PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION 14 Project Study Inrecent:»8r8 too much emphasis was given to pro. ject sty. The suoes ofthis undertaking wil largely Sepend on how effectively a project feasibility study will be conducted. Project study is now closely associated with osbility studies. Before going further into feasibility ‘duties which wil be discussed in the next chapter ofthis, book let us first define what a project is. ‘Webster defines the word project a8: 1 Aspecfc plan or design 2. Ascheme a Anidea 4. Aplanned undertaking. ‘A project therefore, is a unique and not a repetitive activity, Thus, good projects like all other good things in life has to be identified, developed and evaluated. ‘How to find and prepare good and sound projects is the ‘question that confront planners and developers of which is partly solved by the inception of project feasibility stadies. Project Studies - is defined as a careful and critical ‘investigation and or examination ofa proposal, scheme, idea or of an specific plan or design for the purpose of attaining or achieving the desired goals or objectives. Some of the speci jecti je ae ‘specific targets or objectives of project 1. To finish the project at the earliest time possible. ica PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2, To complete the project at a minimum tost and 3, Torun the project on a smooth and orderly manner ‘90 as to avoid uzinecessary delays 1-3 Project Purposes Every undertaking has its own purpose and objectives, For road construction, the prime purpose are as follows: 1, To increase agricultural production 2. To induce or create employment 3, Increase commercial complementary and 4. Promote social development Increase Agricultural Production Significant land and water development increases ag- ricultural production. Rural roads are essential development which provide incentives to motivate pro- duction and investment due to the reduction of transportation costs. Induce or Create Employment ‘At the time of project construction, labor force will be utilized thereby creating employment in the vicinity of the project. ‘After the completion ofthe project, employment wll be induced again for the maintenance of the road. Farm to market roads will also induce secondary employment i. more drivers and other support services will be created. Increase Commercial Complementary ‘The expanded road networks are expected to provide increated incentives for entrepreneurs, new stores, res-PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION taurants, cottage industries, suppliers, buyers, ete, Requirements and demand for public pelea’ transportation for goods and services are increase with a more and better roads. id Promote Social Development Improved road accesses will open up and create ities for residents from the more isolated rare] communities. Mobility and interaction is expected to in. crease between barangays, and between barangays and the larger towns and cities, The flow of new technology, government support services and commercial services will definitely increase. 1-4 Characteristics of Projects Different types of projects has different kinds ofbehav. ior and characteristics. The following characteristics of projects are in consonance with the concept of project ‘management: 1. Projects are non-traditional, innovative processes for development. The project manager works out independently from the normal chain of command of the organization. He exercises the power of functional departments or divisions in his decisions for given targets. He thus negotiates with the functional departments directly, cutting across staff and line hierarchies common in the classical organization. 2, Projects are complex efforts. A project produces specific results during a fixed schedule within an established budget. It cuts across organizational PROJECT MANAGEMENT lines, it is a unique endeavor, not completely repetitious of any previous efforts 3. A Project is the process of creating specific resui A project isthe entire process needed toproduce a new product, new system or other definite results, Both the process and the product that is the result ofthe process comprises the project. 4, Aprojecthas life cycle. The life cycle of project has an identifiable start and end points which can be related to a time scale. A project passes through several distinct phases as it matures. The life cycle includes all phases from the point of inception tothe final termination and evaluation. 5, Projects need multidiscipliary skills. A project is a complete operation by itself where the project manager acts like general manager. Pooling various skills. together in a united assault to achieve objectives within a budget and timetable. These skills vary according to the nature ofthe project. « 15 The Project Manager Inorder to realize the desired goals and objectives of project, it must be well organized with an effective and systematic project management. It involves a process of attaining the goals or objectives set forth in an activity or investment at a minimal cost through the effective use of physical and financial resources, The objectives of project management are: 1, Toachieve proper control ofthe project toassure the completion according to schedule within the budget.PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION 2, To achieve the desired qualit product or service, HY of the resulting 1-6 Functions of the Project Manage, ‘There are five functions of project ma 1. Planning nagement: 1 Planning - Involves selecting objectives, , policies and programs and the procedures of attaining and or achieving the objectives or goals, 2. Organizing - Involves the establishing of structures as well as schediules of activities ( scheduling tools, dene ibaa hay ee ood oe er apm nd Cnt hats) handle the job. Also calls for maintaining these men. a Directing - This has todo with leadership, but there are two kinds of a leader; one is an autocratic and the other is a democratic leader. ‘An Autocratic leader is one who dictates and the subordinates has no choice but to follow. A Democratic leader is one who believes in a group ‘Process, interactions, and 2 voi is : s hears the’ voice of his Control - Is the regulation and or evaluation of the subordinates in n a regards to the desired set-up goals Project Management Wonders. The ‘seven eternal PROJECT MANAGEMENT works of man which were considered wonders ofthe world Me attributed to an effective project management. These are the following. 1. The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt. 2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon in Iraq 8, The Statue of Zeus in Greece 4. The Temple of Diana in Turkey 6, The Tomb of king Mausolus in Turkey 6. The Statue of Apollo at the Aegeai Sea in Rhodes 7, The Lighthouse in Alexandria in Egypt. Reasons why project fails "A project manaiger who is fully equipped with guide- lines rules and procedures for effective management should also be aware ofthe possible adverse effects of the following which contribute to projec faflure 1 Ineffective planning or preparation 2, Defective design 8, Vague target 4, Failure to anticipate obstacles 6, Lack of control 6, Wrong choice of a project manager 17. Lack of support from top management 8, Funds do not come as promised 9. Inadequate staff support 10, Conflict between project and functional managers 11, Faulty appraisal 19, Inadequate execution and supervision 18, Sheer bad luck 14. Inexperienced project engineers 7PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION, 8, Were potential, social and cultural j project taken into consideration in the i? °f the of the design? Preparatin 4, How well did the project Cojpalves and targetret there eect the iia &. How many and what kind of dest a wore comaidared and analyeaa? ternatives 6. How were alternatives evaluated and. a Project Apprai: 7 relect [PPraisal, Selection, Negotiations Preliminary analysis and preparation sufficient information to allow eclection ac Pde deemed most feasible for funding. Administrators we" ‘be capable of preparing loan document ators should mational Assistance Agencies and bargainice incindes: Critical questions in negotiations 1. What appraisals and selection criteri a, ines the selection a n criterias were used? Frets at eource was the project tobe financed and ‘8. What main factors that is sai, \ sarah ent influenced decisions at each 4. How long did the appraisal, select : ‘and approval selection, negotiation causes of delayr ake? What were the major ind fae Prmpirvans and Organization. ra project resource involves identifying oo- problems, needs and demand and formalizing R responsibility for the project execution. Personnel recruitment, selection and training, financial systems auditing and evaluation procedures, plans and specifications are established to activate the project ‘Under this stage, some important questions tobe resolved are: 1. What criteria were used in choosing 2 project implementation unit or executing agency? ables influenced the choice of * Monitoring and reporting, + Resource procurement and allocation. 4. What were the sources of project inputs such as: * Financial resources * Materials, supplies, equipment and facilities * Manpower * Political support * Technology Project Implementation and Operation ‘This is the actual construction phase of the project ‘where actual solutions to problems are met. Managerial tryatems and procedures are practiced to achiewe the de- 3PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCT) PROJECT MANAGEMENT versus F DEPARTMENT. NCTIONAL, Let us describe and compare the characte, tween a Project Unit and a Functional Unit, Peres? be- the Bureat i oF ing wu of Maintenance of the tance, ‘Works and Highways, Department of Pubiy Project Unit Maintenance Unit 1.Hlasaspecificlifecyele 1. Continuous if from year to 2 Has detnite start and 2 No specie calendar datos ‘completion points with than fiscal year budg calendar dates 8.Canbeabruptly termi- 3. Assurance of continued function nated if goals are not even in major reorganization ‘met. Always terminated ‘when project is completed A Totaleffortmust be 4 Maximum work is performed ‘completed within fixed within annual budget ceiling, ‘budget and schedule 5. Prediction of ultimate 6, Prediction of annual expendi- time and cost is dificult tures is relatively simple. 6 Involves several skills 6. Involves one or few closely rela- ‘rom diffrent depart ted skills and disciplines wit ment or organizations _one well-defined and stable ‘which may change from organization. ‘one lfe cyte phase to tothe next. 7.Rate and type of expen- 7. Relatively constant rate and ditures constantly ‘type of expenditures. changing ‘The functional organization is focused on specific func- tions, But this does not mean that the functional organi- PROJECT MANAGEMENT zation has no relationship with the project management, Project and functional organizations are interdependent with each other. Hence, you cannot have one without the other. Project eam needs the functional specialists inthe . Profit and Loss Statement.- Statement of ‘accounts showing the profit or losses of the project. 2PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘The Benefit Cost Ratio - The BCR ig the benefits expected from the eae anette provement ofa project in relation tothe cost ant & it. benefits and costs incurred should be discounsag enue iting e UseOunted atthe feasible a projet must show a Benet roe MOI Tobe L Formula for computing Benefit Cost Ratio Annual road-users benefits ‘Annual Capital costs + Annual Maintenance Epon ane ‘The benefits that can be derived: improve; of ads are usually inthe form of te ae 1. Savings in vehicle operating costs.