Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts

6.5 In flow past a body or wall, early transition to turbulence can be induced by placing a trip
wire on the wall across the flow, as in Fig. P6.5. If the trip wire in Fig. P6.5 is placed where the
local velocity is U, it will trigger turbulence if Ud/  850, where d is the wire diameter [Ref. 3 of
Ch. 6]. If the sphere diameter is 20 cm and transition is observed at ReD  90,000, what is the
diameter of the trip wire in mm?

Fig. P6.5

Solution: For the same U and ,

Ud UD
Re d   850; Re D   90000,
 
Re d  850 
or d  D  (200 mm)   1.9 mm
Re D  90000 

6.10 Water at 20C (  998 kg/m3) flows through an inclined 8-cm-diameter pipe. At sections
A and B, pA  186 kPa, VA  3.2 m/s, zA  24.5 m, while pB  260 kPa, VB  3.2 m/s, and zB  9.1
m. Which way is the flow going? What is the head loss?

Solution: Guess that the flow is from A to B and write the steady flow energy equation:

p A VA2 p V2 186000 260000

  z A  B  B  z B  h f , or:  24.5   9.1  h f ,
g 2 g g 2 g 9790 9790
or: 43.50  35.66  h f , solve: h f  7.84 m Yes, flow is from A to B. Ans. (a, b)
2 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.11 Water at 20C flows upward at 4 m/s in a 6-cm-diameter pipe. The pipe length between
points 1 and 2 is 5 m, and point 2 is 3 m higher. A mercury manometer, connected between 1 and
2, has a reading h  135 mm, with p1 higher. (a) What is the pressure change (p1  p2)? (b) What
is the head loss, in meters? (c) Is the manometer reading proportional to head loss? Explain. (d)
What is the friction factor of the flow?

Solution: A sketch of this situation is shown at right. By moving through the manometer, we
obtain the pressure change between points 1 and 2, which we compare with Eq. (6.9b):

p1   w h   m h   w z  p2 ,

 N  N
or: p1  p2   133100  9790 3  (0.135 m)   9790 3  (3 m)
 m   m 
 16650  29370  46,000 Pa Ans. (a)
p 46000 Pa
From Eq. (6.9b), h f   z   3 m  4.7  3.0  1.7 m Ans. (b)
w 9790 N /m3

 0.06 m  2(9.81 m/s )

2
d 2g
The friction factor is f  hf  (1.7 m )    0.025 Ans. (d)
L V2 5 m  (4 m/s)2

By comparing the manometer relation to the head-loss relation above, we find that:
( m   w )
hf  h and thus head loss is proportional to m anom eter reading. Ans. (c)
w
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 3

6.12 A 5-mm-diameter capillary tube is used as a viscometer for oils. When the flow rate is
0.071 m3h, the measured pressure drop per unit length is 375 kPam. Estimate the viscosity of
the fluid. Is the flow laminar? Can you also estimate the density of the fluid?

Solution: Assume laminar flow and use the pressure drop formula (6.12):
p ? 8Q Pa ? 8(0.071/3600) kg
 , or: 375000  , solve   0.292 Ans.
L  R4 m  (0.0025)4 m s
kg
Guessing oil  900 3 ,
m
4 Q 4(900)(0.071/3600)
check Re    16 OK, laminar Ans.
d  (0.292)(0.005)
It is not possible to find density from this data, laminar pipe flow is independent of density.


6.15 Professor Gordon Holloway and his students at the University of New Brunswick went to
a fast-food emporium and tried to drink chocolate shakes (  1200 kg/m3,
  6 kg/ms) through fat straws 8 mm in diameter and 30 cm long. (a) Verify that their human
lungs, which can develop approximately 3000 Pa of vacuum pressure, would be unable to drink
the milkshake through the vertical straw. (b) A student cut 15 cm from his straw and proceeded
to drink happily. What rate of milkshake flow was produced by this strategy?

