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Consistency and Replication1

This document discusses data replication and consistency models in distributed systems. It explains that replicating data provides reliability if one replica fails and scales performance across servers. The key issue is maintaining consistency when replicas are modified. Consistency models like strict, sequential, causal, and FIFO consistency attempt to ensure reads return the value of the last write. Client-centric models focus on maintaining a consistent view for each client interacting with the distributed data store. Replica management involves replica placement and propagating updates.

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Sai Harshitha Peddi
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26 views

Consistency and Replication1

This document discusses data replication and consistency models in distributed systems. It explains that replicating data provides reliability if one replica fails and scales performance across servers. The key issue is maintaining consistency when replicas are modified. Consistency models like strict, sequential, causal, and FIFO consistency attempt to ensure reads return the value of the last write. Client-centric models focus on maintaining a consistent view for each client interacting with the distributed data store. Replica management involves replica placement and propagating updates.

Uploaded by

Sai Harshitha Peddi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Consistency and

Replication
Why replicate?
• Data replication: a common technique in distributed systems
• Reliability
• If one replica is unavailable or crashes, use another
• Protect against corrupted data
• Performance
• Scale with the size of the distributed system (replicated web servers)
• Scale in geographically distributed systems (web proxies)

• Key issue: need to maintain consistency of replicated data


• If one copy is modified, others become inconsistent
Data-Centric Consistency Models

The general organization of a logical data store,


physically distributed and replicated across
multiple processes

• Consistency Model (aka consistency semantics or constraints)


• Contract between processes and the data store
• If processes obey certain rules, the data store will work correctly
• All models attempt to return the results of the last write for a read operation
• Differ in how “last” write is determined/defined
Consistency Model Diagram Notation
• Wi(x)a – a write by process ‘i’ to item ‘x’ with a value of ‘a’. That is, ‘x’ is
set to ‘a’.
• (Note: The process is often shown as ‘Pi’).
• Ri(x)b – a read by process ‘i’ from item ‘x’ producing the value ‘b’. That
is, reading ‘x’ returns ‘b’.
• Time moves from left to right in all diagrams.
I. Data-Centric Consistency Models
a. Strict Consistency
• Any read on a data item x returns a value corresponding to the result
of the most recent write on x. (regardless of where the write
occurred).
• Problem: relies on absolute global time
• With Strict Consistency, all writes are instantaneously visible to all processes,
and absolute global time order is maintained throughout the DS.
b. Sequential Consistency
• Any valid interleaving of read and write operations is acceptable and all
processes see the same interleaving of operations
• Weaker than strict consistency
c. Causal Consistency
d. FIFO Consistency
II. Client-Centric Consistency Models
• The previously studied consistency models concern themselves with
maintaining a consistent (globally accessible) data store in the
presence of concurrent read/write operations

• Another class of distributed data stores is that which is characterized


by the lack of simultaneous updates.

• Here, the emphasis is more on maintaining a consistent view of things


for the individual client process that is currently operating on the data
store.
Client-Centric Consistency Models
Replica Management
1. Replica Placement
2. Update Propagation
2. Update Propagation
• Design issues
• State versus Operations
• Pull versus Push Protocols
• Unicasting versus Multicasting

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