° Involves storical Introduction to Geochemistry tis: application of the principles of chemistry to geological problems and hence could develop as a science only after these two got established as scientific disciplines. © 41838 Schénbein (Swiss; discovered ozone) used the term Gercheristryy ; Tb @ bvanek Mp sctence tak denhs wie de Chemveck cmitthuiven of rhe Favre OS 4 Lihtle end alse ibs pave. Dd shader Aertel) Apect peelhy dee deh bake eA vee kee Ahuelawes Mo abipere th elem mt enh A ame ibe Ha Covi, 3) alive pRabies He beet) Mb reoryemieebe fn We ele bee Ear duviey te gecleert Livery, Homeyt lew Shere br GE andpees ol Aub pnlyre® IpoceesserHow it was developed? Two important precursors for the growth of this branch in 17th and 18th centuries: J. Lavoisier (father of modern chemistry) 1789 recognised 30 elements Discovery of chemical elements 1720 to 1850 : 46 elements were discovered 1850 to 1925 : 30 more elements were discovered 1869 : Mendeleev gave periodic table 1870 : J.L. Meyer also gave periodic table independently Sensitive and accurate techniques for analyses of rocks and minerals.Pioneering Contributions... F.W. Clarke (1924) The data of geochemistry (Chief chemist of the U.S. G.S) V.I. Vernadsky (1924) La Geochimie, Alcan press, Paris (emphasis on biosphere on other spheres) Goldschmidt, V.M., (1954) Geochemistry 730pp, Clarendon press, Oxford (completed by A. Muir) Hawkes, H.E., and Webb, J.S., (1962) Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, Harper and Row Publisher, New York, Rankama, K. and Sahama, Th.G. (1950) Geochemistry, University of Chicago pressGeochemistry- Goldschmidt ¢ Quantitative determination of composition of the Earth and its parts (analytical data on rocks, waters, atmosphere, meterorites, cosmochemistry, geophysics of interior, laboratory experiments on mineral stabilities) « To discover the laws which control distribution of individual elementsGoldschmidt Conferences.. USA & Europe alternatively every year.. Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888-1947) born at Zurich In a German family V.M. Goldschmidt Award shall be made for major achievements in geochemistry or cosmochemistry, consisting of either a single outstanding contribution, or a series of publications that have had great influence on the field. The award will normally be given annually at the V. M. Goldschmidt Conference.Major goals of geochemistry? To know the distribution of elements in the Earth and solar system To discover causes for the observed chemical composition of terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials To study chemical reactions on the Earth's surface, it’s interior and in the solar system To assemble this information into GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES and to learn how these cycles operated in the geological past and how they may be altered in future.Origin of the Solar System-1 Intense speculation! French Philosopher Buffon 1749- planets were torn from the body of the sun bya collisionwith another star (due to external forces). Kant 1755: Original solar nebulae existed .. Regions with higher density than the average acted as sinks for matter and planets grow at these centres. Laplace 1796: visualised sun as a rotatin, solar system from which other increasing rotational speed. ig tenuous mass occupying entire mass of present day planets were derived as gaseous rings due to centrifugal force by C.F. = the outward force ona body moving in a curved path around another body Nebuler hypothesis : Kant and Laplace Maxwel i800 ehelionged it and angular momentu a m of planets is inconsistentwith Laplace predictions... favored Buffon’s model. A.M. = the product of the momentum of a rotating body and its distance from the axis of rotation. Chamberlain. Moulton.. Jeans and Jeffries...Origin of the Solar System-2 Planetesimal hyporthesis (Chamberlain-Moulton): planets formed by the aggregation of small solid particles. Jeans-Jeffries hypothesis: planets formed by condensation of gases. Von Weizsacker (1944) gave a new hypothesis by mixing nebular and planetsimal hypotheses. Sun was surrounded by a disk of rotating gas that would experience turbulence and break up into a number of smaller eddies. Where the eddies met, conditions were supposed to be suitable for planets to form, from the continuous aggregation of progressively larger bodies.Stages in Planetary Evolution 1d for reproduction or display. Permisslor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1, Planetesimals ... small bodies formed from dust and gas eddies 2. Protoplanets 9 or 10 formed from planetesimals 3. Planets formed by combining Pn protoplanets swept up / ae by gravitational attraction. 3.Big Bang theory expanding universe ever since 13.9 Billion years ago) » Georgus Lemaitre in 1920s developed by Eric Hubble. Fred Hoyle (Coined the name Big bang theory). The Big Bang is a theoretical attempt to explain the movements of the galaxies that have been observed for decades. If galaxies are moving away from one another, then itis likely that in the past they were closer together. The farther back we extrapolate, the theory goes, the closer together everything was.Origin of the Solar system-4 Fred Hoyle Rejected it and favored a Steady State theory Or Infinite Universe theory The Steady State Theory says that the universe existed for eternity past and will exist for eternity future, and that the various objects, including galaxies, are fixed in place and not moving relative to one another. Albert Einstein favored it in his younger times. But no takers for study state theory now since it is proven that galaxies moved a great distances. Various gravitative constraints showed that steady state theory wouid result in unstable and chaotic