27/02/2023

ABEN 4425:
AB WASTE MANAGEMENT
ENGINEERING

Pre-requisite : ABEN 4512

Credit : 3 units

No. of Hours : 5 hours a week

(2 lec, 3 lab)

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Course Evaluation
Lecture : 67%
- Exams
- Quizes
- Assignments/TermPapers
Laboratory : 33%
- Exams
- Lab Exercises/Problem Sets

Passing : 60%

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Characterization of agricultural and bio-

product wastes; processes and systems;
analysis and design of agricultural waste
utilization, treatment and management
systems, economics, entrepreneurial,
environmental, institutional and legal
aspects of waste utilization.

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COURSE COVERAGE
COURSE OUTCOMES TOPICS
1.1. Overview of AB waste management
engineering
1.2. State of the art technologies on AB waste
explain the principles of waste management
management engineering 1.3. Existing laws and regulations, policy and
water quality standards with emphasis on
Philippine Clean Water Act, and
Philippine Clean Air Act
2.1Agricultural and Biosystems wastes and its
characteristics
characterize AB wastes, processes, 2.2. Role of soils in AB wastes management
and systems 2.3. Role of plants in AB wastes management
2.4. Geologic and groundwater considerations in
AB wastes management

COURSE COVERAGE
COURSE OUTCOMES TOPICS

3.1 Siting AB wastes management system

3.2. Types and functions of AB wastes
management systems
design AB wastes treatment and
3.3. Design of AB waste treatment and
management systems management systems
e.g., biogas systems, treatment lagoons,
composting and other similar technologies
4.1. AB wastes processing and utilization – waste
recycling and energy conversion
analyze the economics, entrepreneurial 4.2. Waste management equipment, operation
possibilities, and the environment, and safety
institutional and legal aspects of waste 4.3. Economic analysis of AB waste processing
utilization and utilization
4.4. Environmental, institutional, and legal
aspects of AB waste utilization

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AGRICULTURAL WASTE

- which includes both natural (organic) and non-natural

wastes, is a general term used to describe waste
produced as a result of various agricultural operations.
It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry
houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer
run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air
or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.
-(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

AGRICULTURAL WASTE
- Agricultural wastes are non-product outputs of production and
processing of agricultural products that may contain material
that can benefit man but whose economic values are less than
the cost of collection, transportation,and processing for
beneficial use.
- Agricultural waste otherwise called agro-waste is comprised of
animal waste (manure, animal carcasses), food processing
waste (only 20% of maize is canned and 80% is waste), crop
waste (corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, drops and culls from
fruits and vegetables, prunings) and hazardous and toxic
agricultural waste (pesticides, insecticides and herbicides, etc).

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SCOPE:
agricultural solid waste
- wastes resulting from the production and
processing of crops and animals or agricultural
products, including manures with at least 20%
solids, pruning and crop residues wherever
produced.
agricultural liquid waste
- consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the
production of livestock and poultry; and
processing of crops.

Major Sources of
in the Philippines
-
RA 9513 (Renewable Energy Act) development and advancement of renewable energy (RE)
resources (biomass, solar, wind, run-off river hydro), and the development of a strategic program to increase its
utilization.

✓ Non-fossilized biodegradable organic materials

✓ Originating from naturally occuring or cultured
plants, animals & microorganisms include agri'l
by-products, residues
✓ rice hull/straw, corn cob/stalk
✓ sugarcane bagasse, trash
✓ coconut husk/shell, frond
✓ animal manure: poultry, piggery, etc.
✓ Biodegradable industrial wastes
✓ energy crop: napier grass, sweet sorghum,
bamboo

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Major Sources of Biomass in the Philippines

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Major agricultural crops wastes and processing residues with

potential organic fertilizer use available in the Philippines
Crop Waste Products and Processing Residues
Rice straw, hulls
Corn cobs, husks, leaves, stalks
Coconut coconut milk, coconut husk (as coir dust)
Sugarcane sugarcane tops, bagasse, mudpress
Banana trunk, leaves, reject fruits, peels
Pineapple plant, crown, peel, core, pulp
Coffee pulp
Mango rejects, peel, pulp
Tobacco midribs, reject leaves
Abaca leaves
Cacao pods, core
Cassava trunk, leaves, peel, washings
Peanut plant, pods, reject beans
Mung bean plant, pods, reject beans
Vegetables rejects

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Waste Management Trends and Technologies

Technology advancements become more common in which waste
management will continue to become more sustainable.