- Deri is ived gamparing the trfficcnsts on existing road and th, BC Ratio = rater acon ‘ Utilizing inputs such as: fertilize: 1, ctsiques etc, as well as marketing the protues, + Less road-users cost With the improved road, 4. Tyimses by the ordinary commuters will be lessen, Time savings.-‘Travel time will be shortened by 5, peimprovement of existing old roada Less mainténance.- Maintenance eaaicad eens tenance cost will be Basic Vehicle Operating Costs trafic coats are defined as the cost that would be ‘Vehicles using roads under ideal conditions, = FEASIBILITY STUDY that is with good surfacing, no gradients or curves, insignificant roadside friction and light traffic volume. ‘The traffic cost maybe divided into the following com- ponents: 1. Running costs.- Is defined as vehicle operating cost (VOC) which varies directly with the number of Kilometers operated. 2. Fixed cost.- Is defined as vehicle operating casts which varies with the time required to make the journey for which the cost is being calculated. 3. Time costs.- Is the value of passengers time (including the time value for drivers of private ars.) BASIC RUNNING COSTS ‘The running cost consist of fue, lubrication, tre, main- tenance and repair costs and also part of capital costs. J, Fuel costs.- The latest prices are gathered then ‘used in computing the fuel costs consumed per ‘vehicle kilometer. 2. Oil costs. - The oil cost per vehicle kilometer is calculated by obtaining the average price for lubricating oil 8. Tire costs. - May be calculated on the basis of tire sizes and prices in the vehicle specifications. The estimated life span of each tire ranges from 50,000 Jkm. for a small car to 100,000 km. for heavy trucks. 4. Capitat cost - Vehicle price minus the tire cost are ‘used in calculating capital costs, The total life span of a vehicle in kilometers will give the capital cost per kilometer per vehicle type. arPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION & Maintenance and Repair costs, maintanance costs are included in running ll ‘The labor cost per man-hour including bat. and overhead is assumed tobe P25.00 (19995 "lt The cst of parts replacement. is : original vehicle, 2 cata cot for cars, 5 pereat for weet tte and 10 percent for buses and jeepneys, The,,@™™ charged for spare parts each year. a) ‘TOTAL BASIC RUNNING COSTS ‘The total basic running costs for each type of veh calelated per kilometer basis The resultant base sy ning cost for each vehicle type is tabulat ; in Table 2-1.- ‘Seaheiated a presented ‘TABLE 2-1 BASIC RUNNING COST PER: KILOMETER (1995 SURVEY IN PESO) cost rea, RUNNING COST PER VEWICLE GLOMETER wontinces | Can | Jeeponye [tunes [tea Feet oo 100 10 us abc 0 a0 2 20 Tes ms 3 3 aa Mastcance | 38 24 as 3s Cont 3 n 0 —t = TOTAL piss [piss [ pais | paw BASIC FIXED COST Fixed cost consist of part of the capital cost, crew costs, overhead and other costs. 28 FEASIBILITY STUDY ‘The time required for a certain trip includes that pent for loading, unloading, waiting and ruining. Savings in ‘running time are related to this total time to determine the vehicle productivity improvement. The annual opera- tional vehicle hours assumed are 3,000 for publi sevice vehicles, 2,500 for Vans and Trucks and 2,260 for Cars, ‘A.Capital Cost- There are two types of benefits accruing from a shortened journey time. 1 The vehicle can make more tripsper period and total investment at any one time in the vehicle fleet will de reduced. 2, The increased productivity of the vebicle reduces the time deterioration per kilometer and extends ‘the operational life in kilometer. 'B. Crew Cost. - Crew cost is estimated as follows: ‘Truck and bus drivers P35.00/ br, Conductors and jeepney drivers 30.00/ hr. ‘Van and tricycle drivers 25.00/ hr. ‘Truck guards and loaders 20.001 br. ©. Other Costs.- The cost of overhead and motor vehicle fees per trip willbe reduced if vehicle productivity rises, For commercial vehicles, overhead costs are as- ‘sumed to be P 8,000.00 per vehicle year. ( No overheod cost have been assumed to be saved for cars.) The motor ‘vehicle fees consist of regulation and science taxes. ‘TOTAL BASIC FIXED COSTS. ‘The total basic fixed costs per vehicle type is estimated 2PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION onaper hour basis. The resultant! on Table 2-2 below: TABLE 22 TOTAL BASIC FIXE! 1995SURVEY TP COSTS ‘Time cost is based on the Hvedffom past seudien: ANG assumptions de. ‘TRAFFIC COST CALCULATIONS A. Running Costs.- The annual running costs for asic fined cotiagy,, FEASIBILITY STUDY each type of vehicle are calculated by using the formula. ‘ARC = ( ADT) 365(L +41 ) Basle running costim, ‘Where: ARC = Annual running cost ‘AADT = Annual average dally trafic Lat = Theoretical length of rosa dl = Deviation from ideal condition ‘of level paved road. B, Fixed Cost and Time Cost. Fixed and time costs are calculated by the following formula: Fined Cost = Annual trafic x travel time x bask fixed cost per vehicle. Time Cost = Annual traffic x travel time x basle time cost per vehicle. ‘Travel time is calculated based on the average operat- ing speed of each vehicle type on the different pavement type and conditions ‘TABLE 24 OPERATING SPEED IN KILOMETERS PER HOUR ROMO VENCLE Tee tee __ [Gad Per a risotto [6S Meowemnce | © comai Uprvonse | 238 Feoywne| 38 oa Upiianaes | ab vere | © moPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION, Benefits aceruing to the proposed proj fied andthe diferent costs areevalated anja? S23, ofthe benefits over the estimated coste to be tien, ‘the benefit cost ratio, and the criteri: en cUrred Cast (BC) ratio is: teria fora Viable nat IfBOis> Go; IEBC is<1, No Go or rej WBC in =1, Gobut delay frat until sucking benefits are already greater than When ‘by more than one, The cage C. Internal Rate of Return (IRR ) ‘The internal rate of return (IRR) establishe, icant ae at whch the present wo nate ereater than wt d er opportunity cost of capital prevailing in the com, 7 ‘The formula for computing IRR is: IRR = Discount Rate of (#) NPV+ NPVs aa Nx Interv TOINPVABS Value of PVA * acemune ‘4-The fourth step in the economic feasibility study is 22 FEASIBILITY STUDY selecting the most beneficial alternative, that js if ‘identifying between two or more alternatives. 5. Qualitative factors.- Discuss or describe other factors which will characterize the study in terms of economic situation in relation the following questions: a. Does the project promote national security? ’. Does the project promote employment? Does the project promote regional growth or development? 4. Does the project promote re-distribution of goods or produce? 2-9 Operational Feasibility ‘The proposed project must be acceptable tothe political leaders ofthe locality and more particularly to the people ‘whom the project is intended for. It must also have the support of the national leadership. Organization and ‘management system must be well organized to effectively ‘carry out the planned undertaking. 2-10 Management Aspect ‘Management aspect pritarily deals with planning, organizing, staffing, directing and control of the project. ‘These factors are already discussed in chapter one. How- ever, as a guide, the feasibility report should discuss the plan for implementing effectively the project, more par ticularly the construction organization which will be employed in the management of the work. The staffing or 2PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCT; ‘on the 13th year up to the 22nd year. Costs ION and beyond the Znd yar may be gnored. Compu nth and IRR ofthe project using 15% cscountrme so HPV 6. A regional DPWH office isto improve 8 100 Kilomet, ‘unpaved feeder roads as a result of the incre, ‘aly trafic. The choice is to improve the ro 250 every 8d With ete, ‘esphalt or concrete pavement. Re-surfacing ‘asphalt Is cheaper. The estimated cost the road is P20M . ‘Wlometer compared with P3.0M for Concrete However, pha pavement has a feof about 18 port Compared with 30 year fe for concrete pavement. {he road wil be surfaced with asphalt it will require su ‘again in 15 years. Determine which of these ‘would you recommend availing of 10% discou Thus, if ‘Wo options nt rate. CHAPTER. 4 PLANNING AND DESIGN 1 Preliminary Planning and Design 4 ap ng and design for a selected project Preliminary Pr the Feasbilty Study, Preliminary is vi ering for these studies is carried out to adegree a ‘that will permit estimates of principal quan- geo the construction with an accuracy of or-20% ef (ite? Ofantties, The principal quantities of construction Se a, excayaticn ation ema sing materials LRA ata sckdnieage crane 6. Major bridges and other structures. inary survey also includes the undertaking ofall necessary field investigations including: 1, Topographic survey ‘2. Sub-surface explorations 8, Determine principal quantities truction materials. pn and locate 4. Prepare preliminary engineering . suitable sources of materials. of excavations and aPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCT i N 42 Engineering Investigations Before conducting ai stuly the condition af the road A what Kind of standards would be incoe ot 24 deci detailed design’such ax: rPorated int 1. Class of road. 2. Level of improvement, concrete road, whether gravel, eaphae g 8. The road speed tobe adopted” 4. Super elevations, ete ‘should comy 4 the ground ofthe center line of the meg okie out at ment After establishing 1 ‘the proposed road align Cross sections shall be taken at i at intervals far eat Se 8 ls intervals where nce caleulation tervals where nece- accuracy of (+) or () 10%, The ws volume to an PLANNING AND DESIGN ded as far as possible. During the + should be aby traverse stations should be ‘reco rch a way that they will with few located io ecome the horizontal intersection excep" p in the final design. points menting.- The traverse stations should be 2 Momgmcind an soon as possble after they tae mopvoeated. These monuments should be 10mm. bees \7jns approximately 700 mm in length Stee iy rounded by concrete of nat ess than 01 ie meters. ca traverse stations should be referenced by at Toast three reference marks which may be tctablished on adjacent fixed objects such as trees, Seeks, buildings or any object not likely to be ‘removed before or during the construction. g. Traversing.- The traverse party willbe responsible a. The measurement of angles at each traverse stations b. Measuring the distances of each traverse by either steel tape or SDM. ¢. The fixing at the reference marks for each traverse station. 4. To indicate the clear description of the reference ‘marks in the field book. 4. Horizontal Alignment. The traverse should be plotted at a scale of 1:1000 on a rolled graph paper. ‘The horizontal geometry is then designed on this 68PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTioy plan and produced through station; information. The centerline can now oe, tg on the ground including the lay-out of the the ‘The necessary stationing which is Curves, 26 meters shouldbe marked forthe omy the eros section and parcsllary survey pense? Survey patie, 5. Bench Mark Leveling.