Solution: (a) Assume the straw is barely inserted into the milkshake. Then the energy equation
predicts
2
p1 V1 p V2
  z1  2  2  z2  h f
g 2 g g 2 g
(3000 Pa ) V 2tube
 000    0.3 m  h f
(1200 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 ) 2 g
V2tube
Solve for h f  0.255 m  0.3 m   0 which is impossible Ans. (a)
2g
(b) By cutting off 15 cm of vertical length and assuming laminar flow, we obtain a new energy
equation
V 2 32 LV V2 32(6.0)(0.15)V
h f  0.255  0.15    0.105 m    38.23V
2g gd 2
2(9.81) (1200)(9.81)(0.008)2
Solve for V  0.00275 m/s, Q  AV  ( /4)(0.008)2 (0.00275)
m3 cm 3
Q  1.4 E7
 0.14 Ans. (b)
s s
Check the Reynolds number: Red  Vd/  (1200)(0.00275)(0.008)/(6)  0.0044 (Laminar).
4 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 5

6.22 A steady push on the piston in Fig. P6.22 causes a flow rate Q  0.15 cm3/s through the
needle. The fluid has   900 kg/m3 and   0.002 kg/(ms). What force F is required to
maintain the flow?

Fig. P6.22
Solution: Determine the velocity of exit from the needle and then apply the steady-flow energy
equation:

Q 0.15
V1    306 cm/s
A ( /4)(0.025)2
p2 V22 p1 V12
Energy:  z    z  h  h , with z1  z 2 , V2  0, h f2  0
g 2g 2 g 2g 1 f1 f2
Assume laminar flow for the head loss and compute the pressure difference on the piston:
p2  p1 V 2 32(0.002)(0.015)(3.06) (3.06)2
 h f1  1    5.79 m
g 2g (900)(9.81)(0.00025)2 2(9.81)

Then F  pA piston  (900)(9.81)(5.79) (0.01)2  4.0 N Ans.
4
6 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.25 For the configuration shown in Fig. P6.25, the fluid is ethyl alcohol at 20C, and the tanks
are very wide. Find the flow rate that occurs, in m3/h. Is the flow laminar?

Solution: For ethanol, take   789 kg/m3 and   0.0012 kg/ms. Write the energy equation
from upper free surface (1) to lower free surface (2):

Fig. P6.25

p1 V12 p V2
  z1  2  2  z 2  h f , with p1  p 2 and V1  V2  0
g 2g g 2g
128 LQ 128(0.0012)(1.2 m)Q
Then h f  z1  z 2  0.9 m  
gd 4  (789)(9.81)(0.002)4
Solve for Q  1.90E6 m 3 /s  0.00684 m 3 /h. Ans.
Check the Reynolds number Re  4Q/(d)  795  OK, laminar flow.

6.28 For straightening and smoothing an

airflow in a 50-cm-diameter duct, the duct is
packed with a “honeycomb” of thin straws of
length 30 cm and diameter 4 mm, as in Fig.
P6.28. The inlet flow is air at 110 kPa and
20C, moving at an average velocity of 6 m/s.
Estimate the pressure drop across the
honeycomb.

Solution: For air at 20C, take   1.8E5

kg/ms and   1.31 kg/m3. There would be Fig. P6.28
approximately 12000 straws, but each one
would see the average velocity of 6 m/s. Thus

32 LV 32(1.8E5)(0.3)(6.0)
p laminar    65 Pa Ans.
d2 (0.004)2

Check Re  Vd/  (1.31)(6.0)(0.004)/(1.8E5)  1750 OK, laminar flow.

 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 7

6.32 SAE 30 oil at 20C flows in the 3-cm-

diameter pipe in Fig. P6.32, which slopes at
37. For the pressure measure-ments shown,
determine (a) whether the flow is up or down
and (b) the flow rate
3
in m /h.

