MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBER

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

OPTICAL TRANSMITTER

1. Typical Driver circuit for light Emitting Diode LED

In order to transmit digital signal through out optical fiber

cable ,LED or laser diode must be used to convert such signal
in the form of light pulses .Typical driver circuit diagram of
optical transmitter which uses LED is shown in Fig .1

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The circuit in Fig .1 operates as in the following steps to produce light

pulses

A . When the input digital signal is logic ( 1 ) i.e high voltage applied at
the input p n p transistor , then such transistor is conducted and then
IC current will pass through the LED which convert such electrical
current in the form of light pulses with an emission profile ( Radiation
pattern ) given by Equation . 1 .

And such profile is plotted as in Fig . 2 . by using spherical coordinates

, ) making the radius r constant

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B. When the input digital signal is logic ( 0 ) i.e low voltage applied at the
input of p n p transistor , then such transistor is cutoff and no IC
current will pass through the LED therefore no emission of light pulses
( dark pulse ).

2. Radiation (Emission profile )characteristic of LED

most LED'S used in optical transmitter have Radiant intensity is

given as in the following Equation as a function of spherical
coordinates( , )

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Now sub the value of d from Eq .4 , into Eq .3 . we get

The total radiated power with in a cone of an angle ,using Eq .5 can

be calculated from the evaluated of following integral:

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3. Power of Light Emitting Diode ( LED )

Most of LED diode emits light pulses which contains a band of

frequencies or wavelengths .Spectral characteristic often provided in
graphical form which illustrates the output optical power watt
against each wave length in emitted by laser as in Fig .3.B .The
most important parameter that can be found from spectral
characteristic graph show in Fig .3.B .is the spectral width ( .

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It is the band of optical wavelength at which the optical power equals

1/2 the peak power of power spectrum of the light source.
Typical values of spectral width of Led diode is (40-80 ) nm

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The useful Coupling power

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Input coupling attenuation ICL

Then

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 Scattering and Absorption Losses in
Multimode Optical fiber
As light propagated through the optical fiber it will suffer some power
reduction The main reasons for this loss are

1. The presence of impurities in the fiber material which causes some

of optical light to be either absorbed and dissipated as a heat ,as in
Fig .4 .

2. Scattering of optical light at a random angles due to the microscopic

variations in the concentration of the glass which tends to abrupt
change in the refractive index of the core as shown in Fig.4.

Absorption or scattering of the light depend greatly on the wavelength

and the core material of the fiber optic cable

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3. loss of light also occurs when there are small variation in the surface
of optical fiber core , these variation are known as micro bends , such
micro bends will change the angle at which light strikes the core to
cladding interface and can cause to refract into cladding rather than
reflect into the core as in Fig . 4.

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absorption and scattering attenuation AL ( D )

Where is called the attenuation constant which is specified

and measured by the manufacturer . fig .5 shows typical plot of
)as a function of wavelength in nm.

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It could be seen from Fig .5 that:

1. The Attenuation constant decreases as the wave length
increases
2. The optimum value of is about 0.2 dB / km in 1550 nm region
so this region is preferred by the optical fiber designer

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 Output Coupling Attenuation OCL

Calculation of the output coupling loss OCL

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now sub. the radius r into Eq .27 .

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Output coupling losses OCL in dB is defined as in the following

equation:

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 Power Link Budget Calculation

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Optical Receiver

Composition of Optical Receiver

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Responsivity of photo diode (R)

The Responsivity can also be expressed in terms of the

wavelength in of incident optical signal and the quantum
efficiency as in the following equation

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Additive White Gaussian thermal Noise (AWGN)

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then the standard deviation

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The Integrator as a matched filter

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Detection theory & Probability of error

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Since the received signal is digital unipolar signal ,then the

probability of error is given by:

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Fig .8: the S+N at the input & output of integrator

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Example

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Sol:

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 Dispersion in multi mode optical fiber
when digital data signal is sent along multimode fiber optic,
communication system information is generally contained in light
pulses .These pulses can become distorted as they travel through
the fiber .Three mechanisms cause this distortion in the signal:

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1 .Modal dispersion in Step Index Multimode Fiber Optic

Modal dispersion result because various modes ( path ) in the fiber core
are with different lengths from section that as light travels through the
fiber ,then some of the light reaches the end of the fiber sooner than the
rest. The result is the pulse of light containing the data transmitted is
D

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Dispersion due to Rise Time and full Time

of LED & Photo diode

Rise Time will cause a pulse spreading ( Dispersion ) at the receiving

end and then it will produce (ISI) as shown in the next figure.

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Material Dispersion in a multimode optical fiber

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Bandwidth Budget Calculation in multimode

optical fiber
As discussed previously we can conclude that the received digital signal
is spread in time due to the following

Then we may take the effect of all previous reasons of pulse spreading
as in Fig. 10, that the maximum allowable pulse time spreading T as

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