17 Feb23

Theories of Intelligence
•Is intelligence a single, general ability or is it a
cluster of different mental abilities?
•Do current IQ tests measure it or should it be
more broadly defined?
I measure
·
performance
 Two Kinds of Intelligence
• Crystallized Intelligence – learning from past
experiences and learning.
– Situations that require crystallized intelligence include
reading comprehension and vocabulary exams.
– This type of intelligence is based upon facts and
rooted in experiences.
– This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age
and accumulate new knowledge and understanding.
 Two Kinds of Intelligence
• Fluid Intelligence - the ability to think and
reason abstractly and solve problems.
– This ability is considered independent of learning,
experience, and education.
– Examples: solving puzzles and coming up with
problem solving strategies.
– Both types of intelligence increase throughout
childhood and adolescence.
– Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to
decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.
 ·
Fluid
intelligence
pictorial memory is related
withit
-

theories
of intelligence categories.
· ->

renowned
· Robert
Sternberg-a
psychologists.
 * Itypes
Theories of Intelligence
• Charles Spearman—“g” factor
• Louis Thurstone—intelligence as a person’s
“pattern” of mental abilities
• Howard Gardner—multiple intelligences
• Sternberg–triarchic theory
• Emotional Intelligence - ability to perceive,
express, understand, and regulate emotions
↳ notin butfor ok.
syllabus
Spearman’s General
Intelligence
Charles Spearman (1863-1945)

General intelligence, also known as g

factor, refers to a general mental ability
that, according to Spearman, underlies
multiple specific skills, including verbal,
spatial, numerical and mechanical.
Based this on how he noticed people who
did well on one test tended to do similarly
well on others.
·
learn theories with help of clusters.

·
General Intelligence
includes multiple specific skills.
-

-> mechanical
general
3
-

with
15spatial help of
newn
numerical
diagram.
general factor &
specfic factor
-

↳ mechanical
↳ spatial
↳ verbal
↳ numerical.
• Spearman concluded that there is a single g-factor which represents an
individual’s general intelligence across multiple abilities, and that a
second factor, s, refers to an individual’s specific ability in one
particular area (Spearman, Thomson, 1947).
 General
contradicted spearmen's
intelligence theory.

↑ •
Louis L. Thurstone
Intelligence is a cluster of abilities.
• Believed that there were different “primary mental
abilities” each independent from the other.
• Examples: Verbal Comprehension, numerical
ability, reasoning & perceptual speed
• The g factor was just an overall average score of
these independent abilities.
is an average factor.
-
stated that g-factor
-

Included I-abilities in his Intelligence

theory.
 Mental Ability Description

Word Fluency Ability to use words quickly and fluency in performing such tasks as rhyming, solving
anagrams, and doing crossword puzzles.

Verbal Comprehension Ability to understand the meaning of words, concepts, and ideas.

Numerical Ability Ability to use numbers to quickly computer answers to problems.

Spatial Visualization Ability to visualize and manipulate patters and forms in space.

Perceptual Speed Ability to grasp perceptual details quickly and accurately and to determine similarities and
differences between stimuli.

Memory Ability to recall information such as lists or words, mathematical formulas, and
definitions.

Inductive Reasoning Ability to derive general rules and principles from presented information.

Reasoning induciveeve
 Howard Gardner’s
Multiple Intelligences
 intelligence.
included culture factor in

* Howard Gardner
Author of a contemporary theory of multiple
intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of
intelligence
Multiple Intelligences – several independent
mental abilities that allow a person to solve
problems, create products that are valued within
one’s culture.
Intelligence defined within the context of culture
-> to
adaptin a new culture I cope with it.
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

brain.
-> maintained by celebrum in

⑲
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
 Howard Gardner’s Eight
Intelligences
Aptitude Example
1. Linguistic (“word smart”) Toni Morrison, writer
2. Logical-mathematical (“number smart”) Albert Einstein, scientist
3. Musical (“music smart”) Wynton Marsalis, musician
4. Spatial (“art smart”) Frida Kahlo, artist
5. Bodily-kinesthetic (“body smart) Tiger Woods, athlete
6. Intrapersonal (“self smart”) Anna Freud, psychoanalyst
7. Interpersonal (“people smart”) Mahatma Gandhi, leader
8. Naturalist (“nature smart”) John Audubon, naturalist
Neuttone
A
psychology

Robert Sternberg’s
Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence
 Robert Sternberg
Author of a Triarchic theory of multiple
intelligences consisting of of 3 mental abilities
Disagrees with Gardner in calling these
intelligences. Instead believes these are talents
or abilities. Said Intelligence is a general
quality 19
-
Stresses both the universal aspects of
intelligent behavior and the importance of
->
29
adapting to a certain social and cultural -59.
climate. all
Also called Successful Intelligence *This theory is based on playing
the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your
sociocultural context.
-ol-
 Robert Sternberg
• Analytic intelligence—mental processes
used in learning how to solve problems
• Creative intelligence—ability to deal with
novel situations by drawing on existing
skills and knowledge
• Practical intelligence—ability to adapt to the
environment (street smarts) start

"Iwanping
up &

liberal thinking
employe
Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence

Body dismophic
disorder-earlier known as

disorder.
splitpersonality
 Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence
s aspects of
E
·
self awareness.
· Social context.
⑥

day <
-

dreaming ↓ ↓
&
trial
procastination error.
 IQ Tests do a good job measuring: not
– Abstract thinking
I

u
– Problem solving
– Capacity to acquire knowledge syllabus

IQ Tests however do not measure:

– Creativity
– Achievement motivation
– Goal-oriented behavior
– Ability to adapt to one’s environment
 in school admission
always used
in
I foreign countries usually.
The Wechsler Scales
Verbal Subtests Performance Subtests
• Information Picture Completion
• Vocabulary Picture Arrangement
• Arithmetic Block Design
• Similarities Object Assembly
• Comprehension Digit Symbol
• Digit Span
Weschlers
IS measure

-
Test
Picture Completion
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit Symbol Coding
Picture Arrangement
 Wechsler Scales: Clinical Use
• Estimation of general intelligence
(correlates with academic success and
occupational status)
• Examine the discrepancy in performance
between verbal and performance subtests
• Examine the variability among subtests
 *
Genetics
(nature) nurture
Genetics Environment .

• Heritability estimates for • Like other traits, IQ is

IQ is about .50 in a changeable (height for
population example).
• Educational experiences
affect IQ
• IQ scores have increased
over the years
(nutritional factors,
increasing access to
information)
 Genetics
Genetics Environment
• Heritability estimates for • Like other traits, IQ is
IQ is about .50 in a changeable (height for
population example).
• Educational experiences
affect IQ
• IQ scores have increased
over the years
(nutritional factors,
increasing access to
information)