Solution: For SAE 30 oil, take   891

kg/m3 and   0.29 kg/ms. Evaluate the
hydraulic grade lines:
Fig. P6.32

pB 180000 500000
HGL B   zB   15  35.6 m; HGL A   0  57.2 m
g 891(9.81) 891(9.81)

Since HGL A  HGL B the flow is up Ans. (a)

The head loss is the difference between hydraulic grade levels:

128 LQ 128(0.29)(25)Q
h f  57.2  35.6  21.6 m  
 gd 4
 (891)(9.81)(0.03)4
Solve for Q  0.000518 m3 /s  1.86 m 3 /h Ans. (b)

Finally, check Re  4Q/(d)  68 (OK, laminar flow).


8 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P6.33 Water at 20C is pumped from a reservoir through a vertical tube 10 ft long and
1/16 inch in diameter. The pump provides a pressure rise of 11 lbf/in2 to the flow. Neglect
th

entrance losses. (a) Calculate the exit velocity. (b) Approximately how high will the exit water
jet rise? (c) Verify that the flow is laminar.

Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3,  = 998 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3, and  = 0.001 kg/m-s =
2.09E-5 slug/ft-s. The energy equation, with 1 at the bottom and 2 at the top of the tube, is:

p1 V2 11(144) p V2 V2 32  LV2
 1  z1   0  0  2  2  z2  h f  0  2  10 
g 2g 1.94(32.2) g 2g 2g  gD 2
2 2
Vexit 32(0.0000209)(10)V Vexit
or : 25.4   10  ; or : 15.4 ft   3.94 Vexit
2(32.2) (1.94)(32.2)(0.00521) 2 64.4
(a, c) The velocity head is very small (<1 ft), so the dominant term is 3.94 Vexit. One can easily
iterate, or simply use EES to find the result:

ft VD (1.94)(3.84)(0.00521)
Vexit  3.84 Ans.(a) ; Re D    1860 laminar Ans.(c)
s  0.0000209

(b) Assuming frictionless flow outside the tube, the jet would rise due to the velocity head:

2
Vexit (3.84 ft / s) 2
H rise    0.229 ft  2.75 inches Ans.(b)
2g 2(32.2 ft / s 2 )


6.44 Mercury at 20C flows through 4 meters of 7-mm-diameter glass tubing at an average
velocity of 5 m/s. Estimate the head loss in meters and the pressure drop in kPa.

Solution: For mercury at 20C, take   13550 kg/m3 and   0.00156 kg/ms. Glass tubing is
considered hydraulically “smooth,” /d  0. Compute the Reynolds number:

Vd 13550(5)(0.007)
Red    304,000; Moody chart smooth: f  0.0143
 0.00156
L V2  4.0  5
2
hf  f  0.0143    10.4 m Ans. (a)
d 2g  0.007  2(9.81)
p   gh f  (13550)(9.81)(10.4)  1,380,000 Pa  1380 kPa Ans. (b)

 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 9

6.47 The gutter and smooth drainpipe in Fig. P6.47 remove rainwater from the roof of a
building. The smooth drainpipe is 7 cm in diameter. (a) When the gutter is full, estimate the rate
of draining. (b) The gutter is designed for a sudden rainstorm of up to 5 inches per hour. For this
condition, what is the maximum roof area that can be drained successfully?

Solution: If the velocity at the gutter surface is neglected, the energy equation reduces to

Fig. P6.47

V2 L V2 2 gz 2(9.81)(4.2)
z   hf , hf  f , solve V 2  
2g d 2g 1  fL/d 1  f (4.2/0.07)
For water, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. Guess f  0.02 to obtain the velocity
estimate V  6 m/s above. Then Red  Vd/  (998)(6)(0.07)/(0.001)  428,000 (turbulent).
Then, for a smooth pipe, f  0.0135, and V is changed slightly to 6.74 m/s. After convergence,
we obtain
V  6.77 m/s, Q  V ( /4)(0.07)2  0.026 m 3 /s Ans. (a)
A rainfall of 5 in/h  (5/12 ft/h)(0.3048 m/ft)/(3600 s/h)  0.0000353 m/s. The required roof area
is
Aroof  Qdrain /Vrain  (0.026 m 3 /s)/0.0000353 m/s  740 m 2 Ans. (b)
10 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.49 The tank-pipe system of Fig. P6.49 is to deliver at least 11 m3/h of water at 20C to the
reservoir. What is the maximum roughness height  allowable for the pipe?