- The level; establish accurate levels on bench eat os 9) the ght of way al at ase ‘we and reasonably coe othe coats noob Croce sections at right angles to the proposed line is normally taken at intervale of 25 sen, fant {hat when the terrain is fat. They may be at intervale of 60 meters. Cross sect uly extend 16 meters on each side of the center or uch farther distance as the design requires 17. Plotting of Profiles and Cross-Sections. - The a PLANNING AND DESIGN cg Jongitudinal profile shall be plotted to a exiting 900 horizontal and 11000 vertical. The scale of 1% ee-sections shall be plotted toa scale of fe if except in undulating or mountainous terrain ‘here they may be plotted to a scale of 1:100, jiary Survey. This survey shall include Pace Se ca buildings, drainage features, marshes and all other informations required for the detailed design and | right of way plans. Detailed surveys are carried out for all bridges sites, to a sufficient length of more or Jess 200-meters upstream and downstream as required for the hydraulic design of the structure. (*Source: Guidelines on IBRD Highway Projects.) 4-4 Soils and Materials Investigation ‘All existing relevant data shiall be reviewed followed by a general study of the soils and materials along the route. A detailed soils investigation shall be made along the road alignment to identify the varying soil types. A disturbed samples are taken from the site at an intervals ‘of about 260 meters and at such other places todetermine the changes in soil type. “At bridge sites and for other major structures, subsur- face conditions are investigated by trenching, hand ‘augering and or drilling by Calyx drill. Explorations for sources of construction materials are also carried out Sites of suitable construction materials are surveyed and ‘shown in the engineering plans. 65———$§rro: ECT STUDY ROAD Cons, a Different laboratory tests soil eamples includes the follanse Ne the on 1, Soil classification test 7 yo 2, Liquid limit test 8, Plastic limit test 4. California Bearing Ratio test 6. Special method of soil stable Drainage and Bridge Site In: 7 “ if vestigation pola studies wll be carried outon al rai iain with careful analyain of all availabe at n Tainfall, flood records and detailed Geld inaptS PLANNING AND DESIGN and testing is completed forthe final design of ieee a voment ‘and pavement sections, road wa Sof outabl borrow and contruction materi soured including the suficiency ofits deposit are identi" foundation investigation including labora. Mor all ridges and culverts sites are made before tore] deeign ofthe foundations, Om the basis of field survey and investigation report, final engineering design, contract plans with sufficient fetails necessary for tendering and construction are pre- fared toa final plan which includes the following items 1, Horizontal and vertical alignment of the roadway. 2. Cross sections, related earthworks and mase-haul diagrams, 8, Pavement, 4, Detail of bridges and drainage structures, connecting with the existing roads plus other miscellaneous items of the construction. ‘The final report on the preliminary studies also in- ludes all plans, profiles and typical cross sections plus the right of way at appropriate scales and a realistic program and time schedules for detailed design and con- struction, 46 Design of Horizontal Alignment ‘The horizontal alignment is generally pre-determined after the preliminary survey. Additional refinement may be necessary and the design is undertaken through the following guidelines: 7PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUG, ION 1, The horizontal alignment should possible. . be as 2. Compound curves i oa should be avoided 8. Long straights on new ali avoided to alleviate driver fatigue ='® "By, 4. Short lengths of straights between ing the same direction shoy Carvey because this result, 4 be a i : # to 8 very poor git ‘The plan should be plotted ata contour of one meter interval extentgg 10% Mth meters, 40, and 60 meters foreach side oft line in flat, rolling and respectively. oe In designing horizontal alignment , 2 tthe existing center lines intais center lines should be maintained as macy 1. The topography inthe plan must be con one in the cross section and longitudinal 8. For transition spirals, the length of the sri generally governed by the amount of mye elevation to be run-off at a gradient of between de and 1.0% along the edge of the pavement relatives line, Simple 5, wi al a de ofthe cong rntainous are, 2 sistent with : the gradiont ofthe center =e ». For circular curves, the minimum radius for class of road and terrain are as follows: = a. Flat terrain - - - -125 to 400 meters 10.For super elevations, the maximum rate of elevation is 8%, ae PLANNING AND DESIGN 41 Design of Vertical nmin sical alignment ofa road is determined by first ‘The verte crose-sections. These are used to estab. considering Tosition of the finished road level giving lished the Per works commensurate with a satisfactory minage design for each sections ‘The guidelines for designing the vertical alignment of oad are as follows: ~ sae shall be 1: 1, The scale of a longitudinal p: 1:1000 {or horizontal and the vertical. 2, For mountainous section, it is recommended for * soavenience a vertical scale of 1:2000 to prevent too many shifting of profiles. 3. Tn designing vertical alignment, the grade should consider the utilization of the existing surface base or the sub-base. 4, In flooded: areas, the proposed height of the new pavement stiould be sufficiently high to about 50 centimeters above the maximum flood level 6. The rolling of grades to avoid heavy earthwork is permissible where proper sight distance is to be maintained. : 6. The secondary dips in the profile where vehicles may be hidden from view should be avoided. 7, The maximum grade on a thri-cuts should be at least 0.50% to provide longitudinal drainage. 8, The lowest point of vertical curve should be cated on embankment section and not in cut section to ide easy corstruction of drainage structures. o, Pusan dopthof backfill materials eteenPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION the finished grade and the top of pi should be 60 centimeters, PIPE culverts 10, The maximum gradient for each clas of road a. Flat terrain ig 1Stopping Sight Distance.- The road must by designed to permit forward visibility throughout jx lengthat least equal to the minimum stopping igs distance, 70to 180 meters for flat and rolling and 60 to 90 meters for mountait gterrain 1Passing Sight Distance. Under norma) contition, for fat and rolling terrain, the paeig sight distance should be provided. Whereas, if mountainous terra, a reduced paasing gt distance may be adopted, PSD = 350 to 600 for a flat and rong terrain, 448 Design of Cross Section Tn designing cross section of a road, the follows ‘guidelines are presented: following 1. Prepare a cross section to a scale 1:100 2. Interval distance of @) 50 meters in flat terrai 70 PLANNING AND DESIGN «sections s10p°. soe ve and layers of materials, encoun. ¢) indie oa the limits of he templating init te sections. + aggregate base. - For concrete net the thickness of the base shal be 15 pavemeters of crushed stone or 20 cm. in case of enti gravel, For bituminous asphalt pavement, ride 20 cm. thick crush stone o 2 em, odinary gravel. a rave) jess of Aggregate sub-base.-The thickness of € eats sub-base should be in accordance with SSE GBR of sub-grade soil as shown in the fllowing table. anu 41 THICKNESS OF SUB-BASE FOR PCC PAVEMENT or ot Sura So [Tene of abate) Loss than S om. 206m, Sto 10 ‘Sem ‘More than 10 ° ‘TABLE.42 SUB-BASE THICKNESS FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT ‘Thickness of Sub-base (om) (CBR of Sub-grade Less than 5 on Sto 0 ‘oon More than 10 den In case of rock excavations, the base course shall be designed as a leveling course. The minimum thickness is 10 centimeters, In both types of pavement, the sub-base shall be eliminated. nCHAPTER - 5 ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS 5-1 Estimate ‘An estimate in ehgineering work may be defined as a ‘process of calculating and evaluating the quantities | quality and costs of a project be it proposed or existing, "Estimate is a rough tentative determination of the ‘work tobe done including its cost. The estimated amount ‘only probable cost of the materials and labor and the + accuracy of an estimate depends upon who is estimating and how it was dorie. {good estimate however, are those prepared by one fio has experienced and knowledgeable of the work "basing his estimate on a more detailed plan and specif- cations for " How good is your estimate ifit isnot based on ‘@detailed plan and specifications” Estimate is classified into the following types: 4, Project Estimate. - Refers to the total cost needed to finance an undertaking based on an evaluation of all items involved on the Bid Schedule of the Project. b. Detailed Estimate.-Is a careful calculation of the quantity and costs of everything that is stipulated inthe contract. BPR ‘OJECT STUDY Roa, CONSTRU 1 . ra an Sas can be Made in ty p 2 The at Quantity or Unit-cger ross- quantity or Total. size Cost metho : corte Unit-Cost method Under thi ofan item of work is first deter cs *hOd, th cost is found by multiplying the wei then the yt anti or volume, HEE ee ‘or | if as comittanc, ifthe quantity of oad mater “ aecomoutd i 000 cubic meters and the aa ett Peeper cum, the total cost will be ment Pre which is P200,000.00, ‘ouying oy The Total-Cost mi . ethod.- Under thi quantity in rai quanti brat — kind of materials plus the 1M ded together to determine the total cst * “O° Wem ‘ori instance, the cost of all tl oral ¢. Approximate or Short-Cut Estimat ee rough estimate made to obtai rroximat x 2 in an approxi ead short time conversation, One exam eof th cut estimate liable aces er hi which is not rel aren methods of estimating the cost ructing a toadway or the like structures, “ a Complete Estimat et te.- Is one calculation of all costs relative to the project addition to those included in the crac For a main co instance, a complete estimate for a road caseine that includes the 74 ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS: include the following items: land isitions, legal fees, main contract, scale acts, financing, interests insurances and su ayes during construction. et would i ng Estimate.-Is an estimate made by ngfoers employed or commissioned by clint for eae purpose of financing the work and for checking the bids submitted by contractors. ¢, Engineeri t Contractors Estimate. Is a detailed estimate carefully prepared by a contractor for his bid ‘amount to a project advertised for bidding either by the government, private organizations or corporations. Government Estimate.- Is an estimate prepared bythe government agency estimating committee for ‘a particular project subject for public bidding h. Progress Estimate... An estimate made by the owner or government engineers at periodic intervals (usually monthly) during the progress of the work for determining the amounts of partial payments to be made to the contractor. Normally, 10% of the amount due the contractor every partial payment is retained by the owner to ensure the satisfactory completion of the project by the contractor. This is a retention fund reserved to cover expenses for correcting defects and completion of the work if abandoned by the contractor 75PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION i. Final Estimate.- Estimate by overnmentengineersalterthcc’? 