Principles of Integral Evaluation

Exercise Set 7.1

Z
1 1 1
1. u = 4 − 2x, du = −2dx, − u3 du = − u4 + C = − (4 − 2x)4 + C.
2 8 8
Z
1 1 1
2
3. u = x , du = 2xdx, sec2 u du = tan u + C = tan(x2 ) + C.
2 2 2
Z
1 du 1 1
5. u = 2 + cos 3x, du = −3 sin 3xdx, − = − ln |u| + C = − ln(2 + cos 3x) + C.
3 u 3 3
Z
x
7. u = e , du = e dx, x
sinh u du = cosh u + C = cosh ex + C.

Z
9. u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx, eu du = eu + C = etan x + C.

Z
1 1 6 1
11. u = cos 5x, du = −5 sin 5xdx, − u5 du = − u + C = − cos6 5x + C.
5 30 30
Z  p   p 
du
x
13. u = e , du = e dx, x √ = ln u + u2 + 4 + C = ln ex + e2x + 4 + C.
4 + u2
Z
√ 1 √
15. u = x − 1, du = √ dx, 2 eu du = 2eu + C = 2e x−1
+ C.
2 x−1
Z
√ 1 √
17. u = x, du = √ dx, 2 cosh u du = 2 sinh u + C = 2 sinh x + C.
2 x
Z Z
√ 1 2 du 2 −u ln 3 2 −√x
19. u = x, du = √ dx, =2 e−u ln 3 du = − e +C =− 3 + C.
2 x 3u ln 3 ln 3
Z
2 2 1 1 1 2
21. u = , du = − 2 dx, − csch2 u du = coth u + C = coth + C.
x x 2 2 2 x
Z    
−x −x du 1  2 + u  1  2 + e−x 
23. u = e , du = −e dx, − = − ln  + C = − ln  + C.
4 − u2 4 2 − u 4 2 − e−x 
Z Z
ex dx du
25. u = ex , du = ex dx, √ = √ = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 ex + C.
1 − e2x 1 − u2
Z Z
1 du 1 1 1
27. u = x2 , du = 2xdx, = sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos(x2 ) + C.
2 csc u 2 2 2

175
176 Chapter 7

Z
2 2 1 1 u 1 −x2 ln 4
29. 4−x = e−x ln 4
, u = −x2 ln 4, du = −2x ln 4 dx = −x ln 16 dx, − eu du = − e +C = − e +
ln 16 ln 16 ln 16
1 −x2
C=− 4 + C.
ln 16
Z
1 2 1
31. (a) u = sin x, du = cos x dx, u du = u + C = sin2 x + C.
2 2
Z Z
1 1 1
(b) sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx = − cos 2x + C = − (cos2 x − sin2 x) + C.
2 4 4

1 1 1 1
(c) − (cos2 x − sin2 x) + C = − (1 − sin2 x − sin2 x) + C = − + sin2 x + C, and this is the same as the answer
4 4 4 2
in part (a) except for the constants.

sec2 x 1 1
33. (a) = = .
tan x cos2 x tan x cos x sin x
Z
1 1 1 sec2 x 1
(b) csc 2x = = = , so csc 2x dx = ln tan x + C, then using the substitution u = 2x
sin
Z 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 tan x 2
we obtain that csc x dx = ln(tan(x/2)) + C.

Z Z
1 1
(c) sec x = = = csc(π/2 − x), so sec x dx = − csc(π/2 − x) dx = − ln tan(π/4 − x/2) + C.
cos x sin(π/2 − x)

Exercise Set 7.2

Z Z
1 1 1 −2x 1 1
1. u = x, dv = e −2x
dx, du = dx, v = − e−2x ; xe −2x
dx = − xe−2x + e dx = − xe−2x − e−2x + C.
2 2 2 2 4
Z Z Z
2 x 2 x x
2 x
3. u = x , dv = e dx, du = 2x dx, v = e ; x
x e dx = x e − 2 xe dx. For xex dx use u = x, dv = ex dx,
Z Z
du = dx, v = ex to get xex dx = xex − ex + C1 so x2 ex dx = x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + C.

Z Z
1 1 1 1
5. u = x, dv = sin 3x dx, du = dx, v = − cos 3x; x sin 3x dx = − x cos 3x + cos 3x dx = − x cos 3x +
3 3 3 3
1
sin 3x + C.
9
Z Z Z
7. u = x2 , dv = cos x dx, du = 2x dx, v = sin x; x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x − 2 x sin x dx. For x sin x dx use u = x,
Z Z
dv = sin x dx to get x sin x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C1 so x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C.

Z Z
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
9. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x2 ; x ln x dx = x ln x − x dx = x ln x − x2 + C.
x 2 2 2 2 4
Z Z
ln x
11. u = (ln x)2 , dv = dx, du = 2 dx, v = x; (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2 ln x dx. Use u = ln x, dv = dx to get
Z Z x Z
ln x dx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C1 so (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C.

Z Z Z
3 3x 3x
13. u = ln(3x − 2), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(3x − 2)dx = x ln(3x − 2) − dx, but dx =
Z   3x − 2 Z 3x − 2 3x −2
2 2 2
1+ dx = x + ln(3x − 2) + C1 so ln(3x − 2)dx = x ln(3x − 2) − x − ln(3x − 2) + C.
3x − 2 3 3
Exercise Set 7.2 177

Z Z p
√
15. u = sin−1 x, dv = dx, du = 1/ 1 − x2 dx, v = x; sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 x − x/ 1 − x2 dx = x sin−1 x +
p
1 − x2 + C.
Z Z
3 3x
17. u = tan−1 (3x), dv = dx, du = 2
dx, v = x; tan −1
(3x)dx = x tan−1
(3x) − dx = x tan−1 (3x) −
1 + 9x 1 + 9x2
1
ln(1 + 9x2 ) + C.
6
Z Z Z
19. u = ex , dv = sin x dx, du = ex dx, v = − cos x; ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex cos x dx. For ex cos x dx use u =
Z Z Z Z
ex , dv = cos x dx to get ex cos x = ex sin x − ex sin x dx, so ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex sin x − ex sin x dx,
Z Z
1
2 e sin x dx = e (sin x − cos x) + C1 , ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C.
x x
2
Z Z
cos(ln x)
21. u = sin(ln x), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)dx. Use u =
Z x Z Z
cos(ln x), dv = dx to get cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)dx so sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) − x cos(ln x) −
Z Z
1
sin(ln x)dx, sin(ln x)dx = x[sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)] + C.
2
Z Z Z
sin x
23. u = x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = dx, v = tan x; x sec2 x dx = x tan x − tan x dx = x tan x − dx =
cos x
x tan x + ln | cos x| + C.
Z Z
x2 1 2 3 x21 2 2 1 2 x2 1 x2
25. u = x , dv = xe dx, du = 2x dx, v = ex ;
2
x e dx = x2 ex − xex dx = x e − e + C.
2 2 2 2
Z 2 2 Z 2 2
1 2x 1 2x 1 1 1
27. u = x, dv = e2x dx, du = dx, v = e ; xe2x dx = xe − e2x dx = e4 − e2x = e4 − (e4 − 1) =
2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 4
(3e4 + 1)/4.
Z e e Z e e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3
29. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x3 ;
2
x ln x dx = x3 ln x
2
− x dx = e3 − x3
2
= e − (e −
x 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 9 1 3 9
3
1) = (2e + 1)/9.
Z 1 1 Z 1
1 x
31. u = ln(x + 2), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(x + 2)dx = x ln(x + 2) − dx = ln 3 + ln 1 −
x+2 −1 −1 −1 x + 2
Z 1  1
2
1− dx = ln 3 − [x − 2 ln(x + 2)] = ln 3 − (1 − 2 ln 3) + (−1 − 2 ln 1) = 3 ln 3 − 2.
−1 x + 2 −1

Z 4 
√ 1 −1
√ −1
√ 4 1Z 4 1
33. u = sec −1
θ, dv = dθ, du = √ dθ, v = θ; sec θdθ = θ sec θ − √ dθ = 4 sec−1 2 −
2θ θ − 1 2 2 2 2 θ−1
4 π π √
−1
√ √ 5π √
2 sec 2− θ−1 =4 −2 − 3+1= − 3 + 1.
2 3 4 6
Z π π Z
1 1 1 π
35. u = x, dv = sin 2x dx, du = dx, v = − cos 2x; x sin 2x dx = − x cos 2x + cos 2x dx = −π/2 +
2 0 2 2 0
π 0
1
sin 2x = −π/2.
4 0

Z 3 3
√ √ 1 2 √ −1
√ 2 √
37. u = tan −1
x, dv = xdx, du = √ dx, v = x3/2 ; x tan xdx = x3/2 tan−1 x −
2 x(1 + x) 3 1 3 1
178 Chapter 7

Z  Z    3
1 3 x 2 3/2 −1
√ 3 1 3 1 2 3/2 −1
√ 1 1 √
dx = x tan x − 1− dx = x tan x − x + ln |1 + x| = (2 3π −
3 1 1+x 3 1 3 1 1+x 3 3 3 1
π/2 − 2 + ln 2)/3.

39. True.

41. False; ex is not a factor of the integrand.

Z √ Z Z √ Z
√
43. t = x, t2 = x, dx = 2t dt, e x dx = 2 tet dt; u = t, dv = et dt, du = dt, v = et , e x dx = 2tet − 2 et dt =
√ √
2(t − 1)et + C = 2( x − 1)e x + C.

45. Let f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x) denote successive antiderivatives of f (x), so that f30 (x) = f2 (x), f20 (x) = f1 (x), f10 (x) = f (x).
Let p(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

diff. antidiff.
2
ax + bx + c f (x)
&+
2ax + b f1 (x)
&−
2a f2 (x)
&+
0 f3 (x)

Z
d
Then p(x)f (x) dx = (ax2 + bx + c)f1 (x) − (2ax + b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x) + C. Check: [(ax2 + bx + c)f1 (x) − (2ax +
dx
b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x)] = (2ax + b)f1 (x) + (ax2 + bx + c)f (x) − 2af2 (x) − (2ax + b)f1 (x) + 2af2 (x) = p(x)f (x).

Z
47. Let I denote (3x2 − x + 2)e−x dx. Then

diff. antidiff.
3x2 − x + 2 e−x
&+
6x − 1 −e−x
&−
6 e−x
&+
0 −e−x

Z
I= (3x2 − x + 2)e−x = −(3x2 − x + 2)e−x − (6x − 1)e−x − 6e−x + C = −e−x [3x2 + 5x + 7] + C.

