CONDITIONALS

1. Choose the correct answer.

1. If you close the door, we won’t / wouldn’t be so cold.
2. Dan will buy himself a moped as soon as he earns / will earn enough money.
3. I’ll call you tomorrow unless I forget / will forget.
4. If you could travel anywhere in the world, where will / would you go?
5. I would fly in a hot-air balloon if I am / were brave enough.
6. When I move / would move to Finland, I won’t forget to write to you.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. As soon as Dave changes his clothes, we ……………………… (go) out to lunch.
2. If the buses arrived on time, this ……………………… (be) a very convenient way to travel.
3. Unless you ……………………… (tell) me what you want, I won’t be able to help you.
4. If they didn’t understand French, they ……………………… (not be able to) watch this film.
5. When I ……………………… (call) Ben, I’ll tell him about your accident.
6. If I ……………………… (can reach) the top shelf on my own, I wouldn’t need a ladder.

3. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the third conditional. Use mixed conditional if you can.
1. I didn’t know Ken was in hospital. If I …………………………… (know), I …………………………… (visit)
him.
2. Denise got to the station in time for her train. If she …………………………… (miss) it, she
…………………………… (be) late for the party.
3. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my mobile phone at the station. If I …………………………… (have) it, I 
…………………………… (be able to) find out what train you were on.
4. If you …………………………… (not tell) me what happened, I …………………………… (think) everything
was OK.
5. She …………………………… (not burn) his letters if she …………………………… (love) him.

4. Complete the sentences with the affirmative or negative form of the verbs in brackets. Use a conditional or
time clause. There may be more than one correct answer.
1. I enjoyed the film. If you …………………………… (recommend) it, I …………………………… (see) it.
2. Hurry up! You …………………………… (miss) the bus if you …………………………… (leave) now.
3. The doctor isn’t here today. If he …………………………… (be) here, you …………………………… (speak)
to him.
4. Don’t worry. We …………………………… (call) you as soon as we …………………………… (arrive).
5. It’s a free concert. You …………………………… (pay) anything if you …………………………… (come).
6. When I …………………………… (feel) better, I …………………………… (return) to work.
7. I …………………………… (travel) to Australia if I …………………………… (can afford) the airfare.
However, I haven’t got enough money.

1
5. Complete the sentences. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences.
1 It’s very important that I call my father the moment I get home.
As soon as ......................................................................................................................... .
2. Lana was upset because she lost her mobile phone.
If Lana ............................................................................................................................... .
3. I think you should apologise.
If I were you, .................................................................................................................... .
4. I had a headache because I sat in front of the computer all day.
I wouldn’t ......................................................................................................................... .
5. Sheila is going to work all day in order to complete the project.
Unless she ........................................................................................................................ .
6. I didn’t remember to buy Mum a birthday present, but my sister reminded me.
If she hadn’t ..................................................................................................................... .

6. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the first conditional, second conditional or a time clause.
not need • go • not get • not speak • buy
1. If I sold my car, I …………………………… much money for it.
2. As soon as he gets on the train, he …………………………… some lunch.
3. I …………………………… your bicycle unless my car breaks down again.
4. If you could travel anywhere in the world, where ……………………… you ……………………… ?
5. We …………………………… to him until he apologises.

7. Arrange the words in the correct order to form sentences that logically follow the original sentence. Use the
first conditional, second conditional or a time clause.
1. Jon is coming home from Poland this week.
return / Jon / home / we / as soon as / for / go out / lunch
........................................................................................................................................
2. We didn’t go to the party.
go / if / we / not have / an exam
........................................................................................................................................
3. You never know what a dog is thinking.
tell / interesting / can talk / if / they / stories / dogs
........................................................................................................................................
4. Let’s make sure it’s a vegetarian restaurant.
unless / not eat / the food / be / she / there / vegetarian
........................................................................................................................................