2 te wok, The purpose of this estimate iaoaetty ‘heamoun of final payment due the contre ate ine the exact quantities that har 5-2 The Estimator Estimating in itself is an art Anart be learned easly. An estimator on the sthes Bot be taught of experienc or judgment. He has eae racial ability to develop his own faculties of nm Son have earned sai trough throm tt 2 while others lean slowly or nothing The prospect of a contractor rin winni lagaly depends ona good estimator a lowing qualifications — ich COU nop 1. Kaow how of contruction procedures, 2. Experienced in construction work oowldge of informations relative to materialy sonnet overhead and other related ee § Wihovstomati methods of preparing an etna With good judgment in regards to locat ¢, sitions, labor and job conditions = Ability todo painstaking work to make nalysis and computations. See 1. Ability to gather, classify and evaluate da gather, classify and evaluate data relative ty ati 76 gre AND SPECIFICATIONS ' dures during an visul Gah had ae + pi mae ELECTION OF DATA cot i jassification and evaluation of data aoe aalection. gis an porn work ofthe estima relative ved Keep records of various project He take notes coe tor, He 12¥t gata are filed systematically in an orderly casts, THe future references: These are ee Quantity and updated unit price of various mi jon materials. p. Labor conditions ¢ Work conditions @ Salaries and wages e. Equipment and rentals {1 Weather and work conditions Causes of probable delays ‘h. Conditions relative to overhead costs. SITE INVESTIGATIONS Prior to the preparation of the estimate, the estimator hhas to visit the site personally and make a study of the existing conditions of the place. For instance,, on large foad construction project, the estimator should take note fof the location site, the geometric conditions, and soil conditions, In addition, he decide on the location of the field office, batching plant, motor pools, bodegas, bank ‘houses, stock piling of construction materials, informa. tion concerning light, power and water. Also take note of the existing road conditions particularly those that are leading to probable source of borrow pits and construction materials, Investigate availability of private supplies 7 PRELIMINARYPROJECT STUDY ROAD co} INSTRUCTION cost of hauling, prevailing pri of ; B ri materials local labor conditions a reap, swpay and general ficiency ofthe eal ei Mg " SUBDIVISIONS OF ESTIMATING . Estimating costs for road constructox into five essential parts, they are: ™*Y be dvigg a. Labor.--Estimating man-hour or p, suite cnt. Ben-daye and ig . Materials.- Estimati, i Mg liffrest quanttig aap ©. Plant and or Equipment esti Kind and rental costs including Ran of Buh | botnet ‘including fue, oi and ott whead.- de ‘ine if za a determine iteme included and iy e. Profit... Estimati: ae ating contractors profit in er costs. i tie may include fees, gravel fees, permit fees and BIR tase, ete ESTIMATING LABOR AND , cost In estimating labor and cost, the di : the differe work involving the use of man-power should be ans 1 Labor ‘cost by piece wi is ularly ork. -This is known as pakyaw labor wherein a price is as ished for a certain unit of accomplishment, instance, the amount of P5000 is to be paid for 78 ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS ‘excavating one cubic meter, if labor accomplished ‘20 cubic meters, then they are entitled P1,000 for their labor. Another example is labor cost per meter or by square meter wherein the agreed unit price is multiplied to the quantity of accomplishment, 2. Man-hour or Man-days. - Using the above ‘example; the number of days to finish excavating 4,000 cubic meters is 50 men-days. To get the ceatimated labor cost of the work, rhultiply 50 days by their daily wage. Ifthe daily wage is P150.00 per day, the labor cost will be P7,500.00. “Another procedure adopted by experienced estimator is the use of equipment instead of the labor base. Labor ‘ost by using equipment is compared with manual labor ‘ost plus the time elements involved. Whichever to his judgment is more economical at the shortest time will be recommended. 8, Estimating Materials.- To have a fair and reasonable estimate of various types of materials for a particular construction, the estimator must have an updated unit price ofeach kind of materials, from a wide available sources and informations. ‘The different kinds of materials are indicated on plans and or specified in the specifications. Thus ‘becomes the basis of informations for the estimator to prepare the bill of materials indicating the unit price for each item and the total cost involved. The major materials toestimate in road construction are 4) Earthworks - comprising the roadway and the nmPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS drainage excavations, E ‘ yok rage, Excavations ¢, ci interests on investment and depreciation. course materials. + sub-base ang emoval interades labor coste of equipment Costs “f . Surfacing materials such as sana, eravel pperators and supervisors. Standard = tors who has deficiency of the required ©. Standard structures To a cantacors wo Mas Sea ea a Bride umber of equiP ‘the rentals of equipment tobe rented ¢. Minor structures such as ie Tetain: ‘estimator to ‘rom the government equipment culverts, reinforced concrete pipes gta“, by from other coutr=o nis kind ahould farther inciade he f “Aurilry works chased Wale wing wat, ot. Estimate of this depot. Bet rel, ol, and spare parts of the equipment to For large projects, the road is divided into stat the basie rental fees. Jengths suitable for the phasing of separate contra ro ‘ind Rental Cost (1995) major items of construction for each length are casa faarber PA000 pore based on the design drawings to determine the wut + || Batching plant 13.800 per dy as to the kind, number,’size, weights, volume o- other 1 Sea 2.500 per day units specified i Rogecuster —— “Transit meet : 4 Estimating Plant Equipment. Fora large rad Zl Baca nec ae construction project, construction plant includes all 10 pooped 18,500 per cay temporary buildings and structures for machinery 2 Reed roller 3.800 per day and tools necessary in the implementation of thy 1 Vinatry rte eaten work. 1 Pneumatic roller “oe day ‘The temporary building structures is necessary fog 1 ‘Sheepstoot roller Jamo eront weather protection ofthe works such as: Machinery 2 ene 2.500 per day and tools for making forms; bending and cutting of ; ‘Water truck bene steel bars; storage and handling of materials for 1 Power generator a 000 per ery mixing; transporting and placing of concrete etc. 2 Concrete vibrators, 1,800 per day Construction plant may be located at the job site or 1 ee ‘500 per cay at other convenient places, p Cancree Gemaund sa 1,000 per a Plant costs usually includes cost of transportation, i Vibratory screed ee installations, maintenance and repair, operations, a 80ET STD, Ro ROAD. CONSTRUCTIoy ‘The unit cost for these equi working time or on output basis, Form ty be hour may be computed by dividing ne, Plena om costhy the number of hours that than to! eauipa? onthe jobsite orby dividing the number uBR i yet equipment is actually operated on the othore gt When cost is based on the Ff tis based on the output, thy equipment cost is divided by the tctal ,@t produced ‘ample, fra conec ctl tnber erg equipment cst would be divi DSN wor cet cubic meters of encrete mixed to total fe per cubic meter of commcny etait the equipne™ 5. Estimating Overhead Cost.-Overhead¢, 5 ad cost mses and other labor ears a. Office rentals, B Insurances, 204 telephone bits . Office H § Office enuipment and stationary ¢. Legal expenses £ Expenses for plans and speci g. Traveling expense: specifications h Salaie ee ianagen ee rks, stenographer, draftsman: ere all chargeable to the ora eaman and watchman neha cost maybe divided into: id (main office: Job overhead iiidamees +82 ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS js usually programmed at 10% of the ott oe For a medium scale project, only part of sata proiet 8% gen of personnel and part of other the slari Mare charged tothe project not to exceed 10% overhea ‘rerhead costs are apportioned to other on cess = he exces of eh company oF from the general or _ going, Pip fund of the COMPARY. 6. Estimating Profit ‘The amount of profit is . Bevally expressed in percentage of the total ust maved cost of the project. Government estimates cattily provides 15 percent of the total project cot for contractors profit. Ty the contractors, the percentage of their profit varies to 20% for small job, 15% for medium and 10 to 12 percent for large construction. 7, Other Costs.- These are costs incurred which are pot considered as overhead costs. Example of which dare project testing fees, gravel fees, BIR tax and _ SOP which is sometimes the biggest of them all 6-8 Financing ” Financing calls for the need of funds to sustain the required logistics for the full executign of the work. Most of the private and corporation projects are finance through commercial loan borrowings. Similarly, most of ‘the apecial infrastructure projects of the government are finance by grants or borrowings from foreign and interna- tional assistance agencies. The government creates loan ‘committees to prepare loan documents that is required for 83PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTioy, negotiations with foreign lending insti contents and scope of the proposed projects subject for bargaining on the proposed loan Sufficient sources of furtds is necessary toorematte, estimated cost of the project including its gov" YP the and operational costs. ™aintenanes 5-4 Specifications Specifications varies dependi specication wrtere and the type of comnts Set refered to. However, in this study we win’ standard specifications for highways and brides fined by the Department of Public Works and S22 (DPWH which states Highwayy * Specifications is the directions, provis auirements contained in the governmens pee specifications for highways and bridges. And whined be odded as supplemental specifications or or spore provisions prepared for the project together with all. ments at any description and written. agreements nase to be made pertaining to the methods or manner of tar forming the work or the quantities and qualityof marie, and labor tobe furnished under the contract, the meat of measurements and the basis of payments. For convenience of students of engineering, estimator and practicing engineers as wel, the typical items of wort involved in a medium and large ecale of concrete pave ‘ment construction Table 6-1 was presented indicating the itm ede number fra specie material or work toe a eos works to dene which are boing practiced by al ngieering Dit cy ‘ ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS 1 TYPICAL ITEMS FOR CONCRETE PAVIN TABLE STRUCTION OF AHIGHWAY PROJECTS." ae TEM NO. DESCRIPTION joo | _ Clearing and Grubbing 4105 ‘Roadway and Drainage Excavation 106 ‘Excavation for Structures 107 Borrow 108 ‘Aggregate Sub-Base 110 Foundation Fil 316 Portand Cement Concrete Pavernent 405 Concrete 406 Reinforcing Stee! 413 Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipes ‘SPECIFICATIONS ITEM 100 - CLEARING AND GRUBBING ‘This item shall consist of the removal and disposal of trees, stumps, brush, roots, vegetation, logs, rubbish and other objectionable matters as directed by the engineer, ITEM 105 - ROADWAY AND DRAINAGE EXCAVATION ‘This item shall consist of excavating and grading the roadway, including ditches, approaches, and private en- trances, excavating unsuitable sub-grade materials, and or road metalling found in the roadway and ordered reserved for later placement in the improvement; exca- vating for removal of slide materials; and removing and utilizing or disposing of all excavated materials, all in accordance with this specifications and in conformity with the plans or as staked by the engineer. It shall include, when directed by the engineer, the widening of roadway cuts and flattening of cuts slopes over the widths and 85PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ITEM 106 EXCAVATION FOR