Z
49. Let I denote 4x4 sin 2x dx. Then
Exercise Set 7.2 179

diff. antidiff.
4x4 sin 2x
&+
3 1
16x − cos 2x
2
&−
2 1
48x − sin 2x
4
&+
1
96x cos 2x
8
&−
1
96 sin 2x
16
&+
1
0 − cos 2x
32
Z
I = 4x4 sin 2x dx = (−2x4 + 6x2 − 3) cos 2x + (4x3 − 6x) sin 2x + C.

Z
51. Let I denote eax sin bx dx. Then

diff. antidiff.
eax sin bx
&+
ax 1
ae − cos bx
b
&−
2 ax 1
a e − 2 sin bx
b
Z
1 a a2 eax
I = eax sin bx dx = − eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx − 2 I, so I = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C.
b b b a + b2

53. (a) We perform a single integration by parts: u = cos x, dv = sin x dx, du = − sin x dx, v = − cos x,
Z Z Z Z
2 2
sin x cos x dx = − cos x − sin x cos x dx. This implies that 2 sin x cos x dx = − cos x + C, sin x cos x dx =
1
− cos2 x + C.
2
Z Z
1 2 1
Alternatively, u = sin x, du = cos x dx, sin x cos x dx = u du = u + C = sin2 x + C.
2 2

(b) Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, they are equal (although the symbol ’C’ refers to different constants in the two
equations).
Z e e
55. (a) A = ln x dx = (x ln x − x) = 1.
1 1

Z e h ie
(b) V = π (ln x)2 dx = π (x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x) = π(e − 2).
1 1

Z π π
57. V = 2π x sin x dx = 2π(−x cos x + sin x) = 2π 2 .
0 0

Z π
59. Distance = t3 sin tdt;
0
180 Chapter 7

diff. antidiff.
t3 sin t
&+
3t2 − cos t
&−
6t − sin t
&+
6 cos t
&−
0 sin t
Z π π
t3 sin t dx = [(−t3 cos t + 3t2 sin t + 6t cos t − 6 sin t)] = π 3 − 6π.
0 0

Z 20
e0.12(20−t)
61. (a) u = 1000 + 5t, dv = e0.12(20−t) dt, du = 5dt, v = − , FV = (1000 + 5t)e0.12(20−t) dt =
0.12 0
20 Z 20 0.12(20−t) 20
(1000 + 5t)e0.12(20−t) 5e 25000e2.4 − 27500 5e0.12(20−t)
− + dt = − ≈ 86, 173.41.
0.12 0 0 0.12 3 0.122 0

Z 20 20
−0.12t e−0.12t −0.12t (1000 + 5t)e−0.12t
(b) u = 1000+5t, dv = e dt, du = 5dt, v = − , PV = (1000+5t)e dt = − +
0.12 0 0.12 0
Z 20 −0.12t 20
5e 25000 − 27500e−2.4 5e−0.12t
dt = − ≈ 7817.48.
0 0.12 3 0.122 0

(c) 86, 173.41 ≈ 7817.48e0.12·20

Z 10
63. (a) u = 20000−200t2 , dv = e0.05(10−t) dt, du = −400tdt, v = −20e0.05(10−t) , F V = (20000−200t2 )e0.05(10−t) dt =
0
i10 Z 10 Z 10
2 0.05(10−t) 0.05(10−t) 0.5
−20(20000 − 200t )e − 8000te dt = 400000e − 8000 te0.05(10−t) dt; u = t, dv =
0 0 0
Z 10 i10 Z 10
e0.05(10−t) dt, du = dt, v = −20e0.05(10−t) , te0.05(10−t) dt = −20te0.05(10−t) + 20e0.05(10−t) dt = −200 −
0 0 0
i10
400e0.05(10−t) = −600 + 400e0.5 , thus F V = 400000e0.5 − 8000(−600 + 400e0.5 ) ≈ 183, 580.44.
0

Z 10
(b) u = 20000 − 200t2 , dv = e−0.05t dt, du = −400tdt, v = −20e−0.05t , P V = (20000 − 200t2 )e−0.05t dt =
Z 10 Z 10 0

2 −0.05t 10 −0.05t −0.05t
−20(20000 − 200t )e 0
− 8000te dt = 400000−8000 te dt; u = t, dv = e−0.05t dt, du = dt,
Z 10 0 Z 10 0
10 10
v = −20e−0.05t , te−0.05t dt = −20te−0.05t 0 + 20e−0.05t dt = −200e−0.5 − 400e−0.05t 0 = −600e−0.5 +400,
0 0
thus P V = 400000 − 8000(−600e−0.5 + 400) ≈ 111, 347.17.

(c) 183, 580.44 ≈ 111, 347.17e0.05·10

Z 10
25
65. (a) u = 2000t, dv = e0.08(10−t) dt, du = 2000dt, v = − e0.08(10−t) , F V = (2000t + 400e−t )e0.08(10−t) dt =
2
Z 10 Z 10   10 Z0 10  
0.08(10−t) 0.8−1.08t 25 0.08(10−t) 25
2000te dt + 400 e dt = − 2000te + 2000e0.08(10−t) dt
0 0 2 0 0 2
10 10
400 0.8−1.08t 25000 0.08(10−t) 400 −10 400 0.8 25000
− e = −250000 − e −( e − e ) = −250000 − (1 − e0.8 ) −
1.08 0 0.08 0 1.08 1.08 0.08
400 −10
(e − e0.8 ) ≈ 133, 805.80.
1.08
Exercise Set 7.2 181

Z 10
25
(b) u = 2000t, dv = e−0.08t dt, du = 2000dt, v = − e−0.08t , P V = (2000t + 400e−t )e−0.08t dt =
2
Z 10 Z 10   10 Z 10   0 10
−0.08t −1.08t 25 −0.08t 25 400 −1.08t
2000te dt + 400 e dt = − 2000te + 2000e−0.08t dt − e =
0 0 2 0 0 2 1.08 0
10
25000 −0.08t 400 −10.8 400 25000 −0.8 400 −10.8
−250000e−0.8 − e −( e − ) = −250000e−0.8 − (e − 1) − (e − 1) ≈
0.08 0 1.08 1.08 0.08 1.08
60, 122.82.

(c) 133, 805.80 ≈ 60, 122.82e0.08·10

67. (a) The area of a ring of width ∆x feet, x feet from the center is given by A(x) = ((x + ∆x)2 − x2 )π =
(2x∆x + (∆x)2 )π ≈ 2x∆xπ, if we assume ∆x is small. Thus the number of ants (in thousands) in this ring is
about 2πxd(x)∆x = 6πxe−0.25x ∆x.

(b) Using the result of the previous part, the total number of ants within six feet of the center of the colony is given
Z 6 Z 6
−0.25x
by 6πxe dx; using u = 6πx, dv = e −0.25x
dx, du = 6πdx, v = −4e −0.25x
, we obtain 6πxe−0.25x dx =
0 Z 6 0
6 6
−24πxe−0.25x 0 + 24πe−0.25x dx = −144πe−3/2 − 96πe−0.25x 0 = −240πe−3/2 + 96π ≈ 133.357 (thousand)
0
ants.
Z Z  
1 3 1 3 1 1 1
69. (a) sin x dx = − sin3 x cos x+
4
sin x dx = − sin3 x cos x+
2
− sin x cos x + x +C = − sin3 x cos x−
4 4 4 4 2 2 4
3 3
sin x cos x + x + C.
8 8
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z !
π/2 π/2 π/2
1 4 4 1 2
(b) sin x dx = − sin4 x cos x
5
+ 3
sin x dx = − sin2 x cos x + sin x dx
0 5 0 5 0 5 3 0 3 0
π/2
8 8
= − cos x = .
15 0 15
Z
71. u = sinn−1 x, dv = sin x dx, du = (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx, v = − cos x; sinn x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x +
Z Z
(n − 1) sinn−2 x cos2 x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x (1 − sin2 x)dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n −
Z Z Z Z Z
n−2 n n n−1 n−2
1) sin x dx−(n−1) sin x dx, so n sin x dx = − sin x cos x+(n−1) sin x dx, and sinn x dx =
Z
1 n−1
− sinn−1 x cos x + sinn−2 x dx.
n n
Z Z Z
1 1 1
73. (a) tan4 x dx = tan3 x − tan2 x dx = tan3 x − tan x + dx = tan3 x − tan x + x + C.
3 3 3
Z Z
1 2 1 2
(b) sec4 x dx = sec2 x tan x + sec2 x dx = sec2 x tan x + tan x + C.
3 3 3 3
Z Z  Z   Z 
3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 3 xx 3 x 2 x x x
(c) x e dx = x e − 3 x e dx = x e − 3 x e − 2 xe dx = x e − 3x e + 6 xe − e dx =
x3 ex − 3x2 ex + 6xex − 6ex + C.
Z 1 1 Z 1 1
00 0 00 0 0 0 0
75. u = x, dv = f (x)dx, du = dx, v = f (x); x f (x)dx = xf (x) − f (x)dx = f (1) + f (−1) − f (x) =
−1 −1 −1 −1
f 0 (1) + f 0 (−1) − f (1) + f (−1).
182 Chapter 7

Z Z Z Z
dx
77. u = ln(x + 1), dv = dx, du = , v = x + 1; ln(x + 1) dx = u dv = uv − v du = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) − dx =
x+1
(x + 1) ln(x + 1) − x + C.
Z Z Z
1 1 −1 1 2
−1
79. u = tan x, dv = x dx, du = 2
dx, v = (x2 + 1) x tan x dx = u dv = uv − v du = (x +
Z 1 + x 2 2
−1 1 1 2 −1 1
1) tan x − dx = (x + 1) tan x − x + C.
2 2 2

Exercise Set 7.3

Z
1
1. u = cos x, − u3 du = − cos4 x + C.
4
Z Z
1 1 1
3. sin2 5θ = (1 − cos 10θ) dθ = θ− sin 10θ + C.
2 2 20
Z Z
1 1
5. sin3 aθ dθ = sin aθ(1 − cos2 aθ) dθ = − cos aθ + cos3 aθ + C. (a 6= 0)
a 3a
Z
1 1
7. u = sin ax, u du = sin2 ax + C. (a 6= 0)
a 2a
Z Z Z
1 1
9. sin2 t cos3 t dt = sin2 t(1 − sin2 t) cos t dt = (sin2 t − sin4 t) cos t dt = sin3 t − sin5 t + C.
3 5
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
11. sin2 x cos2 x dx = sin2 2x dx = (1 − cos 4x)dx = x− sin 4x + C.
4 8 8 32
Z Z
1 1 1
13. sin 2x cos 3x dx = (sin 5x − sin x)dx = − cos 5x + cos x + C.
2 10 2
Z Z
1 1
15. sin x cos(x/2)dx = [sin(3x/2) + sin(x/2)]dx = − cos(3x/2) − cos(x/2) + C.
2 3
Z π/2 Z π/2  π/2
3 2 1 3 2
17. cos x dx = (1 − sin x) cos x dx = sin x − sin x = .
0 0 3 0 3

Z π/3 Z π/3  π/3

4 4 2 1 1
19. sin 3x cos 3x dx = 3
sin 3x(1 − sin 3x) cos 3x dx = sin5 3x − sin7 3x = 0.
0 0 15 21 0

Z π/6 Z π/6  π/6

1 1 1
21. sin 4x cos 2x dx = (sin 2x + sin 6x)dx = − cos 2x − cos 6x = [(−1/4)(1/2) − (1/12)(−1)] −
0 2 0 4 12 0
[−1/4 − 1/12] = 7/24.
Z
1 1
23. u = 2x − 1, du = 2dx, sec2 u du = tan(2x − 1) + C.
2 2
Z
25. u = e−x , du = −e−x dx; − tan u du = ln | cos u| + C = ln | cos(e−x )| + C.

