Essential-Neuroscience 4th
Essential-Neuroscience 4th
Preface
Acknowledgments
14 Somatosensory System
General Organization of Sensory Systems
Sensory Receptors
Modality
Intensity
Duration
Location
Stimulus Transduction
Receptive Field
Relay Nuclei
Cortical Mechanisms
Classification of Nerve Fibers
Somatosensory System
Sensory Modalities
Tactile Sensations (Touch, Pressure, and Vibration)
Proprioception
Pain
Temperature
15 Visual System
Introduction
Components of the Eye
Different Layers of the Retina
The Pigment Epithelium Layer
The Layer of Rods and Cones
The External Limiting Membrane
The Outer Nuclear Layer
The Outer Plexiform Layer
The Inner Nuclear Layer
The Inner Plexiform Layer
The Layer of Ganglion Cells
The Optic Nerve Layer
Müller Cells
The Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods
Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells
Phototransduction
Processing of Signals From the Photoreceptors by Different Retinal
Cells
Bipolar, Horizontal, and Ganglion Cells
Significance of Changes in On-Center and Off-Center Bipolar and
Ganglion Cell Activities
Color Vision
Blood Supply of the Retina
Visual and Retinal Fields
Visual Pathways
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus
The Geniculocalcarine Tract
Visual Cortex
The Superior Colliculus
Binding Mechanism
Visual Reflexes
Pupillary Light Reflex
Accommodation Reflex
Prominent Defects in Vision
Hypermetropia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Strabismic Amblyopia
Night Blindness
Color Blindness
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Adie’s Pupil
Marcus-Gunn Pupil
Weber’s Syndrome
Parinaud’s Syndrome
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular Degeneration
Deficits After a Lesion at Different Sites in the Visual Pathway
16 Auditory and Vestibular Systems
Introduction
Auditory System
Physics of Sound
Components of the Ear
External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Mechanism of Sound Conduction
Central Auditory Pathways
Cochlear Nuclei
Superior Olivary Nuclei
Lateral Lemniscus and Associated Nuclei
Inferior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Primary Auditory Cortex
Descending Pathways
Clinical Disorders Associated With the Auditory System
Conduction Deafness
Sensorineural Deafness
Hearing Tests
Tinnitus
Vestibular System
Anatomical Components
Saccule
Utricle
Semicircular Canals
Vestibular Sensory Receptors
Central Pathways
Ascending Vestibular Pathways
Cerebellar Afferent and Efferent Projections
Vestibulocortical Pathway
Descending Vestibular Pathways
Vestibular System and Control of Eye Movements
Summary of the Functions of the Vestibular System
Clinical Disorders Associated With the Vestibular System
Nystagmus
Vertigo
Motion Sickness
Inflammation of the Vestibular Labyrinth
Ménière’s Disease
17 Olfaction and Taste
Introduction
Olfactory System
Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory Transduction
Central Pathways
Spatial Organization
Clinical Conditions in Which the Olfactory Sensation is Altered
Taste
Stimulus
Receptors
Transduction of the Taste Stimulus
Central Pathways
Taste Perception
Clinical Conditions in Which the Taste Sensation is Altered
Section v Motor Systems
Glossary
Index