STRUCTURES ‘Excavation for structures shall consist of the removal ‘and disposal ofall excavation materials required for the construction of structures, water pipes, culvert pipes, and under drains, including the work of backfilling, compact- ing, sloping, disposing of curplus materials and cleaning ‘up of the sites, It shall include all necessary clearing and grubbing within the the area defined by lines connecting the extremities of the end substructure units) all neces- sary draining, pumping, bailing, sheeting and shoring; the construction of cribs and cofferdams and their sub- sequent removal; and the removal ofold structure or parts thereof as required, except where the contract includes a separate unit price for such item or items. ITEM 107 - BORROW ‘When suificient suitable materials is not available fom the roadway eroxraionshiiooal mates) shall ‘obtained from sources situated beyond the right of was mits, at locations designated by the sient The os terial 20 obtained shall be called "Borrow", and shall be of quality satisfactory for the purpose intended. Borrow shall include the clearing and grubbing of the sites not {included in the areas indicated and classified on plans as ‘Clearing and Grubbing" and the removal and satisfac- tory placing of the additional materials necessary t0 complete the roadbed, embankment, subgrade, shoulders, ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS intersections, approaches, entrances, etc. The widening of _ type of earthen material. It includes all natural materials has earth, gravel, sand, shale, coral, cinders and rock 108 - AGGREGATE SUB-BASE “item shall consist of materials obtained from ources suggested on the plans or in the special provisions "or authorized sources supplementary thereto and placed “as indicated on the plans or as directed by the engineer. |" Materials.- Aggregate sub-base shall consist of pit run © gravel, talus rock, disintegrated granite, sand, shale cin- = ders, coral, or other similar materials; or additional filler for blending, selected under the direction of the engineer. ‘The maximum dimension of any particle shall not be “greater than two thirds of the required thickness of the “layer in which it is to be placed. Oversize material if " present shall be removed at the pit by screens, grizzlies, ‘or hand picking, If necessary to obtain proper uniformity ‘additional filler shall be blended by mixing on the roads — way. The fraction of the aggregate sub-base mate including any additional filler passing the No. 200 ‘shall not be more than two thirds 2/9 of that passing the: ar‘Date of bidding 1 Name and signature of the head of office ‘ADVERTISEMENT FORM Se Repub of the Phippines earuesT Se PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS Beal River Basin Development Project. Road Component PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE Naga Cay ‘ADVERTISEMENT March 2, 186 SEALED BIDS wal be received at the offce ofthe Project Manage Proect Management Office, RES. Naga Cty, and then publicly opened ‘br undertaking the following projects under the circumstances stad ‘ek, paaly- Name &Lecaton] Cash | Credit Line | Dead ines] Dae of ‘Pnipd | Requrement| Requemart| Pre C1 & | Bese Peco ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS. Prequalification statement must be submitted in per- son at the office of the Project Manager, Project ‘Management Office on or before the deadline as stated in the advertisement, Bidders must show proof of compliance with the re- ‘quirements of Section 86, Article 1X of RA.4566, otherwise known as Contractors Licensing Law in order that their bids will be accepted. Full particulars relative to the bidding and other pre- requisite conditions, plans and specifications and the Proposal Book may be obtained at the office ofthe Project Manager, by any prospective bidder upon request. Cash requirement should be in in Manager's Check addressed to the Project Manager, Project Management Office. Project Director ”PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘No, 40 sieve but not to.exceed 20 percent, The fraction of ‘the material passing the No. 40 sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater than 26 and plasticity index of not more than 6. {TEM 110-FOUNDATION FILL This item shall consist af special approved rock or gravel backfill material furnished and placed as required to replace materiale encountered and found unsuitable below the foundation elevation of culverts, bridges and other structures and shall be constructed in accordance with these specifications and where shown on the plans or directed by the engineer in writing. Materials.- Foundation fill shall consist of suitably graded gravel or rock as required by the engineer. ‘TEM 216 - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT This item shall consist ofa one course portland cement ‘concrete, constructed on an approved prepared road in ‘accordance with the plans and specifications, and in con- formity with the lines, grades and typical cross sections ‘as shown on the plans. Portland cement concrete shall consist of a property proportioned intimate mixture of ‘Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates and water Concrete shall be considered of satisfactory quality Drovided itis made of materials accepted for the jb, is of Approved job-mix, and in in complete accordance with the requirements ofthe standard specifications, TEM 495- CONCRETE ‘This item shall consist ofcement concrete for structure ESTIMATE AND SPECIFICATIONS made from approved portland cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, in accordance with these specifications, and placed as shown on the plans or in a ‘manner approved by the engineer. ITEM 406 - REINFORCING STEEL ‘This item shall consist of the furnishing and placing of metal reinforcement of the type, size, shape, and grade required in accordance with the plans and these specif cations, ITEM 413 - REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERT PIPES. ‘This item shall consist of reinforced concrete culvert of the sizes and dimensions required on the plans furnished and installed at such places as are designated on theplans orby the engineer, in accordance with these specifications, and in conformity with the lines and grades given. ‘This item shall include the furnishing and construction, of such joints and such connections to other pipes, catch basins and walls etc, as my be required to complete the structure as shown on the plans, ADVERTISEMENTS. After the preparation of the documents such as the quantity and cost estimates, contract drawings, specifica tons, conditions of contract and bidding documents, the Project is to be advertised for bidding. ‘An advertisement is a paid public announcement oF Notice for an invitation to bid for a proposed project. AR ‘advertisement for ‘a proposed road construction project, should include the following 1. Name of the owner (office name)CHAPTER - 6 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS 6-1 Contract ‘The treatment of the word contract in this chapter is limited to the application of the word in connection with government contracts particularly in the Department of Public Works and Highways, Contract as defined by DPWH manual is the written agreement entered into between the government and the contractor covering the performance of the work and the furnishing of materials in the construction of a project, using the standard government form of contract. The contract shall include the following documents: Bid forms include the fallowing Annexes: a. Authority of he signing offeial ». Bi prices inthe bill of quantities Detailed estimates CONTRACT DocUMENTS £ Project organizational chart &. Manpower schedule ‘Equipment utilization schedule 4. Canh flow and payments schedule 5. Centitication of site inspection 9, Performance bond 10.Prequalification and post qualification statements 11. Certificate of cash deposit for operating expenses 12.Notice of award of contract and contractors approval, 18, Other contract documents that may be required by the officefagency/eorporation concerned 6-2 Definition of Terms NOTICE 70 CONTRACTORS. An official notice to contractors will be published by the Department stating among others the time and place where to submit the jealed proposals fora designated projector wor; instruc- tions to bidders regarding the contract and proposal forms, bid bond, plans, specifications, labor requirements, contractors licenses and the provisions for the Depart- ment rights to reject any or all bids which are disadvantageous tothe government BID OR PROPOSAL.- Is a written offer of a bidder ‘submitted in the prescribed form in response to the ad- vvertisement to furnish materials labor and equipment to perform a specified work within the time prescribed in consideration of payment at the prices quoted in the bid as submittedPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ropasal shall include: the project description cas euaied geesamest form of invitation to bid, the "instructions to bidders, the special provisions covering conditions peculiar to the project, the bid schedule showing the item of work and their estimated quantities ‘indicating the unit bid prices, the proposed subletting, and the licensed engineers certificate, CONTRACT BOND.-.Contract bond is the security ‘given by the contractor and his sure:y ina penal-sum ‘satisfactory to the Department as guarantee for the faith. ful performance of the contract according to its express ‘terms, tenor or effect, and the satisfaction of obligations {for materials used and labor employed. EXTRAWORK.- Work or labor and materials furnished by the contractor in order to complete the contract in an acceptable manner, but for which there is no basis of Payment provided in the ontret, either direty or ind ‘SPECIAL PROVISIONS.-- The specific clauses setting forth conditions or requirements, peculiar to the project under ‘consideration, and covering work or material in- ‘volved in the proposal and estimate, which are not ‘thoroughly or satisfactorily stipulated or set forth by the ‘General specifications made a part of the contract. BIDDER. The term bidder refers to any person, firm, association or corporation duly yegistered sed gen rated under the laws of the Philipy en eee ‘submitting a proposal or bid for the “ CONTRACT DOCUMENTS. acting directly or through a duly authorized repre- sentative, pre-qualified and duly licensed under the Contractors License Law. PREQUALIFICATION OF BIDDERS.- Proposal forms ‘willbe issued only to responsible prospective bidders who have filed confidential qualifications statements with the Department and whose qualifications have been consid- ered satisfactory, ‘THE BIDDING COMMITTEE.- The committee which is incharged of receiving of receiving, opening and evalu- ating the bids on the designated time and place as advertised. ‘EMPLOYER.- Means the Government of the Republic ofthe Philippines represented by the Department of Pub- lic Works and Highwaye (DPWH) acting through the Secretary, including any of his authorized repre- sentatives. CONSULTANTS.-The personnel of the contracted con- ‘sulting firms assigned in the project as authorized by the DPWH. BILL OF QUANTITIES.-The tabulated form on which ‘the work item number, description, unit and approximate quantities both with unit cost and total prices for each of the work item, CALENDAR DAY.