Z
1 1
27. u = 4x, du = 4dx, sec u du = ln | sec 4x + tan 4x| + C.
4 4
Z
1
29. u = tan x, u2 du = tan3 x + C.
3
Exercise Set 7.3 183

Z Z
1 1
31. tan 4x(1 + tan2 4x) sec2 4x dx = (tan 4x + tan3 4x) sec2 4x dx = tan2 4x + tan4 4x + C.
8 16
Z Z
1 1
33. sec4 x(sec2 x − 1) sec x tan x dx = (sec6 x − sec4 x) sec x tan x dx = sec7 x − sec5 x + C.
7 5
Z Z Z Z Z
1
35. (sec x−1) sec x dx = (sec x−2 sec x+ sec x)dx = sec x dx−2 sec x dx+ sec x dx = sec3 x tan x+
2 2 5 3 5 3

Z Z  4
3 1 5 1 1
sec3 x dx−2 sec3 x dx+ln | sec x+tan x| = sec3 x tan x− sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| +ln | sec x+
4 4 4 2 2
1 5 3
tan x| + C = sec3 x tan x − sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
4 8 8
Z
1
37. sec2 t(sec t tan t)dt = sec3 t + C.
3
Z Z Z
1
39. sec4 x dx = (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx = (sec2 x + tan2 x sec2 x)dx = tan x + tan3 x + C.
3
Z  
1 3 1 1 1 1
41. u = 4x, use equation (19) to get tan u du = tan u + ln | cos u| + C = tan2 4x + ln | cos 4x| + C.
2
4 4 2 8 4
Z √
2 2
43. tan x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx = tan3/2 x + tan7/2 x + C.
3 7

Z π/8  π/8
2 1
45. (sec 2x − 1)dx = tan 2x − x = 1/2 − π/8.
0 2 0

Z  π/4
π/4
1 √
47. u = x/2, 2 tan5 u du = tan4 u − tan2 u − 2 ln | cos u| = 1/2 − 1 − 2 ln(1/ 2) = −1/2 + ln 2.
0 2 0

Z Z
1 1
49. (csc2 x − 1) csc2 x(csc x cot x)dx = (csc4 x − csc2 x)(csc x cot x)dx = − csc5 x + csc3 x + C.
5 3
Z Z Z
2 cos x 1
51. (csc x − 1) cot x dx = csc x(csc x cot x)dx − dx = − csc2 x − ln | sin x| + C.
sin x 2

53. True.

55. False.
Z 2π Z  2π
1 2π cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x
57. (a) sin mx cos nx dx = [sin(m + n)x + sin(m − n)x]dx = − − , but we know
0 2 0 2(m + n) 2(m − n) 0
2π 2π
that cos(m + n)x = 0, cos(m − n)x = 0.
0 0

Z 2π Z 2π
1
(b) cos mx cos nx dx = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x]dx; since m 6= n, evaluate sine at integer multiples
0 2 0
of 2π to get 0.
Z 2π Z 2π
1
(c) sin mx sin nx dx = [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x] dx; since m 6= n, evaluate sine at integer multiples
0 2 0
of 2π to get 0.
184 Chapter 7

Z π/4 √ Z π/4
0 0 2 2 2 π/4
59. y = tan x, 1 + (y ) = 1 + tan x = sec x, L = sec2 x dx = sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x|]0 =
√ 0 0
ln( 2 + 1).

Z Z #π/4
π/4 π/4
2 2 1
61. V = π (cos x − sin x)dx = π cos 2x dx = π sin 2x = π/2.
0 0 2
0

Z #βπ/180  
βπ/180
L L L  sec β ◦ + tan β ◦ 
63. With 0 < α < β, D = Dβ − Dα = sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| = ln .
2π απ/180 2π 2π  sec α◦ + tan α◦ 
απ/180

Z Z
65. (a) csc x dx = sec(π/2 − x)dx = − ln | sec(π/2 − x) + tan(π/2 − x)| + C = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C.

1 | csc x − cot x|
(b) − ln | csc x + cot x| = ln = ln 2 x − cot2 x|
= ln | csc x − cot x|, − ln | csc x + cot x| =
   | csc
 x + cot
 x| | csc 
 1 cos x   sin x   
− ln  + = ln   = ln  2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)  = ln | tan(x/2)|.
sin x sin x  1 + cos x   2 cos2 (x/2) 

p   p
a b
67. a sin x + b cos x = a2 + b2 √ sin x + √ cos x = a2 + b2 (sin x cos θ + cos x sin θ), where cos θ =
2 2 a2 + b2 √
√ √ a +b
a/ a2 + b2 and sin θ = b/ a2 + b2 , so a sin x + b cos x = a2 + b2 sin(x + θ) and then we obtain that
Z Z
dx 1 1
=√ csc(x + θ)dx = − √ ln | csc(x + θ) + cot(x + θ)| + C =
a sin x + b cos x 2
a +b 2 a + b2
2
√ 
1  a2 + b2 + a cos x − b sin x 
 
= −√ ln   + C.
a2 + b2  a sin x + b cos x 

Z π/2 Z π/2
2 1·3 π
69. (a) sin3 x dx = . (b) sin4 x dx = · = 3π/16.
0 3 0 2·4 2

Z π/2 Z π/2
2·4 1·3·5 π
(c) sin5 x dx = = 8/15. (d) sin6 x dx = · = 5π/32.
0 3·5 0 2·4·6 2

Exercise Set 7.4

Z Z
2
1. x = 2 sin θ, dx = 2 cos θ dθ, 4 cos θ dθ = 2 (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = 2θ + sin 2θ + C = 2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + C =
1 p
2 sin−1 (x/2) + x 4 − x2 + C.
2
Z Z
3. x = 4 sin θ, dx = 4 cos θ dθ, 16 sin2 θ dθ = 8 (1 − cos 2θ)dθ = 8θ − 4 sin 2θ + C = 8θ − 8 sin θ cos θ + C =
1 p
8 sin−1 (x/4) − x 16 − x2 + C.
2
Z Z Z
1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
5. x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = θ+ sin 2θ + C =
8 sec2 θ 8 16 16 32
1 1 1 x x
θ+ sin θ cos θ + C = tan−1 + + C.
16 16 16 2 8(4 + x2 )
Z Z p x
7. x = 3 sec θ, dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ, 3 tan2 θ dθ = 3 (sec2 θ − 1)dθ = 3 tan θ − 3θ + C = x2 − 9 − 3 sec−1 + C.
3
Exercise Set 7.4 185

Z Z p
 

9. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, 3 sin3 θ dθ = 3 1 − cos2 θ sin θ dθ = 3 − cos θ + cos3 θ + C = −3 1 − x2 + (1 −
x2 )3/2 + C.
Z Z
2 2 3 1 3 3 1 p 2
11. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = 9x − 4 + C.
3 3 4 sec θ 4 4 4x
Z Z p
1
13. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, dθ = sec2 θ dθ = tan θ + C = x/ 1 − x2 + C.
cos2 θ
Z  
1 1p 2 
15. x = 3 sec θ, dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C = ln  x + x − 9 + C.
3 3
Z Z
3 3 3 sec θ tan θ dθ 1 cos θ 1 1 1
17. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, = dθ = − + C = − csc θ + C =
2 2 2 27 tan3 θ 18 sin2 θ 18 sin θ 18
x
− √ + C.
9 4x2 − 9
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 p
x x
19. e = sin θ, e dx = cos θ dθ, 2
cos θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = θ + sin 2θ + C = sin−1 (ex ) + ex 1 − e2x + C.
2 2 4 2 2
Z 1  π/2
3 2 1 3 1 5
21. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, 5 sin θ cos θ dθ = 5 − cos θ + cos θ = 5(1/3 − 1/5) = 2/3.
0 3 5 0

Z π/3 Z π/3 √ √
1 π/3
23. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ]π/4 = ( 3 − 2)/2.
π/4 sec θ π/4

Z Z π/3 Z
√ √ 2 1
sec θ 1 π/3 cos3 θ 1 π/3 1 − sin2 θ
25. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ, 4 dθ = 9 4 dθ = 9 cos θ dθ
9
π/6 tan θ π/6 sin θ π/6 sin4 θ
Z √3/2 Z √3/2  √3/2 √
1 1 − u2 1 −4 −2 1 1 1 10 3 + 18
= du (with u = sin θ) = (u − u )du = − + = .
9 1/2 u4 9 1/2 9 3u3 u 1/2 243

27. True.

29. False; x = a sec θ.

Z Z
1 1 1 1
31. u = x2 + 4, du = 2x dx, du = ln |u| + C = ln(x2 + 4) + C; or x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ, tan θ dθ =
√ 2 u 2 2
x2 + 4 1
ln | sec θ| + C1 = ln + C1 = ln(x2 + 4)1/2 − ln 2 + C1 = ln(x2 + 4) + C with C = C1 − ln 2.
2 2
Z 2r 2 Z tan−1 (2)
0 1 0 2 1 x2 + 1 x +1 2 sec3 θ
33. y = , 1 + (y ) = 1 + 2 = , L = dx; x = tan θ, dx = sec θ dθ, L = dθ =
x x x2 1 x2 π/4 tan θ
Z tan−1 (2) Z tan−1 (2)  tan−1 (2)
tan2 θ + 1
sec θ dθ = (sec θ tan θ + csc θ)dθ = sec θ + ln | csc θ − cot θ|
π/4 tan θ π/4 π/4
√ ! √
√ 5 1 h √ √ i √ √ 2+2 2
= 5 + ln − − 2 + ln | 2 − 1| = 5 − 2 + ln √ .
2 2 1+ 5