Solution: For water at 20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. Evaluate V and Re for
the expected flow rate:

Fig. P6.49

Q 11/3600 m Vd 998(4.32)(0.03)

V   4.32 ; Re    129000
A ( /4)(0.03) 2
s  0.001
The energy equation yields the value of the head loss:
patm V12 p V2 (4.32)2
  z1  atm  2  z 2  h f or h f  4   3.05 m
g 2g g 2g 2(9.81)
L V2  5.0  (4.32)
2
But also h f  f , or: 3.05  f  , solve for f  0.0192
d 2g  0.03  2(9.81)
With f and Re known, we can find /d from the Moody chart or from Eq. (6.48):
1   /d 2.51  
1/2
 2.0 log10   1/2 
, solve for  0.000394
(0.0192)  3.7 129000(0.0192)  d

Then   0.000394(0.03)  1.2E5 m  0.012 mm (pretty smooth) Ans.

 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 11

6.51 The viscous sublayer (Fig. 6.10) is normally less than 1 percent of the pipe diameter and
therefore very difficult to probe with a finite-sized instrument. In an effort to generate a thick
sublayer for probing, Pennsylvania State University in 1964 built a pipe with a flow of glycerin.
Assume a smooth 12-in-diameter pipe with V  60 ft/s and glycerin at 20C. Compute the
sublayer thickness in inches and the pumping horsepower required at 75 percent efficiency if L 
40 ft.

Solution: For glycerin at 20C, take   2.44 slug/ft3 and   0.0311 slug/fts. Then

Vd 2.44(60)(1 ft)

Re    4710 (barely turbulent!) Smooth: fMoody  0.0380
 0.0311
1/2
 0.0380  ft
Then u*  V(f/8) 1/2
 60   4.13
 8  s

The sublayer thickness is defined by y  5.0  yu*/. Thus

5 5(0.0311)
ysublayer    0.0154 ft  0.185 inches Ans.
 u* (2.44)(4.13)

With f known, the head loss and the power required can be computed:

L V2  40  (60)
2
hf  f  (0.0380)    85 ft
d 2g  1  2(32.2)
 gQh f 1  
P  (2.44)(32.2)  (1)2 (60) (85)  419000  550  760 hp Ans.
 0.75  
12 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.52 The pipe flow in Fig. P6.52 is driven by pressurized air in the tank. What gage pressure p1
is needed to provide a 20C water flow rate Q  60 m3/h.

Solution: For water at 20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. Get V, Re, f:
60/3600 m
V  8.49 ;
( /4)(0.05) 2
s
2
998(8.49)(0.05)
Re   424000; fsmooth  0.0136
0.001
Write the energy equation between points (1) (the tank) and (2) (the open jet):
2
p1 02 0 Vpipe L V2 m
  10    80  h f , where h f  f and Vpipe  8.49
 g 2g g 2g d 2g s
 (8.49)2   170  
Solve p1  (998)(9.81) 80  10  1  0.0136  
 2(9.81)   0.05  
 2.38E6 Pa Ans.

[This is a gage pressure (relative to the pressure surrounding the open jet.)]
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 13

6.54* A swimming pool W by Y by h deep is to be emptied by gravity through the long pipe
shown in Fig. P6.54. Assuming an average pipe friction factor fav and neglecting minor losses,
derive a formula for the time to empty the tank from an initial level ho.