2
8. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
What would you do if your parents 1. ……………………… (buy) you a new computer and you
2.
 ……………………… (have to) get rid of the old one? Unless you 3. ……………………… (know) someone who
needed the computer, you would probably throw it away. But did you know that throwing away these products
causes pollution? If protecting the environment 4. ……………………… (interest) you, you can join The Freecycle
Network, a website where members advertise things they don’t want. When you 5. ………………………
(become) a member, you can also receive items people don’t want any longer. However, unless an item is free,
legal and appropriate for all ages, the website 6. ……………………… (not advertise) it. There are more than
4,000 different Freecycle groups in over 80 countries all around the world. One member said, “If the site
7.
 ……………………… (not set up), it’s difficult to say how many additional tons of waste would have polluted
our planet.”

9. Rewrite the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the first, second or third conditional. Make any
necessary changes. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences.
1. I think you should move to a quieter area. (be you)
........................................................................................................................................
2. I won the race because I listened to my coach. (not win)
........................................................................................................................................
3. Fran is unhappy because her boyfriend has gone abroad. (not be)
........................................................................................................................................
4. Unless Jack finds the tickets, we’ll have to walk home. (not have to)
........................................................................................................................................
5. I didn’t want the job so I didn’t apply for it. (want)
........................................................................................................................................

THE PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

1. Choose the correct answer.

1. I’m excited because our new TV … today.
a. is being delivered
b. is delivering
2. You … this homework yesterday. It’s a pity you forgot.
a. should have been handed in
b. should have handed in
3. Sandra went shopping while her car … .
a. was being washed
b. was washing
4. His plane … because of bad weather.
a. might have delayed
b. might have been delayed

2. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.

3
 1. My article for the local paper …………………………… (publish) last month.
2. My sister …………………………… (interview) next week.
3. That dog is aggressive. It …………………………… (shouldn’t / allow) in the house.
4. Are you sure this film …………………………… (make) in 1973?
5. Your project …………………………… (must / finish) before the end of the week.
6. How to make that fabulous Christmas cake …………………………… (explain) in this week’s magazine.
7. The injured man …………………………… (take) to hospital by the time the ambulance arrived.

3. Write a continuation for each sentence below. Use the words in brackets and the passive form of the verbs.
1. I’ve never seen this house before. It must be new.
(yes / it / build / this year)
..................................................................................................................
2. Could you look up this word for me?
(how / it / spell / ?)
..................................................................................................................
3. What is he doing at the police station right now?
(he / question / about / the accident)
..................................................................................................................
4. I heard you were upset.
(yes / I / should / give / a promotion)
..................................................................................................................
5. Are you sure this fish is fresh?
(yes / it / just / catch)
..................................................................................................................

4. Complete the sentences in the passive. Omit the agent when possible.
1. They shouldn’t have told him about the accident.
He ........................................................................................................... .
2. As far as I know, they haven’t sold the house.
As far as I know, the house .................................................................. .
3. Karen borrowed the atlas from Anita.
The atlas ................................................................................................ .
4. They won’t cut down the trees by the river.
................................................................................................................ .
5. Someone is playing games on my computer.
................................................................................................................ .
6. Fog often causes road accidents.
................................................................................................................ .
7. Why has the officer arrested that man?
................................................................................................................ ?

5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the active, passive or causative

4
form.
1. This is a great bowling alley. They ……………………… (rent) out shoes very cheaply and everyone
……………………… (give) a free soft drink if they get a high score.
2. All cars ……………………… (must / park) in the nearby shopping centre. Furthermore, parking
spaces……………………… no longer ……………………… (provide) for employees in the company’s car
park.
3. Although plans for the extension ……………………… (make) six months ago, no details about
them……………………… (reveal) to the staff yet.
4. My cousin ……………………… (have) relatives all over the world. More than 200 of them
……………………… (inform) about the family reunion.
5. A year after the book ……………………… (write), the writer ……………………… it ………………………
(translate) into ten different languages.
6. That play ……………………… (might / write) when Shakespeare ……………………… (live) in London.
7. Last year, vandals ……………………… (cover) the walls of our football stadium with graffiti. Last month,
however,
all of those walls ……………………… (repaint).
8. Jimmy ……………………… his computer ……………………… (repair) last week but I ………………………

(not receive) an e-mail from him yet.

6. Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. This dress doesn’t fit me. It …………………………… (must / make) for someone else.
2. We think that the new cinema …………………………… (build) by next year.
3. By the time we got home, dinner …………………………… (already / serve).
4. Our car …………………………… (not repair) yet.
5. At this restaurant, dogs …………………………… (allow) to enter with their owners.
6. The guests …………………………… (photograph) in the garden when it started to rain.

7. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1. The manager announced the new plan to the staff.
........................................................................................................................................................
2. Someone has just sent Kim some lovely flowers.
........................................................................................................................................................
3. I’m sure the police will catch the thief soon.
........................................................................................................................................................
4. My parents haven’t sold our house yet.
........................................................................................................................................................
5. Someone is cooking tomato soup in the kitchen.
........................................................................................................................................................
6. Sam shouldn’t have told your secret to everyone.
........................................................................................................................................................

5
8. Write sentences that logically follow the original sentences. Use the words in brackets and the passive or
causative form of the verb.
1. This is his last year of being prime minister. (elections / hold / in autumn)
........................................................................................................................................................
2. We made a mistake by not sending Carol an invitation to our wedding. (she should / send)
........................................................................................................................................................
3. There’s been a leak in the roof for months. (we / repair / today)
........................................................................................................................................................
4. Henry VI, Part 1 is Shakespeare’s first play. (it / write / in 1589)
........................................................................................................................................................
5. I didn’t make any of the cakes. (I / bake / by a professional)
........................................................................................................................................................

9. Complete the passage with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.
What happens when you do something wrong at school? Maybe your teacher 1. ……………………………
(hand out) a punishment. You 2. …………………………… (might / send) to the headteacher. When you get
home, 3. …………………………… you …………………………… (punish) again by your parents? One mother
felt that her
4.
eight-year-old son  …………………………… (not punish) enough by his school. She
5.
 …………………………… (make) him stand on the pavement for three hours with a sign that read, “I was rude
to my teacher. I’m sorry”. The mother said she 6. …………………………… (not want) to embarrass her child.
She just believed that this way her son’s behaviour 7. …………………………… (could / change). It appears that
this method 8. …………………………… (try) by many parents over the years. In another case, a 12-year-old girl
9.
 …………………………… (suspend) from school for bullying. She too 10. …………………………… (have to
stand) outside a school with signs that read, “I got suspended from school” and “Don’t be like me. Stop
bullying.” Some people agree with the way these kids 11. …………………………… (punish). Others simply don’t.

REPORTED SPEECH

1. Complete the sentences with the reporting verbs below.

admitted • offered • complained • wondered • suggested • ordered
1. “Do you think I should study German next year?” Evelyn ……………………… .
2. “We should get a good night’s sleep first,” Chris ……………………… .
3. “I forgot to feed the dog,” Tiffany ……………………… .
4. “This kitchen is too crowded!” Bianca ……………………… .
5. “Jump!” the sports teacher ……………………… .
6. “I can lend you my dictionary for the exam,” Jeremy ……………………… .

6
2. Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. “The soup isn’t hot enough,” the customer complained.
The customer complained .................................................................................................... .
2. “The council has recently put recycling bins in our street,” I said.
I told them ............................................................................................................................. .
3. “Helen is going to take Jill to the school play,” Michael mentioned.
Michael mentioned ............................................................................................................... .
4. “I didn’t enjoy my yoga class last week,” Andrew told me.
Andrew told me ..................................................................................................................... .
5. “I wasn’t able to repair the pipe,” David said.
David said ............................................................................................................................... .
6. “I’ll return your laptop later today,” Sharon promised.
Sharon promised ................................................................................................................... .
7. “We’re having a barbecue at the beach this evening,” the boys declared.
The boys announced ............................................................................................................. .
8. “Don’t pick those mushrooms because they’re poisonous,” Cameron warned.
Cameron warned them ......................................................................................................... .

3. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

1. “Our judo team aren’t doing very well this year,” Stan admitted.
...................................................................................................................................................
2. “You’ve got a job interview tomorrow,” Mum reminded me.
...................................................................................................................................................
3. “Our neighbours bought a new car yesterday,” Ronny told me.
...................................................................................................................................................
4. “Don’t try to move the bed by yourself,” Richard warned me.
...................................................................................................................................................
5. “I can’t make sense of these figures!” complained Valerie.
...................................................................................................................................................
6. “Wear a helmet!” his father insisted.
...................................................................................................................................................