Z 1 p Z tan−1 2
2 1 1 π
0 0 2
35. y = 2x, 1+(y ) = 1+4x , S = 2π 2
x 1+ 4x2 dx; x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θ dθ, S = tan2 θ sec3 θ dθ =
0 2 2 4 0
Z tan−1 2 Z tan−1 2
π π
(sec2 θ − 1) sec3 θ dθ = (sec5 θ − sec3 θ)dθ =
4 0 4 0
186 Chapter 7

 tan−1 2
π 1 3 1 1 π √ √
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan θ − ln | sec θ + tan θ| = [18 5 − ln(2 + 5)].
4 4 8 8 0 32
Z
1
37. dx = tan−1 (x − 2) + C.
(x − 2)2 + 1
Z  
1 x−1
39. p dx = sin−1 +C
4 − (x − 1)2 2
Z  p 
1
41. p dx = ln x − 3 + (x − 3)2 + 1 + C.
(x − 3)2 + 1
Z p Z Z  
2 −1 x+1
43. 4 − (x + 1)2
dx, let x + 1 = 2 sin θ, 4 cos θ dθ = 2(1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 2θ + sin 2θ + C = 2 sin +
2
1 p
(x + 1) 3 − 2x − x2 + C.
2
Z Z p
1 1 1 1 −1
45. dx = dx = √ tan 2/5(x + 1) + C.
2(x + 1)2 + 5 2 (x + 1)2 + 5/2 10
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 1 −1 x−2
47. √ dx = p dx = sin = π/6.
1 4x − x2 1 4 − (x − 2)2 2 1

Z p
1 1h p i
49. u = sin2 x, du = 2 sin x cos x dx; 1 − u2 du = u 1 − u2 + sin−1 u + C =
2 4
1h 2 p i
sin x 1 − sin4 x + sin−1 (sin2 x) + C.
4
Z
51. (a) x = 3 sinh u, dx = 3 cosh u du, du = u + C = sinh−1 (x/3) + C.

Z p 
(b) x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ+tan θ|+C = ln x2 + 9/3 + x/3 +C, but sinh−1 (x/3) =
 p  √

ln x/3 + x2 /9 + 1 = ln x/3 + x2 + 9/3 , so the results agree.

Exercise Set 7.5

3x − 1 A B
1. = + .
(x − 3)(x + 4) (x − 3) (x + 4)

2x − 3 A B C
3. = + 2+ .
x2 (x − 1) x x x−1

1 − x2 A B C Dx + E
5. = + 2+ 3+ 2 .
x3 (x2 + 2) x x x x +2

4x3 − x Ax + B Cx + D
7. 2 2
= 2 + 2 .
(x + 5) x +5 (x + 5)2
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. = + ; A = , B = − , so dx− dx = ln |x−4|− ln |x+1|+C =
(x − 4)(x + 1) x−4 x+1 5 5 5 x−4 5 x+1 5 5
1  x − 4 
ln + C.
5 x + 1
Exercise Set 7.5 187

Z Z
11x + 17 A B 1 1 5
11. = + ; A = 5, B = 3, so 5 dx + 3 dx = ln |2x − 1| + 3 ln |x + 4| + C.
(2x − 1)(x + 4) 2x − 1 x + 4 2x − 1 x+4 2
Z Z Z
2x2 − 9x − 9 A B C 1 1 1
13. = + + ; A = 1, B = 2, C = −1, so dx + 2 dx − dx =
x(x + 3)(x − 3) x x+3 x − 3  x x + 3 x − 3
 x(x + 3) 
2
ln |x| + 2 ln |x + 3| − ln |x − 3| + C = ln   + C. Note that the symbol C has been recycled; to save space
x−3 
this recycling is usually not mentioned.
Z  
x2 − 8 1 1 1 2
15. =x−3+ , x−3+ dx = x − 3x + ln |x + 3| + C.
x+3 x+3 x+3 2
Z Z
3x2 − 10 12x − 22 12x − 22 A B 1
17. 2 = 3+ 2 , = + ; A = 12, B = 2, so 3dx + 12 dx +
xZ − 4x + 4 x − 4x + 4 (x − 2)2 x−2 (x − 2)2 x−2
1
2 dx = 3x + 12 ln |x − 2| − 2/(x − 2) + C.
(x − 2)2
Z
du
19. u = x2 − 3x − 10, du = (2x − 3) dx, = ln |u| + C = ln |x2 − 3x − 10| + C.
u
Z
x5 + x2 + 2 2 x2 + x + 2 x2 + x + 2 A B C
21. 3−x
= x +1+ 3−x
, = + + ; A = −2, B = 1, C = 2, so (x2 +1)dx−
Z x Z Z x x(x + 1)(x − 1) x x + 1 x − 1  
2 1 2 1 3 1 3  (x + 1)(x − 1)2 
dx+ dx+ dx = x +x−2 ln |x|+ln |x+1|+2 ln |x−1|+C = x +x+ln    +C.
x x+1 x−1 3 3 x2 

Z Z Z
2x2 + 3 A B C 1 1 1
23. = + + ; A = 3, B = −1, C = 5, so 3 dx − dx + 5 dx =
x(x − 1)2 x x−1 (x − 1)2 x x−1 (x − 1)2
3 ln |x| − ln |x − 1| − 5/(x − 1) + C.
Z Z Z
2x2 − 10x + 4 A B C 1 1 2
25. = + + ; A = 1, B = 1, C = −2, so dx+ dx− dx =
(x + 1)(x − 3)2 x + 1 x − 3 (x − 3)2 x+1 x−3 (x − 3)2
2
ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 3| + + C1 .
x−3
Z Z Z
x2 A B C 1 2 1
27. = + + ; A = 1, B = −2, C = 1, so dx − dx + dx =
(x + 1)3 x + 1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3 x+1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
2 1
ln |x + 1| + − + C.
x + 1 2(x + 1)2
Z
2x2 − 1 A Bx + C 2x2 − 1
29. = + 2 ; A = −14/17, B = 12/17, C = 3/17, so dx =
(4x − 1)(x2 + 1) 4x − 1 x +1 (4x − 1)(x2 + 1)
7 6 3
− ln |4x − 1| + ln(x2 + 1) + tan−1 x + C.
34 17 17
Z
x3 + 3x2 + x + 9 Ax + B Cx + D x3 + 3x2 + x + 9
31. 2 2
= 2 + 2 ; A = 0, B = 3, C = 1, D = 0, so dx = 3 tan−1 x +
(x + 1)(x + 3) x +1 x +3 (x2 + 1)(x2 + 3)
1
ln(x2 + 3) + C.
2
Z
x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 2 x x3 − 3x2 + 2x − 3 1 1
33. 2
=x−2+ 2 , so 2
dx = x2 − 2x + ln(x2 + 1) + C.
x +1 x +1 x +1 2 2

35. True.

37. True.
188 Chapter 7

Z
1 1 A B
39. Let x = sin θ to get 2
dx, and = + ; A = −1/6, B = 1/6, so we get
Z Z x + 4x − 5  (x + 5)(x − 1)
 x + 5 x − 1
1 1 1 1 1  x − 1  1 1 − sin θ
− dx + dx = ln   + C = ln + C.
6 x+5 6 x−1 6 x+5 6 5 + sin θ
Z Z
e3x u2 u
x
41. u = e , du = e dx, x
dx = du = u − 2 tan−1 + C = ex − 2 tan−1 (ex /2) + C.
e2x + 4 u2 + 4 2
Z 2
x4 x4 18x2 − 81 18x2 − 81 18x2 − 81 A B
43. V = π 2 2
dx, 4 2
= 1+ 4 2
, 2 2
= 2 2
= + +
0 (9 − x ) x − 18x + 81 x − 18x + 81 (9 − x ) (x + 3) (x − 3) x + 3 (x + 3)2
 2
C D 9 9 9 9 9 9/4 9 9/4
+ 2
; A = − , B = , C = , D = , so V = π x − ln |x + 3| − + ln |x − 3| − =
x− 3 (x − 3)  4 4 4 4 4 x + 3 4 x −3 0
19 9
π − ln 5 .
5 4
Z
x2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D x2 + 1
45. 2 2
= 2 + 2 ; A = 0, B = 1, C = D = −2, so dx =
(x
Z + 2x + 3) xZ + 2x + 3 (x + 2x + 3)2 (x2 + 2x + 3)2
1 2x + 2 1 x+1
dx − dx = √ tan−1 √ + 1/(x2 + 2x + 3) + C.
(x + 1)2 + 2 (x2 + 2x + 3)2 2 2

1 A B C D
47. x4 −3x3 −7x2 +27x−18 = (x−1)(x−2)(x−3)(x+3), = + + + ;
(x
Z − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 3) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x +3
dx 1 1
A = 1/8, B = −1/5, C = 1/12, D = −1/120, so = ln |x − 1| − ln |x − 2| +
x4 − 3x3 − 7x2 + 27x − 18 8 5
1 1
ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3| + C.
12 120
Z 1 Z 1 1
x 1 1 1 −1 1π π
49. Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx, dx = du = tan u = = .
0 x4 + 1 2 0 1 + u2 2 0 2 4 8

51. If the polynomial has distinct roots r1 , r2 , r1 6= r2 , then the partial fraction decomposition will contain terms of
A B
the form , , and they will give logarithms and no inverse tangents. If there are two roots not distinct,
x − r1 x − r2
A B
say x = r, then the terms , will appear, and neither will give an inverse tangent term. The only
x − r (x − r)2
1
other possibility is no real roots, and the integrand can be written in the form
, which will
b 2 b2
   a x + 2a + c − 4a
b
yield an inverse tangent, specifically of the form tan−1 A x + for some constant A.
2a

1
53. Yes, for instance the integrand , whose integral is precisely tan−1 x + C.
x2 +1

Exercise Set 7.6

4h i
1. Formula (60): 3x + ln |−1 + 3x| + C.
9
 
1  x 
3. Formula (65): ln  + C.
5 5 + 2x 

1
5. Formula (102): (x − 1)(2x + 3)3/2 + C.
5
√ 
1  4 − 3x − 2 
7. Formula (108): ln  √ + C.
2 4 − 3x + 2 
Exercise Set 7.6 189