Fig. P6.54

Solution: With no driving pressure and negligible tank surface velocity, the energy equation
can be combined with a control-volume mass conservation:

V2 L V2  2 gh dh
h(t )   fav , or: Qout  ApipeV  D 2  WY
2g D 2g 4 1  fav L/D dt

We can
separate the variables and integrate for time to drain:


 
t 0
2g dh
4
D2
1  fav L/D  dt  WY 
h
 WY 0  2 ho
0 ho

1/2
4WY 2 ho (1  fav L D)
Clean this up to obtain: t drain  Ans.
 D2 g
14 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.55 The reservoirs in Fig. P6.55 contain water at 20C. If the pipe is smooth with L  4500 m
and d  4 cm, what will the flow rate in m3/h be for z  100 m?

Solution: For water at 20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. The energy equation
from surface 1 to surface 2 gives

p1  p 2 and V1  V2 ,
thus h f  z1  z 2  100 m

Fig. P6.55
 4500  V
2
Then 100 m  f   , or fV 2  0.01744
 0.04  2(9.81)

Iterate with an initial guess of f  0.02, calculating V and Re and improving the guess:
1/2
 0.01744  m 998(0.934)(0.04)
V  0.934 , Re   37300, fsmooth  0.0224
 0.02  s 0.001
1/2
 0.01744  m
  0.883 , Re better  35300, fbetter  0.0226, etc......
 0.0224 
Vbetter
s

Alternately, one could, of course, use EES. The above process converges to
f  0.0227, Re  35000, V  0.877 m/s, Q  0.0011 m 3 /s  4.0 m 3 /h. Ans.
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 15

6.62 Water at 20C is to be pumped through

2000 ft of pipe from reservoir 1 to 2 at a rate of
3 ft3/s, as shown in Fig. P6.62. If the pipe is
cast iron of diameter 6 in and the pump is 75
percent efficient, what horsepower pump is
needed?

Solution: For water at 20C, take   1.94

slug/ft3 and   2.09E5 slug/fts. For cast
iron, take   0.00085 ft, or /d 
0.00085/(6/12)  0.0017. Compute V, Re, and Fig. P6.62
f:

Q 3 ft
V   15.3 ;
A ( /4)(6/12)2 s

Vd 1.94(15.3)(6/12)
Re    709000  /d  0.0017, fMoody  0.0227
 2.09E5
The energy equation, with p1  p2 and V1  V2  0, yields an expression for pump head:

L V2  2000  (15.3)2
h pump  z  f  120 ft  0.0227    120  330  450 ft
d 2g  6/12  2(32.2)
gQh p 1.94(32.2)(3.0)(450)
Power: P    112200  550  204 hp Ans.
 0.75
16 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.76 The small turbine in Fig. P6.76 extracts 400 W of power from the water flow. Both pipes
are wrought iron. Compute the flow rate Q m3/h. Why are there two solutions? Which is

better?

Solution: For water, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For wrought iron, take  
0.046 mm, hence /d1  0.046/60  0.000767 and /d2  0.046/40  0.00115. The energy
equation, with V1  0 and p1  p2, gives

V22 L V2 L 2 V22
z1  z 2  20 m   h f2  h f1  h turbine , h f1  f1 1 1 and h f2  f2
2g d1 2g d 2 2g

P 400 W  
Also, h turbine   and Q  d12 V1  d 22 V2
gQ 998(9.81)Q 4 4
If we rewrite the energy equation in terms of Q and multiply by Q, it is essentially a cubic
polynomial, because for these rough walls the friction factors are almost constant:
400 8f L Q3 8f L Q3 8Q3
Q hturbine   20Q  12 1 5  22 2 5  2 4
998(9.81)  gd1  gd 2  gd 2
Solve by EES or by iteration. There are three solutions, two of which are positive and the third
is a meaningless negative value. The two valid (positive) solutions are:

(a) Q  0.00437 m3 / s  15.7m3 / hr ; Re1  92,500, f1  0.0215 ; Re1  138,800, f1  0.0221

(b) Q  0.00250 m3 / s  9.0 m3 / hr ; Re1  52,900, f1  0.0232 ; Re1  79, 400, f1  0.0232 Ans.