4. Rewrite the questions in reported speech.

1. “Is this salad fresh?” Julia wanted to know.
...................................................................................................................................................
2. “Why didn’t you return this book yesterday?” the librarian enquired.
...................................................................................................................................................
3. “Milly, are you staying here this afternoon?” Eva asked.
...................................................................................................................................................
4. “Have you ever read these old books?” Stan wanted to know.
...................................................................................................................................................
5. “When are you going to take your sister to the zoo?” we asked him.
...................................................................................................................................................

7
 6. “Can Agnes help me make a cake for the party tomorrow?” Ellen asked.
...................................................................................................................................................

5. Choose the correct answer.

1. “I hate horror films,” Martin said.
Martin told me that he hated / had hated horror films.
2. “My birthday cake was burnt,” Sally complained.
Sally complained that her birthday cake was / had been burnt.
3. “The doctor didn’t give me any medicine,” Kirsten told me.
Kirsten told me that the doctor hasn’t given / hadn’t given her any medicine.
4. “I’ll bring it later,” Gill promised.
Gill promised that she would bring / brought it later.
5. “Don’t forget to shut the gate,” Hank reminded me.
Hank reminded me not to / to not forget to shut the gate.
6. “When are you going to clean your room?” Mum asked.
Mum asked me when I was / was I going to clean my room.
7. “Let’s have a barbecue,” Ben suggested.
Ben suggested had / having a barbecue.

6. Complete the sentences with a suitable word or phrase.

1. Rodney said, “I must buy that new disc today.”
Rodney said that he had to buy that new disc ……………………… .
2. The technician said, “The new computer will probably arrive tomorrow.”
The technician said that the new computer would probably arrive ……………………… .
3. The boy claimed, “I didn’t leave these books on the table.”
The boy claimed that he hadn’t left ……………………… books on the table.
4. Sharon said, “I took the kitten to the vet yesterday.”
Sharon said that she had taken the kitten to the vet ……………………… .
5. Edna declared, “We saw an elephant in the street this morning.”
Edna declared that they had seen an elephant in the street ……………………… morning.
6. Harriet remarked, “There’s an interesting exhibition at the local museum next week.”
Harriet remarked that there was an interesting exhibition at the local museum ……………………… week.

7. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

1. “I’m making fish and chips for dinner tonight,” Cathy said.
..................................................................................................................................
2. “The weather has been very unreliable this month,” my uncle said.
..................................................................................................................................
3. “We won’t be able to pay the bill till next week,” Norman said.
..................................................................................................................................
4. “I can’t reach the top shelf from here,” Glenda complained.

8
 ..................................................................................................................................

8. Rewrite the questions in reported speech.

1. “How long has your father been a detective?” Lana asked me.
..................................................................................................................................
2. “What time is their train to Mumbai leaving?” Jon wanted to know.
..................................................................................................................................
3. “Why did you turn off the burglar alarm?” he asked his wife.
..................................................................................................................................
4. “Were you at the game last night?” Alec asked his cousin.
..................................................................................................................................

9. Choose the correct answer.

I had a really unpleasant time with my teenage kids the other night. Sharon suggested 1. to go / going to see a
film in town, but then Ron insisted he 2. would prefer / will prefer to go to the local cinema. I explained that I
3.
didn’t want / hadn’t wanted to go all the way into town, but Sharon didn’t care. Of course, Ron declared that
anything his older sister 4. wants / wanted was fine with him. At the cinema, we had to buy tickets for front row
seats, as all the others were sold out. Sharon complained that those seats 5. are / were too close to the screen.
She asked me if I 6. thought / had
thought it was a good place to sit and I said I thought it 7. is / was fine. We could see really well. Sharon
complained that her neck 8. was hurting / is hurting from sitting so close. Nobody really enjoyed the evening.
Later, when I told my wife what had happened, she advised me 9. to not / not to take them to a film again.