 
1  x + 4 
9. Formula (69): ln  + C.
8 x − 4

xp 2 3  p 

11. Formula (73): x − 3 − ln x + x2 − 3 + C.
2 2
xp 2 p
13. Formula (95): x + 4 − 2 ln(x + x2 + 4) + C.
2
xp 9 x
15. Formula (74): 9 − x2 + sin−1 + C.
2 2 3
 
√  2 + √4 − x 2 
 
17. Formula (79): 4 − x2 − 2 ln   + C.
 x 

1 1
19. Formula (38): − sin(7x) + sin x + C.
14 2

x4
21. Formula (50): [4 ln x − 1] + C.
16

e−2x
23. Formula (42): (−2 sin(3x) − 3 cos(3x)) + C.
13
Z  
1 u du 1 4  
2x 2x
25. u = e , du = 2e dx, Formula (62): = 
+ ln 4 − 3e 2x 
+ C.
2 (4 − 3u)2 18 4 − 3e2x
Z √
√ 3 2 du 1 −1 3 x
27. u = 3 x, du = √ dx, Formula (68): = tan + C.
2 x 3 u2 + 4 3 2
Z
1 du 1  p 

29. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (76): √ = ln 2x + 4x2 − 9 + C.
2 u2 − 9 2
Z
1 u2 du x2 p 1 √
2 2 5
31. u = 2x , du = 4xdx, u du = 16x dx, Formula (81): √ =− 2 − 4x4 + sin−1 ( 2x2 ) + C.
4 2 − u2 4 4
Z
1 1
33. u = ln x, du = dx/x, Formula (26): sin2 u du = ln x − sin(2 ln x) + C.
2 4
Z
1 1
35. u = −2x, du = −2dx, Formula (51): ueu du = (−2x − 1)e−2x + C.
4 4
Z   
1 du 1 1  sin 3x 
37. u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx, Formula (67): = + ln  
3 u(u + 1)2 3 1 + sin 3x  1 + sin 3x  + C.

Z  2 
1 du 1  4x − 1 
2
39. u = 4x , du = 8xdx, Formula (70): = ln   + C.
8 u2 − 1 16  4x2 + 1 
Z p
1 1 p 3 √ 1 p
x x
41. u = 2e , du = 2e dx, Formula (74): 3 − u2 du = u 3 − u2 + sin−1 (u/ 3) + C = ex 3 − 4e2x +
2 4 4 2
3 √
sin−1 (2ex / 3) + C.
4
Z r  r  
1 5 1 5 5 25 6u − 5
43. u = 3x, du = 3dx, Formula (112): u − u2 du = u− u − u2 + sin−1 +C =
 3  3 6 6 3 216 5
18x − 5 p 25 18x − 5
5x − 9x2 + sin−1 + C.
36 216 5
190 Chapter 7

Z
45. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (44): u sin u du = (sin u − u cos u) + C = sin 2x − 2x cos 2x + C.

Z
√ √ √
47. u = − x, u2 = x, 2udu = dx, Formula (51): 2 ueu du = −2( x + 1)e− x + C.

Z    
du 1  u − 4  1  x − 1 
49. x2 + 6x − 7 = (x + 3)2 − 16; u = x + 3, du = dx, Formula (70): = ln + C = ln + C.
u2 − 16 8 u + 4 8 x + 7
Z Z Z
u+2 u du du
51. x2 − 4x − 5 = (x − 2)2 − 9, u = x − 2, du = dx, Formula (77): √ du = √ +2 √ =
9−u 2 9−u 2 9 − u2
p p  
u x−2
− 9 − u2 + 2 sin−1 + C = − 5 + 4x − x2 + 2 sin−1 + C.
3 3
Z Z
√ 2 2 2 5 4 3 2 4
53. u = 2
x − 2, x = u + 2, dx = 2u du; 2u (u + 2)du = 2 (u4 + 2u2 )du = u + u + C = (x − 2)5/2 + (x −
5 3 5 3
2)3/2 + C.
Z Z
√ 2 2 2 5 2 3 2 3
55. u = x3 + 1, x3 = u2 − 1, 3x2 dx = 2u du; u2 (u2 − 1)du = (u4 − u2 )du = u − u +C = (x +
3 3 15 9 15
2
1)5/2 − (x3 + 1)3/2 + C.
9
Z Z Z  
3u2 u 1 1 3
57. u = x 1/3 3
, x = u , dx = 3u du; 2
du = 3 du = 3 + du = ln |x1/3 + 1| +
u3 − u u2 − 1 2(u + 1) 2(u − 1) 2
3
ln |x1/3 − 1| + C.
2
Z Z  
1/4 4 3 1 1 1 x1/4
59. u = x , x = u , dx = 4u du; 4 du = 4 + du = 4 ln + C.
u(1 − u) u 1−u |1 − x1/4 |
Z Z  
u3 1
61. u = x 1/6 6
, x = u , dx = 6u du; 6 5
du = 6 u2 + u + 1 + du = 2x1/2 + 3x1/3 + 6x1/6 + 6 ln |x1/6 −
u−1 u−1
1| + C.
Z
√ 1
63. u = 1+ x2 , 2 2
x = u − 1, 2x dx = 2u du, x dx = u du; (u2 − 1)du = (1 + x2 )3/2 − (1 + x2 )1/2 + C.
3
Z Z
1 2 1
65. u = tan(x/2), 2 du = du = ln | tan(x/2) + 1| + C.
2u 1−u 1 + u2 u+1
1+ +
1 + u2 1 + u2
Z Z
dθ 1 1
67. u = tan(θ/2), = du = − + C = − cot(θ/2) + C.
1 − cos θ u2 u
Z Z
1 1 − u2 1 1 1
69. u = tan(x/2), du = (1/u − u)du = ln | tan(x/2)| − tan2 (x/2) + C.
2 u 2 2 4
Z x x  
1 1 t 1 x 1 x 1 x
71. dt = ln (Formula (65), a = 4, b = −1) = ln − ln 1 = ln , ln =
2 t(4 − t) 4 4 − t 2 4 4 − x 4 4 − x 4 4 − x
x x
0.5, ln = 2, = e2 , x = 4e2 − e2 x, x(1 + e2 ) = 4e2 , x = 4e2 /(1 + e2 ) ≈ 3.523188312.
4−x 4−x
Z p  4
4
1 p 25 x 25 4
73. A = 25 − x2 dx = x 25 − x2 + sin−1 (Formula (74), a = 5) = 6 + sin−1 ≈ 17.59119023.
0 2 2 5 0 2 5
Exercise Set 7.6 191

Z Z  
1
1 1 4
1 1 u + 5 4 1
75. A = dx; u = 4x, A = du = ln   = ln 9 ≈ 0.054930614. (Formula (69),
0 25 − 16x2 4 0 25 − u2 40  u − 5  0 40
a = 5)

Z π/2 π/2
77. V = 2π x cos x dx = 2π(cos x + x sin x) = π(π − 2) ≈ 3.586419094. (Formula (45))
0 0

Z 3 Z −3 −3
−x
79. V = 2π xe dx; u = −x, V = 2π u u
ue du = 2πe (u − 1) = 2π(1 − 4e−3 ) ≈ 5.031899801. (Formula (51))
0 0 0

Z  Z 8
2 p p 1 up 11  p8
81. L = 1 + 16x2 dx; u = 4x, L =
1 + u2 du = 1 + u2 + ln u + 1 + u2
0 0 4 2 42 0
√ 1 √
2
(Formula (72), a = 1) = 65 + ln(8 + 65) ≈ 8.409316783.
8
Z π p Z −1p Z 1p
2 2
83. S = 2π (sin x) 1 + cos x dx; u = cos x, a = 1, S = −2π 1+ u2 du = 4π 1 + u2 du
0 1 0
 p 1
u 1  p h√ √ i
= 4π 1 + u2 + ln u + 1 + u2 = 2π 2 + ln(1 + 2) ≈ 14.42359945. (Formula (72))
2 2 0

Z t
20 40 166
85. (a) s(t) = 2 + 20 cos6 u sin3 u du = − sin2 t cos7 t − cos7 t + .
0 9 63 63

s(t)
4

1
t
3 6 9 12 15
(b)
Z Z Z    
1 2 1 + u  
87. (a) sec x dx = dx = du = ln   + C = ln  1 + tan(x/2)  + C =
cos x 1−u 2  1−u   1 − tan(x/2) 
    
 cos(x/2) + sin(x/2)   cos(x/2) + sin(x/2)   1 + sin x 

= ln     
+ C = ln   + C = ln |sec x + tan x| + C.
cos(x/2) − sin(x/2)   cos(x/2) + sin(x/2)  cos x 

π x x
x π
tan + tan 1 + tan
(b) tan + = 4 2 2
4 2 π x = x.
1 − tan tan 1 − tan
4 2 2
q √
89. Let u = tanh(x/2) then cosh(x/2) = 1/ sech(x/2) = 1/ 1 − tanh2 (x/2) = 1/ 1 − u2 ,
√
sinh(x/2) = tanh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = u/ 1 − u2 , so sinh x = 2 sinh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = 2u/(1Z − u2 ), cosh x =
dx
cosh2 (x/2) + sinh2 (x/2) = (1 + u2 )/(1 − u2 ), x = 2 tanh−1 u, dx = [2/(1 − u2 )]du; =
Z 2 cosh x + sinh x
1 2 2u + 1 2 2 tanh(x/2) + 1
du = √ tan−1 √ + C = √ tan−1 √ + C.
u2 + u + 1 3 3 3 3
Z Z Z
1
91. (cos32 x sin30 x − cos30 x sin32 x)dx = cos30 x sin30 x(cos2 x − sin2 x)dx = sin30 2x cos 2x dx =
230
192 Chapter 7

sin31 2x
= + C.
31(231 )
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
93. 10 −9
dx = − du = − ln |u| + C = − ln |1 + x−9 | + C.
x (1 + x ) 9 u 9 9

Exercise Set 7.7

1. Exact value = 14/3 ≈ 4.666666667.
(a) 4.667600662, |EM | ≈ 0.000933995. (b) 4.664795676, |ET | ≈ 0.001870991. (c) 4.666666602, |ES | ≈ 9.9 · 10−7 .