[The negative (meaningless) solution is Q = - 0.0069 m3/hr.] Both solutions (a) and (b) are valid
mathematically. Solution (b) is preferred – the same power for 43% less water flow, and the
turbine captures 16.3 m of the available 20 m head. Solution (a) is also unrealistic, because a
real turbine’s power increases with water flow rate. Turbine (a) would generate more than 400
W.
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 17

6.78 In Fig. P6.78 the connecting pipe is

commercial steel 6 cm in diameter. Estimate the
flow rate, in m3h, if the fluid is water at 20C.
Which way is the flow?

Solution: For water, take   998 kgm3 and

  0.001 kgms. For commercial steel, take 
 0.046 mm, hence d  0.04660  0.000767.
With p1, V1, and V2 all  0, the energy
equation between surfaces (1) and (2) yields Fig. P6.78

p2 200000
0  0  z1   0  z 2  h f , or h f  15   5.43 m (flow to left) 
g 998(9.81)
L V2 50 V 2
Guess turbulent flow: h f  f f  5.43, or: fV 2  0.1278
d 2g 0.06 2(9.81)

1/2
 0.1278  m
 0.00767, guess ffully rough  0.0184, V    2.64 , Re  158000
d  0.0184  s
m
fbetter  0.0204, Vbetter  2.50 , Re better  149700, f3rd iteration  0.0205 (converged)
s
The iteration converges to
f  0.0205, V  2.49 ms, Q  (4)(0.06)2(2.49)  0.00705 m3s  25 m3h  Ans.
18 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.80 The head-versus-flow-rate characteri-stics

of a centrifugal pump are shown in Fig. P6.80.
If this pump drives water at 20C through 120
m of 30-cm-diameter cast-iron pipe, what will
be the resulting flow rate, in m3/s?
Solution: For water, take   998 kg/m3 and
  0.001 kg/ms. For cast iron, take   0.26
mm, hence /d  0.26/300  0.000867. The
head loss must match the pump head:
Fig. P6.80

L V 2 8fLQ 2
h f   h pump  80  20Q 2 , with Q in m 3 /s
f d 2g  2 gd 5

8f(120)Q 2 80
Evaluate h f   80  20Q 2 , or: Q 2 
 2 (9.81)(0.3)5 20  4080f

4 Q
1/2
 80  m3
Guess f  0.02, Q     0.887 , Re   3.76E6
 20  4080(0.02)  s d
 m3
 0.000867, f  0.0191, Re  3.83E6, converges to Q  0.905 Ans.
d better better s


6.83 For the system of Fig. P6.55, let z  80 m and L  185 m of cast-iron pipe. What is the
pipe diameter for which the flow rate will be 7 m3/h?
Solution: For water, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For cast iron, take   0.26 mm,
but d is unknown. The energy equation is simply

Fig. P6.55

8fLQ 2 8f(185)(7/3600)2 5.78E5f

z  80 m  h f  2 5   , or d  0.0591f 1/5
 gd  (9.81)d
2 5
d 5

4Q 
Guess f  0.03, d  0.0591(0.03)1/5  0.0293 m, Re   84300,  0.00887
d d
Iterate: fbetter  0.0372, dbetter  0.0306 m, Rebetter  80700, /dbetter  0.00850, etc. The
process converges to f  0.0367, d  0.0305 m. Ans.
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 19

6.101 In Fig. P6.101 a thick filter is being tested for losses. The flow rate in the pipe is 7
m3/min, and the upstream pressure is 120 kPa. The fluid is air at 20C. Using the water-
manometer reading, estimate the loss coefficient K of the filter.