Most futuristic methods in use today:

1. Smart Waste Bins
- include sensors that detect trash levels so they can alert users
when they’re full.
- Some of these trash cans have interactive screens to guide
users toward better waste management. They can tell people
how to dispose of different items or communicate the
environmental impact of some trash.

Waste Management Trends and Technologies

2. Plasma Gasification
- A waste-to-energy processes that prevent waste from ending
up in landfills and create relatively green power sources
- In this process, plasma heats waste to extreme temperatures
and converts it into usable gases like hydrogen
3. Pneumatic Waste Collection
- fossil fuel-powered trucks to pick up their trash that use
vacuum suction to empty garbage bins through a network of
underground pneumatic tubes
- Pneumatic tubes are powered by air compressors, so their
energy consumption is minimal

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Waste Management Trends and Technologies

4. Fleet Management Systems
- allow drivers to adjust their routes to save time and reduce
emissions
- These systems use a network of sensors and GPS data to
optimize vehicles’ routes
5. AI Waste Sorting
- AI applications like machine vision can help automated
systems differentiate between different kinds of waste. They
can then sort it more effectively and provide insights into
areas’ disposal practices

Philippine enabling laws on the

utilization of agricultural waste for
sustainable development

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Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development
1. Air Quality Management

 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) – an act providing for a
comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes. It seeks to
uphold the right of every Filipino to breathe clean air by addressing air pollution
from mobile and stationary sources.

- reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the country.

- prohibits incineration of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, except in
cases of traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation
“siga”, traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and
crematoria.
Lead agency: DENR

 Sample of air pollution (haze/smog)

 Emission testing center

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DENR-EMB assistant director Eva

Ocfemia said that the air pollutant
concentration in the National
Capital Region reached 130
micrograms per normal cubic meter
(µg/Ncm) in terms of total
suspended particulates (TSP), up
from 106 µg/Ncm at year's end in
2014. The maximum safe level of air
pollutant concentration is 90
µg/Ncm.

• Particulates are tiny airborne particles or aerosols that are less than 100 micrometers.
Their sources include:
• soil
• bacteria and viruses
• fungi, molds and yeast
• pollen
• combustion products from space heating
• industrial processes
• power generation
• motor vehicle use

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, particulate matter (PM) small enough to
be inhaled include gases emitted from motor vehicles, and "can affect the heart and lungs and
cause serious health effects."

Pollution, particularly from PM that can find its way deep into lungs, is to blame for 3.2 million
preventable deaths every year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development
2. Solid Waste Management

 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA

9003) – mandates Local Government Units to divert at
least 25 percent of their solid waste into recycling and

X
composting, and away from disposal sites
 RA 9003 mandates the closure of open dumps or their
conversion into sanitary landfills
 The law provides that the primary responsibility on the
implementation of waste segregation and disposal at
source is lodged with the LGUs,”

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

 Among its features include:

- Waste segregation, waste
reduction and recycling
programs
- Construction of material
Waste segregation practices
recovery facilities/systems
Recycling - Construction of sanitary
dumpsites to sanitary landfills
- Integration of ecological solid
waste concepts in academic
curricula

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Recycle!

Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development

 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) - direct the DENR
to safeguard our water resources and implement a wastewater
charge system in all management areas through the collection
of wastewater charges/fees
 aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from
land-based sources

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Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development

Other Environmental Laws

 Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367) – an act to direct the use of

biofuels establishing for this purpose the Biofuel Program,
appropriating funds thereof, and for other purposes

- mandates the blending of minimum 10% (E10) motor fuel

grade (anhydrous), eventually locally-sourced bioethanol
and 2% biodiesel (B2) and other biofuels biomass. (SEC.
5. Mandatory Use of Biofuels)

Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367) – Where are we now?

• Petron Philippines
- Petron opened the 1st Fuel additives blending plant in Asia-Pacific in 2008 (Subic)
- E10 Premium Gasoline (Petron bought the first locally produced fuel grade
ethanol in Leyte)
• Shell Philippines
- complies with 2% Biodiesel Blend Mandate
- E10 Premium Gasoline
• SEAOIL Philippines
- E10 Gasoline (90% gasoline and 10% ethanol)
- Biodiesel (BioXceed diesel)
• CHEVRON Philippines - which produces the Caltex fuel
- Caltex E10 with Techron (90% gasoline and 10% ethanol)

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Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367) – Where are we now?