3. Exact value = 1.
(a) 1.001028824, |EM | ≈ 0.001028824. (b) 0.997942986, |ET | ≈ 0.002057013. (c) 1.000000013, |ES | ≈ 2.12 · 10−7 .

1 −2
5. Exact value = (e − e−6 ) ≈ 0.06642826551.
2
(a) 0.065987468, |EM | ≈ 0.000440797. (b) 0.067311623, |ET | ≈ 0.000883357. (c) 0.066428302, |ES | ≈ 5.88 · 10−7 .

√ 1 15
7. f (x) = x + 1, f 00 (x) = − (x + 1)−3/2 , f (4) (x) = − (x + 1)−7/2 ; K2 = 1/4, K4 = 15/16.
4 16
27 27
(a) |EM | ≤ (1/4) = 0.002812500. (b) |ET | ≤ (1/4) = 0.00562500.
2400 1200

81
(c) |ES | ≤ ≈ 0.000007910156250.
10240000

9. f (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = − cos x, f (4) (x) = cos x; K2 = K4 = 1.

π 3 /8 π 3 /8
(a) |EM | ≤ (1) ≈ 0.00161491. (b) |ET | ≤ (1) ≈ 0.003229820488.
2400 1200

π 5 /32
(c) |ES | ≤ (1) ≈ 3.320526095 · 10−7 .
180 × 204

11. f (x) = e−2x , f 00 (x) = 4e−2x ; f (4) (x) = 16e−2x ; K2 = 4e−2 ; K4 = 16e−2 .
8 8
(a) |EM | ≤ (4e−2 ) ≈ 0.0018044704. (b) |ET | ≤ (4e−2 ) ≈ 0.0036089409.
2400 1200

32
(c) |ES | ≤ (16e−2 ) ≈ 0.00000240596.
180 × 204
 1/2  1/2
(27)(1/4) (27)(1/4)
13. (a) n > ≈ 23.7; n = 24. (b) n > ≈ 33.5; n = 34.
(24)(5 × 10−4 ) (12)(5 × 10−4 )

 1/4
(243)(15/16)
(c) n > ≈ 7.1; n = 8.
(180)(5 × 10−4 )

 1/2  1/2
(π 3 /8)(1) (π 3 /8)(1)
15. (a) n > ≈ 12.7; n = 13. (b) n > ≈ 17.97; n = 18.
(24)(10−3 ) (12)(10−3 )

 1/4
(π 5 /32)(1)
(c) n > ≈ 2.7; n = 4.
(180)(10−3 )
Exercise Set 7.7 193

 1/2  1/2
(8)(4e−2 ) (8)(4e−2 )
17. (a) n > ≈ 42.5; n = 43. (b) n > ≈ 60.2; n = 61.
(24)(10−6 ) (12)(10−6 )

 1/4
(32)(16e−2 )
(c) n > ≈ 7.9; n = 8.
(180)(10−6 )

19. False; Tn is the average of Ln and Rn .

21. False, it is the weighted average of M25 and T25 .

23. g(X0 ) = aX02 + bX0 + c = 4a + 2b + c = f (X0 ) = 1/X0 = 1/2; similarly 9a + 3b + c = 1/3, 16a + 4b + c = 1/4.
Three equations in three unknowns, with solution a = 1/24, b = −3/8, c = 13/12, g(x) = x2 /24 − 3x/8 + 13/12.
Z 4 Z 4 2   
x 3x 13 25 ∆x 1 1 4 1 25
g(x) dx = − + dx = , [f (X0 ) + 4f (X1 ) + f (X2 )] = + + = .
2 2 24 8 12 36 3 3 2 3 4 36

25. 1.49367411, 1.493648266.

27. 3.806779393, 3.805537256.

29. 0.9045242448, 0.9045242380.

2
31. Exact value = 4 tan−1 (x/2) = π.
0
(a) 3.142425985, |EM | ≈ 0.000833331. (b) 3.139925989, |ET | ≈ 0.001666665.

(c) 3.141592654, |ES | ≈ 6.2 × 10−10 .

33. S14 = 0.693147984, |ES | ≈ 0.000000803 = 8.03 × 10−7 ; the method used in Example 6 results in a value of n which
ensures that the magnitude of the error will be less than 10−6 , this is not necessarily the smallest value of n.

35. f (x) = x sin x, f 00 (x) = 2 cos x − x sin x, |f 00 (x)| ≤ 2| cos x| + |x| | sin x| ≤ 2 + 2 = 4, so K2 ≤ 4, n >
 1/2
(8)(4)
≈ 115.5; n = 116 (a smaller n might suffice).
(24)(10−4 )

√ 3
37. f (x) = x x, f 00 (x) = √ , lim+ |f 00 (x)| = +∞.
4 x x→0
Z x p Z x p Z π p
39. s(x) = 1 + (y 0 (t))2 dt = 1 + cos2 t dt, ` = 1 + cos2 t dt ≈ 3.820187624.
0 0 0

Z 30
30 22
41. v dt ≈ [0 + 4(60) + 2(90) + 4(110) + 2(126) + 4(138) + 146] ≈ 4424 ft.
0 (3)(6) 15
Z 180
180
43. v dt ≈ [0.00 + 4(0.03) + 2(0.08) + 4(0.16) + 2(0.27) + 4(0.42) + 0.65] = 37.9 mi.
0 (3)(6)
Z 16 Z 16
2 16
45. V = πr dy = π r2 dy ≈ π [(8.5)2 + 4(11.5)2 + 2(13.8)2 + 4(15.4)2 + (16.8)2 ] ≈ 9270 cm3 ≈ 9.3 L.
0 0 (3)(4)

47. (a) The maximum value of |f 00 (x)| is approximately 3.8442. (b) n = 18. (c) 0.9047406684.

49. (a) K4 = max |f (4) (x)| ≈ 12.4282.

0≤x≤1
194 Chapter 7

(b − a)5 K4 104 K4
(b) 4
< 10−4 provided n4 > , n > 5.12, so n ≥ 6.
180n 180

K4 4
(c) · 6 ≈ 0.0000531 with S6 ≈ 0.983347.
180

b−a b−a
51. (a) Left endpoint approximation ≈ [y0 +y1 +. . .+yn−2 +yn−1 ]. Right endpoint approximation ≈ [y1 +
n n
b−a1
y2 + . . . + yn−1 + yn ]. Average of the two = [y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + . . . + 2yn−2 + 2yn−1 + yn ].
n 2
yk + yk+1
(b) Area of trapezoid = (xk+1 − xk ) . If we sum from k = 0 to k = n − 1 then we get the right hand
2
side of (2).
y
3

1
yk
yk + 1 t
xk xk + 1

53. Given g(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, suppose ∆x = 1 and m = 0. Then set Y0 = g(−1), Y1 = g(0), Y2 = g(1). Also
Y0 = g(−1) = A − B + C, Y1 = g(0) = C, Y2 = g(1) = A + B + C, with solution C = Y1 , B = 21 (Y2 − Y0 ), and
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2 1
1
A = 2 (Y0 +Y2 )−Y1 . Then g(x) dx = 2 (Ax2 +C) dx = A+2C = (Y0 +Y2 )− Y1 +2Y1 = (Y0 +4Y1 +Y2 ),
−1 0 3 3 3 3
which is exactly what one gets applying the Simpson’s Rule. The general case with the interval (m − ∆x, m + ∆x)
x−m
and values Y0 , Y1 , Y2 , can be converted by the change of variables z = . Set g(x) = h(z) = h((x − m)/∆x) to
Z Z ∆x
m+∆x 1
get dx = ∆x dz and ∆x h(z) dz = g(x) dx. Finally, Y0 = g(m − ∆x) = h(−1), Y1 = g(m) = h(0), Y2 =
m−∆x −1
g(m + ∆x) = h(1).

Exercise Set 7.8

1. (a) Improper; infinite discontinuity at x = 3. (b) Continuous integrand, not improper.

(c) Improper; infinite discontinuity at x = 0. (d) Improper; infinite interval of integration.

(e) Improper; infinite interval of integration and infinite discontinuity at x = 1.

(f ) Continuous integrand, not improper.

 `
1 1 1
3. − e−2x
lim = lim (−e−2` + 1) = .
`→+∞ 2 0 2 `→+∞ 2
`


5. lim −2 coth−1 x = lim 2 coth−1 3 − 2 coth−1 ` = 2 coth−1 3.
`→+∞ 3 `→+∞

`  
1 1 1 1
7. lim − = lim − 2 + 2 = 2.
`→+∞ 2 ln2 x e `→+∞ 2 ln `
0
1 1
9. lim − = lim [−1 + 1/(2` − 1)2 ] = −1/4.
`→−∞ 4(2x − 1)2 ` `→−∞ 4
Exercise Set 7.8 195

0  
1 1 1 3` 1
11. lim e3x = lim − e = .
`→−∞ 3 ` `→−∞ 3 3 3
Z +∞ Z 0 Z +∞ Z +∞
13. x dx converges if x dx and x dx both converge; it diverges if either (or both) diverges. x dx =
−∞ −∞ 0 0
` Z +∞
1 1
lim x2 = lim `2 = +∞, so x dx is divergent.
`→+∞ 2 0 `→+∞ 2 −∞

Z +∞ ` Z 0
x 1 1 2 1 x
15. 2 2
dx = lim − 2
= lim [−1/(` + 3) + 1/3] = , similarly 2 2
dx = −1/6,
0 Z (x + 3) `→+∞ 2(x + 3) 0 `→+∞ 2 6 −∞ (x + 3)
∞
x
so 2 + 3)2
dx = 1/6 + (−1/6) = 0.
−∞ (x
`  
1 1 1
17. lim− − = lim− − − = +∞, divergent.
`→4 x−4 0 `→4 `−4 4
`
19. lim − ln(cos x) = lim − ln(cos `) = +∞, divergent.
`→π/2− 0 `→π/2−

`
21. lim− sin−1 x = lim− sin−1 ` = π/2.
`→1 0 `→1

π/2
√ √
23. lim 1 − 2 cos x = lim (1 − 1 − 2 cos `) = 1.
`→π/3+ ` `→π/3+

Z 2 ` Z 3
dx dx
25. = lim− ln |x − 2| = lim− (ln |` − 2| − ln 2) = −∞, so is divergent.
0 x−2 `→2 0 `→2 0 x −2
Z 8 8 Z 0 `
3 3 3 3
27. x−1/3 dx = lim+ x2/3 = lim+ (4 − `2/3 ) = 6, x−1/3 dx = lim− x2/3 = lim− (`2/3 − 1) = −3/2,
0 `→0 2 ` `→0 2 −1 `→0 2 −1 `→0 2
Z 8
so x−1/3 dx = 6 + (−3/2) = 9/2.
−1