--Meansa period of twenty four hours extending from midnight to midnight and shall include 95all days ofthe calendat- per. A written order issued by the en. nom NDE or covering alteration or einer to Merk resulting either in the increase in the unforeseen Wi ies of any of all items of work or inthe ve of an existing item to another item ag worded fr in the original contract Or decrease in oe rel et rca portions or sections of the project ENGINEER. The Secretary of the Department acting sdehe directly o through an assistant Or Fepresentatie ‘duly authorized by the Secretary, such representative acting only within the scope of the particular duties as- ‘Sguel to him or within the seope of the authority vested in him. ‘CONTRACTOR. The person, firm, partnership, coro, ration, of association undertaking the construction and completion ofthe work under the terms of the contrac, acting directly or through a duly authorizéd repre tentative and duly lensed under the provisions of RA No. 4566 and amendments thereto. BID SCHEDULE. This isa tabulated form included the proposal form, containing items, estimated quant ties and blank spaces for unit bid prices and amounts PRE-BID INFORMATION.--The Department will vide personnel to assist the prospective bidders in datt fying any and all questions they may have on the plat ‘CONTRACT DOCUMENTS specifications, special provisions, and the operating conditions. This service may be extended to include pre-bid conference tobe held not ess than one week:before the date of opening of the proposals ifso requested by the bidders at least two weeks before the bidding. AWARD.-Is a written acceptance of the proposal or bid submitted by the bidder who is offering the most advan- tageous bid to the government. EXECUTION OF CONTRACT.- No proposal shall be considered binding upon the government until after the ratification of the contract. The contractor to whom the contract has been awarded shall enter into agreement with the government within ten (10) days from the date hhe has been notified of the award. BIDDING AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS.- Proposed ‘construction projects to be advertised for bidding shall consist of the necessary contract documents to be issued to all pre-qualified bidders. Said documents includes the 1, List of pre-qualified data to be furnished by the tenderer: 2, ‘Instructions to bidder which includes: a. General informations about the project ». List of equipment required . Work schedules d. Form of tender guarantee 8, Tender or bidders form 4, Form of contract 6. General conditions of contract, 97pRoJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘until award has been given and a Contract of ‘Agreement has been executed. 2, The Contract for the works shall be awarded to the Bidder offering the most advantageous bidder to the government and whose bid shall agree with all the provisions and requirements to render it formal. ‘8, ‘The Bidder to whom the contract will be awarded shall sign the agreement within thirty (30) ‘calendar days from the date he was advised of the award and shall within ten (10) calendar days provide the securities required by the DPWH. Failure to comply shall be a cause for cancellation ‘ofthe contract Award and forfeiture of the Bid Bond as liquidated damages. ‘Tender Bond Schedule.- The bidder is required to submit a Tender Bond to the Department not later than 14 days before the day fixed for tendering as a guarantee that he will enter into contract with the DPWH. The amount of the Bond shall be in accordance with the following schedule. ‘Tender Bond ‘CONTRACT DOCUMENTS Mee PB aR Se 'P216,000 + 3% of amount 10,000,000 inexoess of P5,000,000 aE 265,000 + 2% of amount +P 00,000,000 Inexcess of 10,000,000 ‘Above P100,000,000, 2,165,000 + 1% of amount Inexcoss of 100,000,000, _ Credit Line.- In addition to the Tender Bond, bidder will also submit to the Department within 14 days before the day fixed for the opening of bids a proof of his credit line. Credit line must be sufficient enough to cover up the amount equal to the projected expenditures of equipment rentals, materials, fuel, labor and overhead expenses of the construction during the 60days highest expenditures, or fifteen percent (15%) of the project cost whichever is ‘smaller, However, credit line should not be more than the Upto One Millon 19% ofthe-emount ‘Above one Millon upto 'P150,000 + 1% of amount Five Mion in excess of one Mion ‘Above Five Millon up t2 190,000 + 8% of amount Ten Miion in excess of Five Mion ‘Above Ten Mion up to 232,500 + 70% of amount +00 Mion in excess of Ten Mion ‘Above 100 Millon 1P362.500 + 5% of amount in excess of 100 Mion Bid Pces Peso, ‘Bid Bond in Peso. Upto 100,000 } 10% of the amount ‘Above P100,000 to P10,000 + 5% of amount 1,000,000 In excess of P100,000 ‘Above P1,000,000 to 55,000 + 4% of amount 5,000,000 in excess of P1,000,000 Le 100 |. Financial Statement.- The bidder is required to sub- init his latest audit balance sheet and or previous year alance sheet. Computation of his working capital and net, work shall consist of the following assumptions: 101pROXECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘oF THIS OBLIGATION IS SUCH, tht whereas nec Soi cnt now THEREFORE, ithe Principal sha Paco a ul he ncaa covenant ovens, ado ot cand contac ond ay exanon thereof tet may be ‘etrnt by te Government, wl Fan and dang the eof any guaranee requted wd Sure?) daha so perform and ul alte undetsins, tne Co toa, conon and agrees of ny end a iy ‘edbotied teak Correct that may ores by ate of which modicaions tthe Suratyes) bay ary waived: and (0) Pay tothe Government the fl amount of he tes imped by vtich ere collected, deducted, or witheld tm Ape wages pelt by the Prieipal In carrying out the consruten we pect to which this Cond is funished; the above oblpeten halle void and of no effect. INWIINESS WHEREOF, the Principal and Surey(es) have exeoted vis pertrmance bond and ave affixed their seas onthe tase forth above. PRINCIPAL ‘Sonate Seal | Signature Seal mort ‘Seal 1 2 ‘Nar 8 Tits) Name & Tite(s) om (ype) i) ‘CONTRACT DOGUMENTS INDIVIDUAL SURETIES Name & TRo(s) Name & Tie(e) Typed (CORPORATE SURETY(ES) (A) ‘Name and Address | Incorporated | Lsbity Lt corporate ‘Seal ‘Signature ‘Signature 2 Name & Tee Typed Name & Tie Typed‘SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PLANT ‘Bech tenderer all indicate in a brief description ofthe construction ‘lant he will use to construct and maintain the works in accordance ‘with the contract ‘SCHEDULE: ‘OF COMPLETED, ON coma AND ExPEcE! ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS. . Description | You of] No of] Cost when new ype elvery weeks ater ‘work order Indicate Date | Name ot reject] Contact] Locaon] int | acai on gong, pected Date__ Signature of Tenderer m2 Signature of Tenderer 113PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ccoptance ofthe project the Contactor shall remain lable for ‘sry damages or defects dacovered on the works due to fay Construction of ute of mates of ifrior qually, oF violation of, ‘the fre of te conta, ax provided for under Circular No. 148, ‘eleased nly upon ing ofa Surety Bondin equal eounts issued bythe GSIS pursuant to Crear No. 113, eres of 1979 ofthis Department. ‘The implementing rules and guidlines regarding Adjustment of | 8 ‘CONTRACT DOCUMENTS: 6-4 Contract Drawings Contract drawings are the plans elevations and cross- sections of the project with specifications incorporated in ‘the contract documenta, These documents serves as ref- erences of contractors not only in the preparation of their bid estimates but aloo as rules and guides in the execution cof the work subject ofthe contract. ‘The engineering plans include but not imited to the following: 1. Key plan Philippine Island ecaled at 1:6,000,000, 41:1,000,000 2, Locality Plans ‘8, Road Plan toa scale of 1:1,000 showing road center lines with cross sections, horizontal curves, location, description and reference of all drainage and bridge work. Right of way areas showing land utilization (Other relevant natural and cadastral informations ‘Longitudinal profile to a horizontal scale of 1:1000 and vertical scale of 1:100 showing: a. Natural ground and design profiles b. Details of grades and vertical curves, including all cross sections. ¢. Location, description and references to all drainage and bridge works. 17, Crose-sections to a scale of 1:100 8, Major structures- For all bridge structures with ‘span of 10 meters or greater, detailed engineering ‘design plans will be produced at appropriate scales, including contoured site plans, sub-surface investigations information, all super structures, ome 0pROECT! oO = F< << ee ‘Tor cos ec ee ee sitar hr el Tce nen atest era wr cared et. 454 amend, aster of crit | ‘oftener than every six (6) months with the use of » WHEREAS, The whole WORKS inthe project a covered by tis conn shl be completed wiin_ealendar days: um mpc Te Ree eng Res ena Regula or oven Inretctre projects in pursuance of PD 1504 NOW THEREFORE, the Over and the Contractor have mil | reedtoentarint contract subject the following terms and spurs ‘| Inthis Agreement, words and expressions shall have the se | meanings 2 ae respectively assigned to them in the Conds of Contrtherinaer refered to: 2 The folowing dacumenis shall be deemed to form and ‘eet and consrved as, part of this Agreement. Speieaons,() General Cottons and Special Consios) ‘Advenement of evidence of publeation for bid poe Lense nd Venture Agreement) Ceriate a! 116 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS ‘offunds, (9 Board Resohton, incase of corporations, uthories ‘ot administrations, g) Concuence ofthe tending inten, (M). ‘Performance bond, () Bis and Absract of Bis forbid project,” (@Resolion tte Bed vars Came ofthe PAC asthe ‘case may be recommending award (k) Approval fhe Award by the Head of offeslagencyfcorporation, () Latter of Acceptance of {the winning bdder(m) Oficial goverment Estima, by work Ram and cost components, (n) Duly approved Program of Work and Gost Estimates, (0) Authority of the Contractors representative/signatory to the contract, (p) PERTICPM of uivalent schedule of work, (q) Pro-C-s' Statement, (0) Ora ‘Contract («) Cash Flow Projection on quarery basis, () Other Pettnent documents as may be reasonably required by the Owner. {In consideration of the payment tobe made by the Owner tothe Contractor as hereinafter mentioned, the CONTRACTOR hereby covenants with the OWNER to construct and complete the ‘WORKG ats ovm cost and in confornty in al respects with the Provisions ofthe Contract and in accordance wath the approved plans and specications of the project. He shall fumiah all ‘materials, equipment and labor needed and necessary in the ‘completion ofthe project. ‘The Contactor agrees to comply wih the cbigatons to pay prompt tre wages ndslariesafemployees andlabrers wn, fives (3) days after the end of every bay day pated, cere, the Onner shal advance payment such salaries and wages and deduct be ameuntwdvancod wih one percent (16) surcharge frome Conracrscale-ton the Corrector, ave shal ey is sub-contractor, if an,, pursuant to the provisions of Memorandum Creat No 17 ated AP, 1975 fe Ofice of the Presient ‘The Owner hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in ‘consideration of the constuction and completion ofthe WORKS, the Contract rcs athe tne andinthe manner preserved by the Contract and spectid inthe Bi. 3. That vthin a pried of on0 (1) yearn the case of roads, and five (Ghyeary nthe case of bridge, ater the completion and fal "7PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION )DERS PROJECT PERSONNEL Dera moo non Proposed Designation ee FULLDETALS OF QUALIFICATION : ( Give date, places, seminars, raining ote) Fut Name: FULL DETAILS OF PAST EXPERIENCE WITH PARTICULAR REFER- [ENCE TO ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. ate] Posmon | EMPLOYER] NAME OF PROJECT] CLIENT CONTRACT DOCUMENTS CONTRACT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ee KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS. ‘This Contract, made and entered no this sey ot__ by and between : ‘The REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, through the Department of PubleWerks andHighiays,represartedby who —— Signature of Nominate sta ‘Signature of Bidder WITNESSETH WHEREAS, the OWNER is desous to have the WORKS forthe folowing project undartakan by Contact: PROJECT le ete ter WHEREAS, te OWNER has accepted the bid ofthe Contractor fer the construction and completion of the WORKS fr this Project nthe ‘emount of PESOS, WHEREAS, the toa estimated cortract amount for this Project, Including construction ost shall const ofthe folowing components) ‘8k Amount. (2) 5% Contingency Fund and (c) Economie Contingency Fund or Escalation Fund. The breskiown of te total Estimated Contract ‘Amounts flew: 15.grvo¥ ROAD CONSTRUCTION prosect 7 cous tet ifthe Planning is separated from the Doing. ofthe planning division may be briefly oy, work plans.