 The use of the mandated 1-percent coco-biodiesel blend (B1)

has significantly cut down carbon emissions in Metro Manila,
There has been a drastic 24.2-percent reduction in amount of
total suspended particulates [TSP] and particulate matter [PM]
in the air in the third quarter of the year," (DENR).- Business
Mirror, December 5, 2007
 It was increased to 2 percent (B2) in 2007.
 With the country’s annual consumption of diesel fuel at nearly
14 billion liters per year, Philippine Biodiesel Association (TPBA)
said B2 has already reduced CO2 emissions (CO2E) by 756
million kilos CO2E.

Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development

Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)

– systematically integrates the concept of climate change in
various phases of policy formulation, development plans,
poverty reduction strategies and other development tools and
techniques by all agencies and instrumentalities of the
government
- likewise adopts the strategic goals in order to build national
and local resilience to climate change-related disasters.
- Approved on October 23, 2009

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Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development
 Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (RA 10068)

– promotes, propagates, develops further, and implements

the practice of organic agriculture that will cumulatively
condition and enrich the fertility of the soil and increase
farm productivity;
- reduce pollution and destruction of the environment;
prevent the depletion of natural resources;
- protect the health of farmers, consumers and general
public
- Approved last April 06, 2010

Philippine enabling laws on the utilization of

agricultural waste for sustainable development
Organic refers to the particular farming and processing system,
described in the standards and not in the classical chemical sense.
The term "organic" is synonymous in other languages to "biological"
or "ecological".

Organic agriculture includes all agricultural systems that promote

the ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable
and technically feasible production of food and fibers. It covers soil
fertility management, varietal breeding and selection under
chemical-free conditions, and the use of biotechnology and other
cultural practices that are consistent with the principles and policies
of RA 10068. It excludes the use of modified organisms or GMOs.

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Philippine Status Re: Implementation of

Environmental Laws

(ASSIGNMENT)

where are we now?

RA 9003
 mandates that open and controlled dumps should have been closed in
2004 and 2006 and replaced by “sanitary landfills,” but only for residual
wastes after segregation at source
 Biodegradable wastes must be composted, and non-biodegradable
wastes, re-used, sold, and recycled (Section 32). The 3Rs model remains
the most reliable and useful strategy for efficient and effective
management of solid waste,” Cimatu said.
 The landfill should be designed for only five years of use “during which
people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and
sustainable waste disposal” (Sec. 40- f).

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RA 9003

Payatas dumpsite

The old dumpsite is

being converted into a
tree park this year. So
far, 9 hectares have been
covered with soil and
planted with trees.

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RA 8749
 Our country bans burning and incineration technology (RA 9003,
Sec. 2-d, and RA 8749
 “Coal-fired power plants are allowed, but we need to tell them the
limit of their emissions. If they emit more than what we prescribe
them, then we will close their operations. But if they do pass, they
shall be allowed to operate because that is within the law,” Cimatu
said.
 Another safeguard, he said, is the installation of continuous emission
monitoring system (CEMS) as prescribed under different
administrative orders issued in 2007.
 Particulate emissions are largely from motor vehicles (84 percent), solid
waste burning (10 percent), and industries (5.5 percent).

RA 9367
• Compliance with the current 10-percent mandate for ethanol blend in gasoline seems more
challenging for the Philippines due to lack of capacity of existing sugarcane distilleries, low
productivity, and high production costs, according to a study by the US Department of Agriculture-
Foreign Agricultural Service.
• A study by the United Nations Conference on Trade Development or Unctad said the Philippines
would likely remain a net importer of fuel. This means the Biofuels Law has not met its intended
outcome. Unctad said local oil companies have been importing ethanol, mainly from Thailand, to
comply with the government’s 10-percent ethanol blend or E10 requirement.

The DENR currently undertakes a technical cooperation project with the Japanese government
on the use of advanced waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies, through thermal processes that
eliminate incinerators. The cities of Quezon, Cebu and Davao have been chosen as pilot sites for
the project.