Z +∞ Z +∞ Z a Z 1 1
1 1 1 1
29. dx = dx + dx where a > 0; take a = 1 for convenience, dx = lim+ (−1/x) =
0 x2 0 x
2
a x2 0 x
2 `→0 `
Z +∞
1
lim (1/` − 1) = +∞ so dx is divergent.
`→0+ 0 x2
Z Z
√ dx du √
31. Let u = x, x = u2 , dx = 2u du. Then √ = 2 2 = 2 tan−1 u + C = 2 tan−1 x + C and
x(x + 1) u +1
Z 1 
dx √ 1 √
√ = 2 lim+ tan−1 x = 2 lim+ (π/4 − tan−1 ) = π/2.
0 x(x + 1) →0  →0

33. True, Theorem 7.8.2.

35. False, neither 0 nor 3 lies in [1, 2], so the integrand is continuous.
Z +∞
√ Z +∞ `
e− x
−u −u



37. √ dx = 2 e du = 2 lim −e = 2 lim 1 − e−` = 2.
0 x 0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞

Z Z 
+∞
e−x 1
du √ 1 √
39. √ dx = √ = lim 2 u = lim 2(1 − `) = 2.
0 1 − e−x 0 u `→0+ ` `→0+
196 Chapter 7

Z ` `
−x 1 −x
41. lim e cos x dx = lim e (sin x − cos x) = 1/2.
`→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 2 0

43. (a) 2.726585 (b) 2.804364 (c) 0.219384 (d) 0.504067

 2 Z #8
8
dy 4 − x2/3 4 2 2/3
45. 1 + =1+ = 2/3 ; the arc length is dx = 3x = 12.
dx x2/3 x 0 x1/3
0

Z Z 1 Z 1 1
47. ln x dx = x ln x − x + C, ln x dx = lim+ ln x dx = lim+ (x ln x − x) = lim+ (−1 − ` ln ` + `), but
`→0 ` 0 `→0 ` `→0
Z 1
ln `
lim ` ln ` = lim = lim (−`) = 0, so ln x dx = −1.
`→0+ `→0+ 1/` `→0+ 0

Z ∞ Z ` `
−3x −3x 1 1
49. e dx = lim e dx = lim − e−3x = .
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 3 0 3
Z +∞ `
−2x π −2x
51. (a) V = π e dx = − lim e = π/2.
0 2 `→+∞ 0

Z +∞ p
(b) S = π + 2π e−x 1 + e−2x dx, let u = e−x to get
0
Z  p 1
0 p u 1  p 
h√ √ i
S = π − 2π 1+ u2 du = π + 2π 2 2
1 + u + ln u + 1 + u  = π + π 2 + ln(1 + 2) .
1 2 2 0

2
53. (a) For x ≥ 1, x2 ≥ x, e−x ≤ e−x .
Z +∞ Z ` i`
(b) e−x dx = lim e−x dx = lim −e−x = lim (e−1 − e−` ) = 1/e.
1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞

Z +∞
2
(c) By parts (a) and (b) and Exercise 52(b), e−x dx is convergent and is ≤ 1/e.
1

Z ` i` Z ` p
55. V = lim (π/x2 ) dx = lim −(π/x) = lim (π − π/`) = π, A = π + lim 2π(1/x) 1 + 1/x4 dx; use
`→+∞ 1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞ `→+∞ 1
p
Exercise 52(a) with f (x) = 2π/x, g(x) = (2π/x) 1 + 1/x4 and a = 1 to see that the area is infinite.
Z ∞
1 1
57. The area under the curve y = , above the x-axis, and to the right of the y-axis is given by .
r 1 + x2 1 + x2
Z 1r 0
1−y 1−y
Solving for x = , the area is also given by the improper integral dy.
y 0 y
y

0.5

x
1 2 3 4 5

Z Z
dx 1 1 x
59. Let x = r tan θ to get = 2 cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = √ + C, so
(r2 + x2 )3/2 r r2 r r 2 + x2
2
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 197

` p p p
2πN Ir x 2πN I 2πN I
u= lim √ = lim (`/ r2 + `2 − a/ r2 + a2 )] = (1 − a/ r2 + a2 ).
k `→+∞ r 2 r 2 + x2 a kr `→+∞ kr
Z +∞ Z +∞ `
−0.2t −t −0.2t
` 4
61. 5(e −e ) dt = lim −25e + 5e−t 0 = 20; 4(e −0.2t
−e −3t
) dt = lim −20e −0.2t
+ e−3t =
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 3 0
56
, so Method 1 provides greater availability.
3

63. (a) Satellite’s weight = w(x) = k/x2 lb when x = distance from center of Earth; w(4000) = 6000, so k = 9.6×1010
Z 4000+b
and W = 9.6 × 1010 x−2 dx mi·lb.
4000

Z +∞ `
(b) 9.6 × 1010 x−2 dx = lim −9.6 × 1010 /x = 2.4 × 107 mi·lb.
4000 `→+∞ 4000

Z +∞ `
−st 2 −st 1
65. (a) L{f (t)} = te dt = lim −(t/s + 1/s )e = .
0 `→+∞ 0 s2
Z +∞ `
2 −st 2 2 3 −st 2
(b) L{f (t)} = t e dt = lim −(t /s + 2t/s + 2/s )e = .
0 `→+∞ 0 s3
Z +∞ `
−st 1 e−3s
(c) L{f (t)} = e dt = lim − e−st = .
3 `→+∞ s 3 s
Z +∞ Z +∞ p
√ √ 2 2 2
67. (a) u = ax, du = a dx, 2 e−ax dx = √ e−u du = π/a.
0 a 0

Z +∞ Z +∞
√ √ 2 −x2 /2σ 2 2 2
(b) x = 2σu, dx = 2σ du, √ e dx = √ e−u du = 1.
2πσ 0 π 0

Z 4
1
69. (a) dx ≈ 1.047; π/3 ≈ 1.047
0 x6 +1
Z +∞ Z 4 Z +∞ Z +∞ Z +∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) dx = dx + dx, so E = dx < dx = < 2 × 10−4 .
0 x6 + 1 0 x6 + 1 4 x6 + 1 4 x6 + 1 4 x6 5(4)5
Z 1 1 Z 1 1
dx dx x1−p
71. If p = 1, then = lim+ ln x = +∞; if p 6= 1, then p
= lim+ 1 − p
= lim+ [(1 − `1−p )/(1 − p)] =
 0 x `→0 ` 0 x `→0 ` `→0
1/(1 − p), p < 1
.
+∞, p>1
Z 1
73. 2 cos(u2 )du ≈ 1.809.
0

Chapter 7 Review Exercises

Z
1 2
1. u = 4 + 9x, du = 9 dx, u1/2 du = (4 + 9x)3/2 + C.
9 27
Z
2
3. u = cos θ, − u1/2 du = − cos3/2 θ + C.
3
Z
1 1
5. u = tan(x2 ), u2 du = tan3 (x2 ) + C.
2 6
198 Chapter 7

Z Z √ p
√ 1 1
7. (a) With u = x: √ √ dx = 2 √ du = 2 sin−1 (u/ 2) + C = 2 sin−1 ( x/2) + C; with u =
Z x 2 −Zx 2−u 2
√ 1 1 √ √ √
2−x : √ √ dx = −2 √ du = −2 sin−1 (u/ 2) + C = −2 sin−1 ( 2 − x/ 2) + C1 ; completing
Z x 2−x 2−u 2
1
the square: p dx = sin−1 (x − 1) + C.
1 − (x − 1)2
p
(b) In the three results
√ in part (a) the antiderivatives differ by a constant, in particular 2 sin−1 ( x/2) =
√
π − 2 sin−1 ( 2 − x/ 2) = π/2 + sin−1 (x − 1).
Z Z
9. u = x, dv = e−x dx, du = dx, v = −e−x ; xe−x dx = −xe−x + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C.

Z Z Z
2 2x 2x
11. u = ln(2x + 3), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3) − dx, but dx =
Z   2x + 3 Z 2x + 3 2x +3
3 3 3
1− dx = x − ln(2x + 3) + C1 , so ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3) − x + ln(2x + 3) + C.
2x + 3 2 2
Z
13. Let I denote 8x4 cos 2x dx. Then

diff. antidiff.
8x4 cos 2x
&+
3 1
32x sin 2x
2
&−
1
96x2 − cos 2x
4
&+
1
192x − sin 2x
8
&−
1
192 cos 2x
16
&+
1
0 sin 2x
32
Z
I = 8x4 cos 2x dx = (4x4 − 12x2 + 6) sin 2x + (8x3 − 12x) cos 2x + C.

Z Z
1 1 1
15. sin2 5θ dθ = (1 − cos 10θ)dθ = θ− sin 10θ + C.
2 2 20
Z Z
1 1 1
17. sin x cos 2x dx = (sin 3x − sin x)dx = − cos 3x + cos x + C.
2 6 2
Z Z  Z 
4 1 4 1 1 3 3 1
19. u = 2x, sin 2x dx = sin u du = − sin u cos u + sin u du = − sin3 u cos u+
2
2 2 4 4 8
 Z 
3 1 1 1 3 3 1 3
+ − sin u cos u + du = − sin3 u cos u − sin u cos u + u + C = − sin3 2x cos 2x − sin 2x cos 2x +
8 2 2 8 16 16 8 16
3
x + C.
8
Z Z
2 9 9 9 9 9
21. x = 3 sin θ, dx = 3 cos θ dθ, 9 sin θ dθ = (1 − cos 2θ)dθ = θ − sin 2θ + C = θ − sin θ cos θ + C
2 2 4 2 2
9 −1 1 p
= sin (x/3) − x 9 − x2 + C.
2 2
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 199

Z  p 
 
23. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C = ln x + x2 − 1 + C.