Fig. P6.101

Solution: The upstream density is air  p/(RT)  120000/[287(293)]  1.43 kg/m3. The
average velocity V (which is used to correlate loss coefficient) follows from the flow rate:
Q 7/60 m3 /s
V   14.85 m/s
Apipe ( /4)(0.1 m)2
The manometer measures the pressure drop across the filter:
pmano  (  w   a )ghmano  (998  1.43 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(0.04 m )  391 Pa
This pressure is correlated as a loss coefficient using Eq. (6.78):
p filter 391 Pa
K filter    2.5 Ans.
(1/2) V 2
(1/2)(1.43 kg/m3 )(14.85 m/s)2

20 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.105 The system in Fig. P6.105 consists of 1200 m of 5 cm cast-iron pipe, two 45 and four
90 flanged long-radius elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve, and a sharp exit into a
reservoir. If the elevation at point 1 is 400 m, what gage pressure is required at point 1 to deliver
0.005 m3/s of water at 20C into the reservoir?

Solution: For water at 20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For cast iron, take  
0.26 mm, hence /d  0.0052. With the flow rate known, we can compute V, Re:

Fig. P6.105

Q 0.005 m 998(2.55)(0.05)
V   2.55 ; Re   127000, fMoody  0.0315
A ( /4)(0.05) 2
s 0.001

The minor losses may be listed as follows:

45 long-radius elbow: K  0.2; 90 long-radius elbow: K  0.3
Open flanged globe valve: K  8.5; submerged exit: K  1.0

Then the energy equation between (1) and (2—the reservoir surface) yields

p1 V12
  z  0  0  z2  h f   h m,
g 2g 1

(2.55)2   1200  
or: p1 /(g)  500  400   0.0315    0.5  2(0.2)  4(0.3)  8.5  1  1
2(9.81)   0.05  
 100  253  353 m, or: p1  (998)(9.81)(353)  3.46 MPa Ans.
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 21

6.110 In Fig. P6.110 the pipe entrance is

sharp-edged. If the flow rate is 0.004 m3/s,
what power, in W, is extracted by the turbine?

Solution: For water at 20C, take  

998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For cast
Fig. P6.110
iron,   0.26 mm, hence /d  0.26/50  0.0052. The minor loss coefficients are Entrance: K 
0.5; 5-cm(2) open globe valve: K  6.9.
The flow rate is known, hence we can compute V, Re, and f:
Q 0.004 m 998(2.04)(0.05)
V   2.04 , Re   102000, f  0.0316
A ( /4)(0.05) 2
s 0.001
The turbine head equals the elevation difference minus losses and exit velocity head:
V2 (2.04)2   125  
h t  z  h f   h m   40   (0.0316)    0.5  6.9  1  21.5 m
2g 2(9.81)   0.05  
Power   gQh t  (998)(9.81)(0.004)(21.5)  840 W Ans.
22 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.136 For the pitot-static pressure arrange-ment of Fig. P6.136, the manometer fluid is (colored)
water at 20C. Estimate (a) the centerline velocity, (b) the pipe volume flow, and (c) the
(smooth) wall shear stress.

Fig. P6.136

Solution: For air at 20C and 1 atm, take   1.2 kg/m3 and   1.8E5 kg/ms. For water at
20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. The manometer reads

po  p  (  water  air )gh  (998  1.2)(9.81)(0.040)  391 Pa

Therefore VCL  [2 p/  ]1/2  [2(391)/1.2]1/2  25.5 m/s Ans. (a)

We can estimate the friction factor and then compute average velocity from Eq. (6.43):

m Vd 1.2(21.7)(0.08)
Guess Vavg  0.85VCL  21.7 , then Re d    115,700
s  1.8E5
25.5 m
Then fsmooth  0.0175, Vbetter   21.69 (converged)
[1  1.33   s
Thus the volume flow is Q  ( /4)(0.08)2 (21.69)  0.109 m 3 /s. Ans. (b)
f 0.0175
Finally,  w  V 2  (1.2)(21.69)2  1.23 Pa Ans. (c)
8 8
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 23

6.148 A smooth pipe containing ethanol at 20C flows at 7 m3/h through a Bernoulli
obstruction, as in Fig. P6.148. Three piezometer tubes are installed, as shown. If the obstruction
is a thin-plate orifice, estimate the piezometer levels (a) h2 and (b) h3.