conditions and is not sustainable. Hoyle also gave Stellar nucelosynthesis theory where lighter elements by nuclear reactions gave way to heavier elements. Jayant Narlikar worked with him (Hoyle-Narlikar theory)Origin of the elements - 1 Liquids + Gases + Solids on Earth = made up of 92 elements The same 92 elements are found throughout the universe. Spectral Lines of each element are UNIQUE and no two elements share same position - SPECTROSCOPY But how are these elements created? How did they get they so widely disseminated?Origin of the elements - 2 Nuclei of hydrogen and helium, the lightestand most abundant elements in the visible universe, were created immediately following the Big Bang. Elements are composed of tiny particles called ATOMS thatare indi conditions. le undernormal Cer en exposed to high heat and pressure, atoms can either break apartor fuse fogether. Under these conditions, the nucleus of one elementcan fuse with the nucleus ofa different element, creating the nucleus of a heavier element. When elements lighter than iron form, the mass of the new nucleusis less than the combined mass of the two original nuclei. The differencein mass between the two is released as ENERGY. in case of Hydrogen, the two protons have to be brou: ht cioser to overcome electrostatic repulsions by nuclearforce and subsequent release of energy. In stars, this kind of reactionis referred to as stellar NUCLEOSYNTHESIS, or commonly known as NUCLEAR FUSION (Hydrogen Bombs)Origin of the elements - 3 What is the evidence? Stars are fueled by nuclear fusion reactions, which take place in their deep interiors, or cores. The energy produced by these fusion reactions prevents the star from collapsing under its own gravity. Mature stars contain enough hydrogen nuclei to last billions of years. + When 2 star's hydrogen fuel supply is spent, however, its core begins to contract. The contraction is so intense that it creates conditions under which helium nuclei fuse. Then, helium becomes the star's next fuel source. The fusion of helium nuclei produces carbon and oxygen nuciei, and in the process sufficient energy is released to temporarily sustain the star.Origin of the elements - 4 Since the heaviest element created in a star by nuclear fusion reactionsis iron, a large iron core eventually forms at the center of everything. Ai this point, gravity becomes overwhelming, the core collapses, and an explosion occurs, during which outer layers of gas and heavy elements are ejected to space. Such explosions, called Supernovas, occur aboutoncea century in our galaxy. 7 The energy created by supernovas produces nuclei heavier than iron. This process is known as Supernova nucleosynthesis.Vari tous processes of elemental origin 1. Hydrogen “burning” to produce helium. 2, Helium “burning” to produce C¥, O18, Ne**, and perhaps Mg. 3. Alpha-particle processes, in which Mg?4, Si?8, S82, Ar®®, and Ca!® are produced by successive additions of alpha-particles to O28 and Ne®®. 4. The equilibrium e-process, a statistical equilibrium between nuclei. protons, and neutrons, accounting for the abundance peak at iron. 5. The s-process, in which neutrons are captured at a relatively slow rate. ents up to and including Bie, producing elem: 6. The r-process, in which neutrons are captured at a fast rate producing elements up to Cf2% (californium). 7. The p-process, in which proton-rich isobars are produced. 3. The x-process, responsible for the production of Li, Be, and B.jenung pedeys yoo) Y3SEWAN LN3W313 os OL 09 os Ov of O6 THORIUM oe uraNIUM RELATIVE ABUNDANCE —— - a & ae 10 Ors 2 Zz 2 Zz O° = a) 5 x c c z a < e z eZ mh 4 é ea & = Be gz es = 4 3 2 rec HNETIUM (NO STABLE ISOTOPES-I,E.,A8S. IN NATURE) = (NO STABLE ISOTOPES-I.E.,ABS. IN ‘ancl 4 sjusule|e Jo ssouepuNgy d1WWsO5 ~~ LEAD BISMUTH boCosmic Abundances of elements..some facts.1 (Hees aye Helium are most abundant of the elements Abundances of first 50 elements decrease exponentially (geometric growth or equal intervals in a geometric progression..Malthussian growth curve). Abundances of elements with atomic number >50 are very low and donot vary appreciably with increasing atomic number. Elements having even atomic numbers are more abundant than their imemdiate neighbours with odd atomic numbers (Oddo- Hawkins rule). this is connected with processes such as helium burning (see nucleosynthesis). Bete ing block, and so additions produce even numbers. » 4,He + 4,He — Be: 8 Be + 4,He — 16C.Cosmic Abundances of elements..some facts.2 Abundances of Li, Be and Bo are anomalously low compared to other elements of low atomic number. / Abundances of iron are notably higher than those of elements with similar atomic number. + Two elements technetium (Tc atomic number 43) and promethium (Pm ; atomic number 61) donot occur in solar system because all of their isotopes are unstable and decay rapidly. Elements with atomic numbers more than 83 (Bi) have no stable isotopes but occur naturally at very low abundances. This is because they are daughters of long-lived radioactive isotopes of U and Th.Branches of Geochemistry Isotope geochemistry Cosmochemistry Biogeochemistry Organic geochemisty Environmental geochemistry Exploration geochemistry Analytical geochemistry Agricultural geochemistry Multi-disciplinary in nature with other branches .Major Geochemical Institutes of India NGRI, Hyderabad PRL, Ahmedabad NIO, Goa NEERI, Nagpur GSI, Kolkata IBM, Nagpur CESS, Trivandrum \ISc, Bangalore ITs KGPImportant Reference books.. Principles of Geochemistry by Mason and Moore Introduction to Geochemistry by Konrad Krauskopf Principles and applications of Inorganic Geochemistry by Gunter Faure Inorganic Geochemistry by Paul Henderson Using Geochemical data by Hugh Rollinson .. And many more..