Z Z Z
2 2 3 9 9
25. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ, 9 tan θ sec θ dθ = 9 sec θ dθ−9 sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ− ln | sec θ+tan θ|+C
2 2
1 p 9 1p 1
= x 9 + x2 − ln | 9 + x2 + x| + C.
2 2 3 3
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27. = + ; A = − , B = , so − dx + dx = − ln |x + 4| + ln |x −
(x + 4)(x − 1) x+ 4 x−1 5 5 5 x+4 5 x−1 5 5
1  x − 1 
1| + C = ln  + C.
5 x + 4
Z  
x2 + 2 6 6 1 2
29. =x−2+ , x−2+ dx = x − 2x + 6 ln |x + 2| + C.
x+2 x+2 x+2 2
Z Z Z
x2 A B C 1 1 1
31. 3
= + + ; A = 1, B = −4, C = 4, so dx−4 dx+4 dx =
(x + 2) x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 2)3
2 x+2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)3
4 2
ln |x + 2| + − + C.
x + 2 (x + 2)2
Z Z √
1 x2 − 1
33. (a) With x = sec θ: dx = cot θ dθ = ln | sin θ| + C = ln + C; valid for |x| > 1.
x3 − x |x|
Z Z Z
1 1
(b) With x = sin θ: 3
dx = − dθ = − 2 csc 2θ dθ = − ln | csc 2θ − cot 2θ| + C = ln | cot θ| +
√ x −x sin θ cos θ
1 − x2
C = ln + C, 0 < |x| < 1.
|x|
Z
1 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) = + + =− + + ; dx = − ln |x|+ ln |x−1|+ ln |x+1|+C,
x3 − x x x−1 x+1 x 2(x − 1) 2(x + 1) x3 − x 2 2
valid on any interval not containing the numbers x = 0, ±1.

1 1
35. Formula (40); cos 2x − cos 16x + C.
4 32

1 p 1
37. Formula (113); (8x2 − 2x − 3) x − x2 + sin−1 (2x − 1) + C.
24 16

1
39. Formula (28); tan 2x − x + C.
2
√
41. Exact value = 4 − 2 2 ≈ 1.17157.

(a) 1.17138, |EM | ≈ 0.000190169. (b) 1.17195, |ET | ≈ 0.000380588. (c) 1.17157, |ES | ≈ 8.35 × 10−8 .

1 3 105 3 105
43. f (x) = √ , f 00 (x) = , f (4) (x) = (x + 1)−7/2 ; K2 = √ , K4 = √ .
x+1 4(x + 1)5/2 16(x + 1)9/2 24 2 28 2
23 3 1
(a) |EM | ≤ √ = √ ≈ 4.419417 × 10−4 .
2400 2 2 4 10 24 2
2

23 3
(b) |ET | ≤ √ = 8.838834 × 10−4 .
1200 24 2

25 105 7
(c) |ES | ≤ √ = √ ≈ 3.2224918 × 10−7 .
180 × 204 28 2 3 · 10 · 29 2
4
200 Chapter 7

8·3 102
45. (a) n2 ≥ 104 √ , so n ≥ 2 1/4 ≈ 21.02, n ≥ 22.
4
24 × 2 2 2 2

104 102
(b) n2 ≥ √ , so n ≥ ≈ 29.73, n ≥ 30.
23 2 2 · 23/4

 1/4
25 K4 25 105 7 7
(c) Let n = 2k, then want 4
≤ 10−4 , or k 4 ≥ 104 √ = 104 √ , so k ≥ 10 √ ≈
180(2k) 180 24 · 28 2 29 · 3 2 3 · 29 2
2.38; so k ≥ 3, n ≥ 6
`
−x
47. lim (−e ) = lim (−e−` + 1) = 1.
`→+∞ 0 `→+∞

`
√ √
49. lim −2 9 − x = lim 2(− 9 − ` + 3) = 6.
`→9− 0 `→9−

Z +∞ `
ln x − 1 ln x
51. A = dx = lim c − = 1/e.
e x2 `→+∞ x e

Z +∞ `
dx 1 −1 1 π
53. 2 2
= lim tan (x/a) = lim tan−1 (`/a) = = 1, a = π/2.
0 x +a `→+∞ a 0 `→+∞ a 2a
Z Z
√ √ 2 1 1 1 1 x
55. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = √ + C.
3 sec θ 3 3 3 3 + x2
Z π/4 π/4 π/4 π/4 π/4
1 1 1
57. Use Endpaper Formula (31) to get tan θ dθ = tan6 θ
7
− tan4 θ + tan2 θ + ln | cos θ| =
0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0
1 1 1 √ 5 √
− + − ln 2 = − ln 2.
6 4 2 12
Z Z Z
1 1
59. sin 2x cos 2x dx = sin 2x(1−sin 2x) cos 2x dx = (sin2 2x−sin4 2x) cos 2x dx = sin3 2x −
2 3 2 2
sin5 2x+C.
6 10
Z Z
1 1 2
61. u = e2x , dv = cos 3x dx, du = 2e2x dx, v = sin 3x; e2x cos 3x dx = e2x sin 3x − e2x sin 3x dx. Use u = e2x ,
Z 3 Z 3 Z3
1 2 1
dv = sin 3x dx to get e2x sin 3x dx = − e2x cos 3x + e2x cos 3x dx, so e2x cos 3x dx = e2x sin 3x +
Z Z 3 3 Z 3
2 2x 4 2x 13 2x 1 2x 2x 1 2x
e cos 3x− e cos 3x dx, e cos 3x dx = e (3 sin 3x+2 cos 3x)+C1 , e cos 3x dx = e (3 sin 3x+
9 9 9 9 13
2 cos 3x) + C.
Z Z
1 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
63. = + + ;A=− ,B= ,C= , so − dx + dx +
(x −
Z 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) x − 1 x + 2 x − 3 6 15 10 6 x−1 15 x+2
1 1 1 1 1
dx = − ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 3| + C.
10 x−3 6 15 10
Z 2 Z 2    2
√ 2u2 4 −1
65. u = x − 4, x = u2 + 4, dx = 2u du, 2
du = 2 1− du = 2u − 4 tan (u/2) = 4 − π.
0 u +4 0 u2 + 4 0

Z Z  
√ 2u 2 1 1
67. u = ex + 1, ex = u2 − 1, x = ln(u2 − 1), dx = 2 du, du = − du = ln |u − 1| −
√ x u −1 u2 − 1 u−1 u+1
e +1−1
ln |u + 1| + C = ln √ x + C.
e +1+1
Chapter 7 Making Connections 201

Z 1/2 1/2 Z 1/2

−1 1 −1 −1 x 1 1
69. u = sin x, dv = dx, du = √ dx, v = x; sin x dx = x sin x − √ dx = sin−1 +
1−x 2
0 0 0 1−x 2 2 2
p 1/2
1 π r3 π
√
3
1 − x2 = + −1= + − 1.
0 2 6 4 12 2
Z Z Z   p
x+3 u+2 2
71. p dx, let u = x+1, √ du = 2
u(u + 1) −1/2
+√ du = u2 + 1+2 sinh−1 u+C =
(x + 1)2 + 1 u2 + 1 u2 + 1
p
x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 sinh−1 (x + 1) + C.
Z Z Z
Alternate solution: let x + 1 = tan θ, (tan θ + 2) sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ dθ + 2 sec θ dθ = sec θ + 2 ln | sec θ +
p p
tan θ| + C = x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 ln( x2 + 2x + 2 + x + 1) + C.

`  
1 1 1 1
73. lim − = lim − + = .
`→+∞ 2(x2 + 1) a `→+∞ 2(`2 + 1) 2(a2 + 1) 2(a2 + 1)

Chapter 7 Making Connections

Z b b Z b Z b
1. (a) u = f (x), dv = dx, du = f 0 (x), v = x; f (x) dx = xf (x) − xf 0 (x) dx = bf (b) − af (a) − xf 0 (x) dx.
a a a a

Z b Z f (b)
0 0
(b) Substitute y = f (x), dy = f (x) dx, x = a when y = f (a), x = b when y = f (b), xf (x) dx = x dy =
a f (a)
Z f (b)
f −1 (y) dy.
f (a)

Z β
(c) From a = f −1 (α) and b = f −1 (β), we get bf (b) − af (a) = βf −1 (β) − αf −1 (α); then f −1 (x) dx =
α
Z β Z f (b) Z β Z b
−1 −1 −1
f (y) dy = f (y) dy, which, by part (b), yields f (x) dx = bf (b) − af (a) − f (x) dx =
α f (a) α a
Z f −1 (β) Z β Z f −1 (β)
βf −1 (β) − αf −1 (α) − f (x) dx. Note from the figure that A1 = f −1 (x) dx, A2 = f (x) dx,
f −1 (α) α f −1 (α)
and A1 + A2 = βf −1 (β) − αf −1
(α), a ”picture proof”.
y
b

A1

a A2
x
a = f –1(a) b = f –1(b)

Z +∞ `
−t −t
3. (a) Γ(1) = e dt = lim −e = lim (−e−` + 1) = 1.
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞

Z +∞ Z +∞ +∞
x −t x −t
(b) Γ(x + 1) = t e dt; let u = t , dv = e dt to get Γ(x + 1) = −t e x
+x −t
tx−1 e−t dt =
0 0 0
+∞
x −t tx
−t e +xΓ(x), lim tx e−t = lim t = 0 (by multiple applications of L’Hôpital’s rule), so Γ(x+1) = xΓ(x).
t→+∞ t→+∞ e
0

(c) Γ(2) = (1)Γ(1) = (1)(1) = 1, Γ(3) = 2Γ(2) = (2)(1) = 2, Γ(4) = 3Γ(3) = (3)(2) = 6. Thus Γ(n) = (n − 1)! if
n is a positive integer.
202 Chapter 7

  Z +∞ Z +∞
1 2 √ √ √
(d) Γ = t−1/2 e−t dt = 2 e−u du (with u = t) = 2( π/2) = π.
2 0 0

       
3 1 1 1√ 5 3 3 3√
(e) Γ = Γ = π, Γ = Γ = π.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4

p q   q p √
5. (a) cos θ − cos θ0 = 2 sin2 (θ0 /2) − sin2 (θ/2) = 2(k 2 − k 2 sin2 φ) = 2k 2 cos2 φ = 2 k cos φ; k sin φ =
q q
1 1 1 2k cos φ
sin(θ/2), so k cos φ dφ = cos(θ/2) dθ = 1 − sin2 (θ/2) dθ = 1 − k 2 sin2 φ dθ, thus dθ = p dφ
2 2 2 1 − k 2 sin2 φ
s Z s Z
8L π/2 1 2k cos φ L π/2 1
and hence T = √ · p dφ = 4 p dφ.
g 0 2k cos φ 2 2
1 − k sin φ g 0 1 − k 2 sin2 φ
√ Z π/2
3 dφ
(b) If L = 1.5 ft and θ0 = (π/180)(20) = π/9, then T = q ≈ 1.37 s.
2 0 1 − sin2 (π/18) sin2 φ