-This is done before the 1 rein wore ‘Work in the main 9 Workin the jb Gel) ofce, 2. Qunstruction work plans. (Guring the actu) construction 2) Work nthe main ofice 33 Work in the jb( Geld) office ‘The planning division prepare all time and work plans {for the proposed project which includes: . 1, Flexible plans which is eubject to change from tine 2, The planning division aside from preparing the plans should also keep records as to the progress ‘and costs of the work. 8, Reports all discrepancies that may arise between the plans and the actual work to the supervisors and suggest changes in the plans if necessary. 8, Investigate the cause or causes of the discrepancies and make suggestions for improvement of the wotk ‘ore particularly on progress and costs. The importance of the planning division is the infor ‘mation it gives to the contractor as to: 1. The rate of progress of the different phase of work ‘on the job with respect to the costs. 2, Giving an opportunity to correct errors in plant and execution, 12 OB PLANNING 8, To regulate the progress of the work. 7-2 Site Visit and Tentative Plan Before making detailed plans for the work, the con- tractor together with his engineer, estimator and foreman should make visit of the proposed site to determine the probable layout ofthe yard or compound as to the location of the field office, sheds, motor pool, bodegas, batching plant, crushing plant, equipment yard, water tank, stock piling materials etc. Tentative planning of the work includes: 1. Listing ofall the different parts or kinds of the work to be done. ‘2, Estimate the approximate time and number ofdays needed for each work and when will it start. 8. Determine the various kinds kinds and sizes of the construction equipment required. 4.What equipment is at hand and what are still needed to buy or to rent. 5.List down the number of laborer required both skilled and non skilled 6. Estimate the number of days these skilled and non skilled workers are needed. 7.How many men from his permanent organization will be used on the job and how many more will be hired. 8.Determine the approximate quantity of materials needed from time to time say daily, weekly, monthly etc. 9, When and where to order these materials. 10. Time and where to deliver. 123PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION sub-structures and foundation details and protective auxiliary works. 9, Drainage structures a Bridge etructures with apanslessthan 10 metere . Road cross-section, specifying cut and fill batters rains, pavement, etc. im 10,Plans of the detailed soil characteristics for various sections ofthe route. 11.Plans of other protective or auxiliary works ‘ncoding retaining walla and ether neceeary 120 CHAPTER 7 JOB PLANNING 7-1 Planning Planning is defined as determining the relationship between work operations and the sequence of implemen- tation, Works organization consists of making adequate arrangements for progressing the work in a systematic order to make the best use of labor, materials and time. Work organization is the responsibility ofthe contrac- tor under the direction ofthe Architect or Engineer. As s00n as the contracts awarded and signed, the work must be carefully planned and scheduled tostarton the date as stipulated in the contract. For a successful performance of construction job, the manner of work should be care- fully planned, scheduled and closely supervised to adhere closely to the scheduled plan of activities. ‘The overall planning of project management calls for the gathering and coordinating of all plans, data, and other related factors affecting the project. For instance the tentative plan, ste vist, plant layout, labor plan, ‘material supplies plan, overhead cost and sub-contract plan, ete. Big contractors have planning division whose main function is to prepare plans of ‘the various work. This division is usually separated from the executive or con- ‘struction division because they believe that better result waPROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘The availability of sub-contractors in the locality for a particular item of work and tentative dates ofstarting and completion ofthe work should be considered. 78 Plant and Equipment After selecting the final ste, the next step is the plan ‘and construction ofthe temporary structures to house the different kinds of equipment. The suitable and appropri. ate kind of equipment for a'particular job must be deterinined and programmed to work well together for a balanced work. The programming will depend on what the contractor has available and what other equipment ‘he will buy or rent for the job. For effective planning, equipment time and work ‘schedules must be prepared aljead of its used. The sched- + ule must show the various type of major equipment and the kind of work they are to perform fora specified time and dates. The schedule should be set up in a simple ‘tabulated form. 74 Planning Labor _ For any particular type of work, determine first the kind and amount of work tobe done eitherby linear meter, ‘Square meter, volume in cubic meter, or by piece work ete. Then, make an estimate of the number of skilled and ‘on-skilled laborers needed to accomplish the work. The 14 408 PLANNING ‘The labor schedule must show the following: a) The different kinds of work 'b) The dates and time to perform the work ¢) The number of skilled and non-skilled laborers required for each kind of work. 4) A summary of the total number of laborers both skilled and non-skilled needed per day. Cost is the most important consideration in planning labor. Thus, when planning labor, a contractor has to consider the following options: 1, Which is more economical and advantageous, utilizing the regular labor force ofthe company or 2. By hiring laborers locally 83, By hiring laborers that will be coming from other neighboring towns. ‘The wage rate of skilled and non-skilled laborers in an Urban and Rural areas materially differ much ranging from 20% to 90%. Thus, contractors are hesitant to export labor from urban toruralareas where project is tobe done. However, Skilled laborers from the regular working force of the contractor are inevitably exported to assure quality and effective performance of the work. Labor cost econ- omy dictates that non-skilled laborers are hired in the locality where the project is located. What makes labor costly by importing laborers from other places is the provisions for transportation, bard and lodging facilities and other incidental costs. Construction costs varies depending upon the location of the projects, ikewise, labor supply and wages also varies from time to time indifferent localities. In general, when there is large amount of construction work in any crpROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ity, the labor be labor efficiency is also low. 75 Planning Materials - ing the materials for construction, the follow. eae: vmciertions shouldbe observed MBources and availability of materials 2 The prevaling prices of materials 3.Price trends ‘4 Appropriate time to buy buy 5 fans or manufctsers ofthe needed materials 7.Methods of transportation & Delivery conditions ‘9. Amount to be kept in stock 10. Materials testing: ‘11 Insurance ‘Materials needed for construction shall be purchased outright so that they will arrive at the job site on time in proper order and amount, Delivered materials must con- form to all specification requirements. : ‘The purchaser or buyer must be familiar with the markets, prices, factories or producers, shipping rates time required for deliveries from the supplier to the job site, tracing or follow ups of shipments and the reliability of different procedures. The purchaser must be alert for the day to day price situations. When the market prio are remaining stationary, only the necessary quantities of the materials may be purchased from time to time keep the work progressing in the most efficient manner 126 considered by delaying the work for toeccur better pricescfthe mars cee On the other hand, when market prices are rising, the materials fora job should be purchased as soon as possi. ble. However, due considerations be given to the contractors finances, If not purchased outright, the mate- rials supply could be negotiated through buy now and pay later so that the contractor can avail of the Present low prives. ‘Transporting cost of the materials from the source to the job site is another factor to be considered. Transport could be either by railway, boat or truck or whichever is economical and advantageous to the contractor. The time and delays including the reliability of the transportation company is another factor to consider. In planning of deliveries, some budgetary thought must be looked unto such as: 1. The total amount of each material, 2, The quantity tobe kept in the job site fora few days supply, for a week or the entire quantity or volume 8, The time or date that the material will be needed ‘and the rate at which each material will be used Materials should not arrive at the jobsite too soon and in too large quantities that may interfere with others that might need much re handling. Materials time schedule should be prepared for nearly all medium and large size job. The schedule may be prepared in a simple tabular or graphic form showing the following informations 127PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION 7-8 Time and Work Schedules In order to insure effective management of project execution, time and work schedule are provided the main office, supervisors, engineers and foreman for their con. venient informations of the work progress in the field Included in the work schedule are: 1. ‘The different construction activities and operations 2 ‘The estimated date for each operation to start and to finish of the project. 