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RA 9367

RA 9275
More than two dozens mining
operations were either issued
suspension or closure orders for
failing a mine audit. Lopez had also
issued “show-cause” orders, which
threaten the cancellation of 75 mineral
production and sharing agreement.

Cimatu has vowed to uphold Lopez’s

pro-environment policies, particularly
in declaring watersheds as off-limits
to mining and destructive
development projects.

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Environment Secretary Gina Lopez said the 23

companies, which are operating on or near
watersheds, caused siltation of coastal waters and
destruction of watersheds, among other violations.
Siltation happens when excessive mineral particles
contaminate a body of water.
Lopez said these firms should stop operating until
President Rodrigo Duterte says otherwise.

The basis for the closure? The Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
decided to close any kind of mining operation in
"functional watersheds."

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RA 9275

RA 10068
 Compared to many Asian countries, the organic agriculture sector in the
Philippines is still in its formative years.
 Production of organic agriculture products remains marginal with less than one
percent (0.12% = 14, 140 ha) of the country’s agricultural land devoted to organic
farming.
 The domestic organic market in the Philippines has been described as a “niche”
market sold mainly in specialty stores and weekend markets in Metro Manila.
 The promotion of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines faces many challenges:
policy gaps, lack of production support, promotion and awareness activities;
fragmented and inadequate research and development, extension and capability
building activities; and poor market systems. One of the main challenges inorganic
agriculture is to be competitive with conventional farming systems

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LA TRINIDAD, Benguet — In support

to the rural development program of
President Rodrigo Duterte, the Technical
Education and Skills Development
Authority-Cordillera (TESDA-CAR) has
finally opened its very first TESDA-
accredited organic farm schools in
Benguet province to train new organic
farmers.

Conclusion:

 Good laws have been passed, government efforts on alleviating

garbage problems in Metro Manila and major urban centers across
the country have seen improvements since Republic Act 9003, or the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, was put in motion in 2000.
Amazingly, 17 years later, we are still in neck-deep sea of rubbish.
Major gaps cry out to be filled because the solution lies not only on
laws or government effort, but at the source of waste itself—the
consumers.

DISCIPLINE! Change begins within us..

 We can bring about positive change if we work together as a
nation—for the environment, for the country, for every Filipino. We
hold the key.

“Business Mirror, August 09, 2017”

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Practices of Other Countries

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Incinerator Facility

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China’s Practice on Circular Agriculture

Netherlands

The Dutch approach is to avoid

creating waste as much as possible,
recover usable and valuable raw
materials and generate energy by
incinerating residual waste.
Landfilling is only allowed for waste
streams for which no recovery or
incineration is possible. This
approach is known as 'the order
of preference'.

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AWMS
PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS

AWMS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

 Planning an agricultural waste management system (AWMS)
involves the same process used for any type of natural
resource management system. Each system includes a group
or series of practices planned, designed, and installed to
meet a need.

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

III. AWMS PLAN

IV. WASTE IMPOUNDMENT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

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❖ PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF

NATURAL RESOURCES

 Natural Resource
- is any naturally occurring resource
needed by an organism, population,
or ecological system.

• It must be assured that the nature,

extent, and importance of natural
resource conservation must be
recognized.

Figure 1. Resource Considerations

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(a) Soil
- most often the medium used in the final assimilation of many of the
agricultural waste products.

-the rate at which liquid wastes are applied must not exceed the
soil’s infiltration rate to avoid runoff, which can cause erosion and
convey contaminants.

Advantages:
-the application of organic agricultural wastes can have a
benefcial influence on soil condition by improving tilth, decreasing
crusting, increasing organic matter, and increasing infltration.

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I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(b) Water
- both clean and contaminated, must be considered.

- exclude unneeded clean water and capture

polluted water for storage or treatment for
subsequent use when conditions are appropriate.

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(c) Air
- Proper siting, selection, design, and operation can
reduce the formation and release of air emissions.
Meteorological and topographical features of the area
around the AWMS must be considered.

An AWMS may be a source of emissions of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), ammonia, odorous sulfur compounds,
particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), methane, and N2O.

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I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(d) Plants

- are utilized to recycle the nutrients available in agricultural waste.

- the application of wastes must be planned so that the available

nutrients do not exceed the plant’s need or contain other
constituents in amounts that would be toxic to plant growth.

