"
+

-
for x
jitDan=1
conversion m 1-
=

tankreactors in 21 [k)*
+

series
 and order liquid. Phase reaction in CSTR.

a
mole balance:V E* (designequation)
=

&2 Rate law: -

vA=KACA"

v)
&
stoichiometry:(v ↓ CA (Ao(1 x) EAo-roCAo
= = -

liquid-phase
Da
x)
=

CSTR

④combine:V .

kan
vo CAOX =
=

I k(A8(1 x)2 -

(1 2Da)
+
-
NIDA
X =

2D A

I so thermal CSTR's in
parallel

equal-sized
Let: reactors be placed in parallel.

balanceon
any
reactor:Vi=Faoi
i
X, x= identical size,
I feed
= =
. . .

same to rates.
-

VAI = -

VAz =...

volume
of each reactor:Vi =
I so thermal PFR

andorder liquid phase rxn.

V Vo
=

LA (A0(1-X)
=
FAO vo
= (Ao

-
()
-

r =

(x)
=

+k( =

(x)
x
z
=
Baz
(*x)
=

Daz (1 B -
X
=

Daz (for and order ran) tKCAO.

=

Daz-Daz x X =

order
gas-phase DazX
ist run in PFR
Daz x
=
+

TTo, P Po
=
Daz =

x(1 baz) +

G =
((0;
vix) x
z
=
+

= =

(1 2x)
+

*
=>
(
x)
=

v
Fao"-*
=

ax

From integral equations:V =

=

((1+3)(n itx) *Y -
 2nd order above put -vq=rCA"
gas phase
rxn:same as

v
[22(1+3(n(1
= -

x 3x
+
+

x)
inbular Reactors

the
differential form the of PFR be
must used when there's a

the reactor.
↳drop or
change, in

FAo =-rx -

differential form.
In the absence
of AP or
DT, the
meal form is used:

=
Fro
BP is
usually importantw/ gas systems due
changes
to in volume.
i
large
tested"pral
Liquids marginallyaffected. has
are
N

- nificantly. nthe
In
liquid phase, effect of BP can be
ignored.
insit changes
However for
gas phase operation,
the cone
of the reactants
is

proportional to total
the
pressure.

cAo(0;
X)
+

cj =

(1 2x)
+

For
BR:
=-Y. ()
%= t...
 4)
E.g3
-

shows
& ->

Ist order

X2 =

x ?
=

(A) (B)
W
a) A B
+ - C E.O 52

A VoB
Vo
o

Reactor
>EG(C)

limiting -> A.
Fc 106 1b /
200x
=

year

nt
v =

indicates first order

CA0=11bmod/ft K 0.311
=

/min ->

/ x
80%
=

-
VoCAOX

S
ko(1-x)
X)
Fc FAOc FAoX from stichiometrytable.
+

-
=
=

FAG 7.67=
1bmol/min.

FAo*vao A VAO 7.67

=
ft/min

v =
-NEe vo=2VOA
E(1-X Sequimolari
V 197.3ft3
=

C V 500
=

b) Xek
fogal Ri
~i >x 2 X = 7 Rz ->
7 vo
-
=

Ik Vo
1 +
XI x2

i
Fl Fz
Vo same X =
6

to aal =
r iz Another way:
=

spith
e e Gobofa
-x= t 13.94min
=

Ve =
xi)
-(x- -

V 2Ak(1 xz)
X
-

This
=

5:
e