8. Progress report and bar charts which inform whether the work is progressing as planned or , Which items are ahead or behind schedules, Various construction operations should follow each other ina regular order. Although itis not necessary for any one operation to be wholly completed before another operation is started, the work should be systematically Planned in'such a manner that the different operations wal not interfere with eachother. “or instance, ona concrete paving work, the excavatic troup is achoduled a day ahead ofthe ler The cose ing group follows the roller allowing the wor forward efficiently without ae groups. Fora i forthe utes construction work, the delivery schedules JOB PLANNING a graphical form is sometimes used for convenience specially when the time and work schedule is combined with the progress report. Fora more systematic approach, effective job manage- ‘ment scheduling tools are employed. There are at least ‘three types of scheduling tools employed, namely: 1, Milestone charts- This is a very simple chart indicating the activity, starting and completion time. 2. Gantt chart (Bar chart) - Several activities are represented by a chart showing the activities with its equivalent time frames, either daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly etc. 8, PERTICPM Network- A systematic method wherein activities are presented by arrows. 7-9 PERT Pert means program evaluation and feview technique. tis a management tool that is well suited for research ‘and development projects which are generally non repe- titious in nature and are therefore sometimes called "Once Through’ projects. Duration time for activities in research and development projects are subject to uncer- tainty. Pert handles the uncertainty problem bj the use of three time estimates: 1. The optimistic time estimate, 2, The most likely time estimate and 8, The pessimistic time estimate, ‘The Optimistic time estimate. -Is the estimated 131PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION 2. Total amounts of each kind of materials 8, Delivery dates for each kind of materials 4- Amount ofeach kind tobe delivered om each date, Schedule may aiso show dates of first delivery and minimum amount of each kind of material to be kept on. ‘hand at the job site after the first delivery date and until all the required material is used. Some schedules may also indicate the prices as delivered on site. 746 Planning Overhead Cost ‘As already discussed earlier, there are two kinds of pverhead costs present in any construction work. Over- hhead cost in the main office and Overhead cost inthe field office. Even before starting the work on any particular job, overhead cost is already consi the budget, Tn the main office, the overhead work for a particular Droject may be assigned to certain clerks, draftsman and ‘stenographers under the general supervision of one of the supervisors of the company. ‘They will prepare working drawings, file records and | Cetrespondences, verify job reports, look after materials | order and transportation, follow up shipments, prepares checks and payrolls, insurances, social secur ity, neces- ‘sary permits te. A reminder or thickler file is often useful | On the job as regards to the OF field office, records are maintained Supervisors, foreman and other records 128 JOB PLANNING reports and others as may be required for overhead work atthe jb, Someone is asigned sae? charge of the, sub-contractors work, 7-1 Planning Sub-Contracts Experienced contractors usually hire the services of sub-contractors. The job planner determines all kinds of work which requires special skills for subletting to mi, contractors. The job planner therefore must: 1, Know all sub-contractors in the locality and their ines of specialization. 2. Interested sub-contractors are given contracts with all the necessary documents and informations regarding the project. 8, The contract documents include: the materials to be furnished, the work they are to do and other contractual relations they are to observe. ° 4. The sub-contractors are informed of the date to start and to finish and informations regarding the rate of progress they are expected to accomplish. A time and work schedule are prepared for all wark to bbedone by the sub-contractors, This may be in a separate ‘schedule or may be included in the general job schedule. The time and work schedule for the sub-contractors must shows the kind of work to be done, the names ofthe ‘sub-contractors, the dates for starting and completion of| ‘the work and notes regarding the rate of progress and other details, 129PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION minimum time an activity will take. This is the expected activity duration when all the breaks are right. ‘The most likely time.- Is the estimated normal length of time an activity occurs. This is a probability of time believed to be most frequently required for an activ. ity ifit were done repeatedly under identical conditions, ‘The Pessimistic time.- Is the estimated maximum time an activity would occur barring a catastrophe. This, is the expected activity duration when there is an abnor. mal run of bad breaks. As the study of PERT is concentrated mostly on research and development projects mostly practiced by the Army and Navy planners, emphasis on the study of CPM was considered being more suited for the manage- ‘ment of construction projects. : 7-10 Critical Path Method The critical path method is a systematic approach of planning, analyzing and controlling a construction pro- ject, It also offers additional informations for project control and other purposes which are not provided by other project scheduling, Specific examples of the infor- mation provided by CPM and its advantages are: 1..CPM pinpoints the particular work operations responsible for controlling the project completion date, With these operations clearly identified, attention can be directed towards keeping item on ‘schedule in order to met the time completion date. 192 . CPM provides a means of expedi 1 @ project without excessive costs. Generally, the critical ‘operation ofa project will not be more than 10-20% of the total work. When it becomes necessary to speed up the work progress without the use of a CPM, all project operations will be placed on overtime thereby incurring unnecessary overtime expenses CPM provides a certain amount of leeway time or it" for a non-critical work operations. Non critical operations can be started later on or completed more slowly than the original schedule without affecting the project completion date. . CPM indicates the earliest starting date for each of, the inter-related work operations and sub- contracts, which in turn establishes the latest delivery date for material supplies, etc, required for each of the work operations and sub-contracts. . CPM shows the most advantageous scheduling for all operations for each possible completion date. ‘This is a valuable planning information that permits effective consideration of both time and cost in choosing methods, equipment, crews and work hours. . CPM offers a means for assessing the effect on the overall project of variations in one operation, or the addition of an operation or operations. The CPM analysis can indicate which operation is affected and what the overall effect is, ifany, on the project completion time. . Inthe event of serious delay at any stage during the progress ofthe work due to weather, late materials or equipment delivery and others, the network can. 133PROJECT STUDY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ‘@ method must be used to indicate this requirement in, ‘the network. Since activity C will no longer appear in the network, it must be replaced with a dummy arrow ag illustrated in Figure 72. A dummy is not a true activity, and it requires no time for completion. The new critica] path now lion along activities B and E, Sample Reercise from Figure 73 Atty © an nt er vtower bth nection Nena From Fgura 74 ey cn htt Aconieend ere sity con cy cn stat Acoty iateady ‘Figure 7-4 ‘Is not yet completed. : TAL Basic Elements of Critical Path Method ‘The three fundamental (basi elements Path Method ofartering are" —— 1. activities 2 The events 8. ‘The time estimates 1 OB PLANNING. Because terms and symbols plus an arrow diagram are used in analyzing a project, itis necessary to define these terms and symbols for clarity, a. Activity.- An activity is the effort, work or operation required to complete a task or a work, or in some cases.a segment ofthat task It is the actual work between events. », Event. An event representa the completion of an activity. It denotes the completion ofall preceding activities and the beginning of one or ‘more succeeding activities. The event is shown on the network as a circle, an ellipse, ‘Square or other geometrical symbols and a number written therein for identification. Arrow.- An arrow is drawn to represent each activity included in the network for a project, joining two events. An arrow is designated by two ‘numbers, one at the tail and one at the head. with ‘the number at the head always larger than the number at the tail. Network. This is an arrow diagram drawn to Tepresent the relations of the activities and events, It is a common practice to start time and the first. arrow or arrows at the left end of the network and to proceed to the right, Dummy.- A dummy is an artificial activity, ‘Tepresented on the arrow diagram by a dotted line, which indicates that an activity following the dummy cannot be started until the activity or activities preceding the dummy are completed. A dummy activity does not consume time. ‘Duration.- This is an estimated time it takes an Activity to be finished. 137prasect STUDY FORO.CON start &s) This is th earliest time thay svity can be started. nadie cb G20 Thiaisthe earliest time that b, Bares’ Cane fniohed. It is thie earliest start ‘Be pha the duration of n activity. EF = By timer! start CLs) - This is the latest time than ay ee ‘may be started without delaying thy completion ofa project represented by Le-+ Lf. cee Gini (LO.-This isthe latest time than ay Mtivity can be finished without delaying th, completion ofthe project. Lf=Le+D. . Total Float (TF). - Tiss the amount of ime ht the start or finish of an activity can be delayed itbout delaying the completion of the projet. 17 a e- Efor=Lf- Es. 1 Firat @P)-Thisis the amount of time hs the finish of an activity can be delayed witht delaying the earliest starting time for a following activity; FF = Bs (following activity) - DF (of this activin). pm Criect Path. The longest path in the etwas activities representing a project. The critical path ‘isthe series ofinterconnected activities through the ‘network for which each activity has zero float time. ‘The critical path determines the minimum time required to complete a project. ' n. Critical Activity.- Are activities along the critial path. Any delay in their completion would resultta delay of a project completion. I 1-12 Critical Path Scheduling lnpreparing critical path method of scheduling frat 138 JOB PLANNING construction project, it is, suggested that the following steps be used: a Prepare a list ofall the project activities. b. Estimate the duration of each activity. ¢. Determine which activity or activities immediately - recede each activity. 4. Determine which activity or activities immediately follow each activity. . Draw a network with the activities and events properly interconnected. : { Assign numbers to the events, be sure that the number at the head ofeach arrow is larger than the ‘number at the tail of the arrow. &. Prepare a chart with vertical columns and horizontal lines where to list each activity with an appropriate 1. Designation 2. Duration + 8. Earliest start 4, Earliest finish 5, Latest start, 6. Latest finish 1. Total float. A column for free float may be included if this information is desired. 1h. Determine which activities lie on the critical path. r ‘Table 7-1 illustrates a form that can be used to tabulate the activities, together with the estimated durations, and the activities that immediately precedes and follow each activity although the activities are designated by letters in the example. It is convenient in actual practice to designate each a ity by appropriate descriptive words, 139