Fig. P6.148

Solution: For ethanol at 20C, take   789 kg/m3 and   0.0012 kg/ms. With the flow rate
known, we can compute Reynolds number and friction factor, etc.:

Q 7/3600 m 789(0.99)(0.05)
V   0.99 ; Re D   32600, fsmooth  0.0230
A ( /4)(0.05) 2
s 0.0012

From Fig. 6.44, at   0.6, K  1.5. Then the head loss across the orifice is

Vt2  {0.99/(0.6)2}2 
h  h 2  h1  K  (1.5)    0.58 m, hence h 2  1.58 m Ans. (a)
2g  2(9.81) 

Then the piezometer change between (2) and (3) is due to Moody friction loss:

L V2  5  (0.99)
2
h3  h 2  h f  f  (0.023)   0.12 m,
d 2g  0.05  2(9.81)
or h 3  1.58  0.12  1.7 m Ans. (b)
24 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.150 Gasoline at 20C flows at 0.06 m3/s through a 15-cm pipe and is metered by a
9-cm-diameter long-radius flow nozzle (Fig. 6.40a). What is the expected pressure drop across
the nozzle?

Solution: For gasoline at 20C, take   680 kg/m and   2.92E4 kg/ms. Calculate the pipe
velocity and Reynolds number:
Q 0.06 m 680(3.40)(0.15)
V   3.40 , Re D   1.19E6
A ( /4)(0.15) 2
s 2.92E4
The ISO correlation for discharge (Eq. 6.114) is used to estimate the pressure drop:
1/2 1/2
 106    106 (0.6) 
Cd  0.9965  0.00653    0.9965  0.00653    0.9919
 Re D   1.19E6 
 2 p
Then Q  0.06  (0.9919)   (0.09)2 ,
 4 680(1  0.6 4 )
Solve p  27000 Pa Ans.
 Chapter 6  Viscous Flow in Ducts 25

P6.155 It is desired to meter methanol at 20C flowing through a 5-inch-diameter pipe.

The expected flow rate is about 300 gal/min. Two flowmeters are available: a venturi nozzle and
a thin-plate orifice, each with d = 2 in. The differential pressure gage on hand is most accurate at
about 12-15 lbs/in2. Which meter is better for this job?

Solution: For methanol at 20C, from Table A.3,  = 791 kg/m3 = 1.535 slug/ft3 and  = 5.98E-4
kg/m-s = 1.25E-5 slug/ft-s. Compute the average velocity in the pipe and find the discharge
coefficients for each meter, for  = (2 in)/(5 in) = 0.4:
gal ft 3  5 ft ft
Q  300  0.668  ( ft ) 2 Vavg ,solve for V  4.90 or Vt  30.6
min s 4 12 s s
VD (1.535)(4.90)(5 /12)
Orifice : Re D    251, 000,   0.4, Fig.6.41: Cd  0.601
 (0.0000125)
Venturi nozzle : 1.5E5  Re D  2E6, OK ,   0.4, Fig.6.43 : Cd  0.983

Find the expected pressure drops from Eq. (6.104):

ft 2 p 2 p
Vt  30.6  Cd  Cd  1.156 Cd p
s  (1   ) 4
(1.535)[1  (0.4) 4 ]
lbf lbf
Venturi nozzle : Cd  0.983 , solve p  725 2
 5
ft in 2
lbf lbf
Thin - plate orifice : Cd  0.601 , solve p  1940  14
ft 2 in 2

The orifice plate is the better choice, for accuracy, although the head loss is much larger.