- To develop a utilization component where the wastes

will be used to help meet the nutrient needs of crops, plants
selected must be adapted to the site conditions.

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(e) Animals

- Planning should also consider feed management,

biosecurity and catastrophic animal mortality (CAM),
and wildlife.
- water over-enriched by nutrients, contaminated by
agricultural chemicals, or polluted by bacteria can result
in an environment that has a very negative effect on
animals.

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I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(f) Energy
- the goal must be to help producers and private
landowners reduce the use of fossil fuel-based energy
by:
• improving the efficiency of energy use
• conserving energy
• producing renewable energy
• producing biomass energy feedstocks in a
sustainable manner

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(g) Human

▪ Community or social factors must be taken into consideration.

▪ Planning must deal not only with complex technological

considerations, but also human or social considerations.

▪ Human safety must be considered in planning an AWMS.

Potential hazards are numerous, therefore, safety measures
must be incorporated into structures and must be stressed in
operation and maintenance plans.

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I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(h) Cultural

▪ Any cultural resources discovered onsite which may include

pioneer homes, buildings or old roads; structures with unique
architecture; prehistoric village sites; historic or prehistoric
artifacts or objects; rock inscription; human burial sites; and
earthworks, such as battlefield entrenchments, prehistoric
canals must be evaluated.

I. PLANNING FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(i) Economic

▪ Average annual costs and associated benefts should be

developed for the evaluation.
▪ It is important to accurately account for possible cost
reductions that can contribute to the long-term viability of a
farm.
(e.g. If the land user would account for animal waste applications,
then purchased inputs (nutrients) could be reduced. If treated, the
waste can be used for bedding or energy production).

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II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

Planning Process

II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE I. (Collection and Analysis)

(a) Identify the problem - recognize the need to develop
an AWMS that will protect the resource base.

(b)Determine the objectives - requires developing an

understanding with the desired future conditions for the
planning area as compared to the existing conditions.

e.g. The primary objective is to use the waste for power

generation rather than for land application.

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II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE I. (Collection and Analysis)

(c) Inventory the resources - Planning an AWMS requires an

inventory based on compilation of data from many
different sources. Some of the required data can be
digitally measured.

Items: Type of enterprise, Size of enterprise,Site location,

present facilities, Land availability, Soil, Topography, Climate,
Geology, Crops, etc.

II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE II. (Decision Support)

(d)Analyze the source data - the resource data collected in
the previous planning step should be analyzed. This step can
be best accomplished by viewing an AWMS as having six
functions (figs. 2–1 and 2–4): production, collection, transfer,
storage, treatment, and utilization.

(e) Formulate alternative solutions - is used to develop

alternative AWMSs based on the analysis of the inventory
data as cataloged into one of the six functions of an AWMS

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II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE II. (Decision Support)

(f) Evaluate alternative solutions - Alternative solutions

need to be evaluated to determine if they meet the objectives,
solve the problem, and are socially, culturally, and
economically acceptable.

II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE III. (Application and Evaluation)

(g)Client determines a course of action - Resource

information and data that need to be documented provide a
basis for the decisions that are to be made.

(h) Client implements the plan - Well-planned, economically

sound, and acceptable plans have a much greater likelihood
of being implemented.

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II. CONSERVATION PLANNING PROCESS

PHASE III. (Application and Evaluation)

(i) Evaluation of the results of the plan

- Changing demands, growth, and technological advances
create a need to evaluate an AWMS to update objectives and
modify plans.

Plans developed but not implemented within a few years should

be reevaluated. This requires repeating some or all of the planning
elements to maintain a viable plan.

III. AWMS PLAN

- is prepared as an integral part of and in concert with

conservation plans.

a. Purpose -to provide the producer with all the information

necessary to manage agricultural wastes in a manner to
protect the air, soil, water, plant, animal, and energy
resources. The plan is necessary to comply with the
country's regulation or law.

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III. AWMS PLAN

b. Contents of the plan

• a description of all system components or practices

planned
• the sequence and schedule of component installation
• the operation and maintenance requirements including
a time schedule
• engineering design and layout information on location,
size, and amounts

III. AWMS PLAN

b. Contents of the plan

• nutrient management plans, including an accounting of

the nutrients available, crops and feilds where applied,
and amount and timing of application
• biosecurity measures and CAM response plan
• information showing the relationship between the
AWMS and the other management systems

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IV. Waste Impoundment

Planning Considerations

Due to potential risk of waste impoundments because

of the nature of material they contain, where
significant potential in failure to degrade soil, water,
air, plant, and animal resources as well as negatively
impact the human environment, there are two of
Potential of failure that must be considered:
• embankment breach or accidental release
• liner failure

Consequences of Failure
(a)Potential risk from sudden breach of embankment or accidental
releases of waste impoundments

1. Contamination of surface waterbody with microorganisms,

organic matter, and nutrients.
- may kill aquatic life and make the water unsuitable for its
intended use.
- the waterbody would most likely be discolored.

precautionary measures should be considered in planning and

design to minimize the risk or consequences if a hydraulic analysis
indicates that a surface waterbody may be impacted

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Consequences of Failure
(a)Potential risk from sudden breach of embankment or
accidental releases of waste impoundments

2. May cause severe erosion and destruction of cropland and

critical habitat.
- would contaminate areas where people live can potentially
lead to human health problems.

Waste impoundments planned with embankments where

significant direct property damage may occur should be
evaluated with an appropriate breach routing procedure

Features, safeguards, or management measures to minimize the

risk of embankment failure or accidental release or to minimize or
mitigate impact of this type of failure should be considered if one
or more of the categories listed in table 4 may be significantly
impacted.

Table 4. Potential impact categories from breach of embankment or

accidental release
Surface waterbodies—perennial streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries
Critical habitat
Farmstead or other areas of habitation
Off-farm property

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Considerations to minimize the potential for accidental

release of gravity outlets

• Use outlet gate locks or locked gate housing.

• Have a secondary containment.
• Use an alarm system.
• Do not use a gravity outlet. Use another means of emptying
the required volume.

Development of an emergency action plan should be considered

for waste impoundments where there is potential for significant
impact from breach or accidental release.

(b)Potential hazard of liner failure for waste impoundments

Waste impoundments present a risk of contaminating
underlying groundwater aquifers and surface water that may be
fed by these aquifers because of the nutrients and microorganisms
contained in the wastewater.

The seepage protection planned for a waste impoundment

should correspond to the risk involved. A thorough geologic
investigation is essential as a prerequisite to planning seepage
control for a waste impoundment.

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Special consideration should be given to seepage

control in any one of the following conditions:

• any underlying aquifer is at a shallow depth and not

confined
• the vadose zone is rock
• the aquifer is a domestic water supply or ecologically
vital water supply
• the site is located in an area of carbonate rock
(limestone or dolomite)

(c)Potential impact from odors and gaseous emissions from

waste impoundments

Potential odors from a livestock operation are not

limited to waste impoundments.
e.g., (housing units and milking parlors), open lots,
the animals themselves, and operational activities, such
as agitation and land application.

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(c)Potential impact from odors and gaseous emissions from waste

impoundments
❖ Factors
 Odors from an AWMS vary in intensity, frequency, and duration
depending on time of year, time of day, weather conditions,
and management activities underway.
 Physiographic characteristics of the site, including such items as
topography, vegetation, and cultural features, can also affect
the potential for impact.

✓ Choose the best site possible. This siting will maximize separation
distance and use prevailing wind direction, topography,
buildings, and vegetative screens to direct and dissipate odors.

(c)Potential impact from odors and gaseous emissions

from waste impoundments
 Owner/operator assessment  Neighboring farms assessment
• tenure • tenure
• type of enterprise • type of enterprise
• size of enterprise • size of enterprise
• future plans for expansion
• perception of odors
• perception of odors
 Community assessment
• composition—percent rural vs. percent
 Nonfarm neighbors' assessment urban
• tenure
• migration to community in the last 5 years
• perception of odors
• economic sectors
• history of odor complaints to community
leaders

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For sites where measures beyond siting are necessary to minimize

odors, anaerobic lagoons should be considered instead of waste
storage ponds.

The following measures should be considered for sites where the

need to minimize odors is significant:

• covering anaerobic waste treatment lagoons and storage ponds

• using naturally aerated or mechanically aerated lagoons
• using composting in conjunction with a solid waste system rather
than a liquid or slurry system • using a methane recovery system

END OF PRESENTATION

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