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Match I to II to make sentences. Use the relative pronouns below. There may be more than one correct answer.
who • when • where • that • which • whose
I II
1. I wore the sweater ………………………… ...... a. the plane crashed, he was in Paris.
2. The Beatles were a group ………………………… ...... b. jumps off a cliff is mad.
3. On the day ………………………… ...... c. my cousin bought me in New York.
4. I don’t remember the name of the lake …………. ...... d. you can do to help.
5. Anyone ………………………… ...... e. we rented a boat.
6. There’s nothing ………………………… ...... f. songs changed modern music.

2. Complete the passage with suitable relative pronouns.

When I was 15 years old, I looked for a summer job. My older brother, 1. ……………………… I greatly admire,
had got his first job at 15 and I was determined to do the same. First, I went to the local shops,
2.
 ……………………… I was certain I would find a job. However, I was mistaken. A shop manager
3.
 ……………………… I knew suggested I come back the following summer, 4. ……………………… I’d have a
better chance. I had no better luck in the restaurants 5. ……………………… I tried. No one was interested in a
waiter 6. ……………………… only experience was setting the table at home. Then my luck changed. Our
neighbour, 7. ……………………… was going on holiday, needed someone to walk his dog and I got the job.

9
3. Rewrite the sentences using a relative pronoun and a relative clause. Make any necessary changes.
1. The Colosseum is in Rome. I took my brother there.
........................................................................................................................................
2. We invited a lot of people to the wedding. They were family or friends.
........................................................................................................................................
3. Sam took his driving test yesterday. He passed it.
........................................................................................................................................
4. My favourite director is Woody Allen. His films are very realistic.
........................................................................................................................................

4. Rewrite the sentences with non-defining relative clauses. Use the information in brackets, a suitable
relative pronoun and any necessary commas. Answers may vary.
1. Mr Denham is my neighbour.
(his house was damaged in the earthquake)
........................................................................................................................................
2. My new girfriend is great.
(I’ve lost her phone number)
........................................................................................................................................
3. The flight to Berlin costs €50.
(it’s three hours long)
........................................................................................................................................
4. Quentin told me about this new shop.
(he often buys second-hand books)
........................................................................................................................................
5. The old house on the hill has finally been sold.
(its grounds are haunted)
........................................................................................................................................

5. Correct the sentences below with a suitable relative pronoun. Add commas and take out extra words where
necessary.
1. Dena that drives a sports car is taking part in a racing competition.
........................................................................................................................................
2. Playing the piano is an activity that it demands talent and skill.
........................................................................................................................................
3. People that they are shy with strangers shouldn’t go to parties.
........................................................................................................................................
4. The year that the Berlin Wall came down then will always be remembered.
........................................................................................................................................
5. Denise who her uncle is our doctor has just got into university.
........................................................................................................................................
6. This is the platform that you can catch the train to London there.
........................................................................................................................................

10
6. Complete each sentence with a suitable relative pronoun. There may be more than one possible answer. Then
tick the sentences in which the relative pronoun can be omitted.
1. I lost the key ……………………… Mum gave me. ……
2. What’s the name of the restaurant ……………………… we ate that tasty spaghetti? ……
3. The woman ……………………… daughter got lost in the Andes is talking to the reporters. ……
4. I don’t remember a time ……………………… I didn’t have long hair. ……
5. Give this to the man ……………………… is standing by the door. ……
6. Our school, ……………………… is very old, is in the centre of town. ……

7. Complete the passage with suitable relative pronouns. There may be more than one possible answer.
Sign language is a language 1. ……………………… uses hand movements and symbols. The man
2.
 ……………………… developed American Sign Language was Thomas Gallauder. He brought sign language
from France, 3. ……………………… it was first used. Until the 18th century in the United States, people
4.
 ……………………… were deaf had no basic rights. They weren’t allowed to buy houses, receive an education
or get married. A large number of deaf people lived on an island 5. ……………………… they used sign language.
Today, sign language is widely used. You’ve probably seen language translators 6. ………………………
appearance on TV helps deaf people understand the programmes. These translators also use their lips because
there are many deaf people 7. ……………………… read lips as well.

8. Combine the sentences, using non-defining relative clauses and the relative pronoun in brackets. Make any
necessary changes.
1. .....Sam is one of my best friends. I have known him since we were children. (who)
.............................................................................................................................................
2. The new theatre has made a successful start to the season. The theatre manager is very young. (whose)
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Edinburgh is the most beautiful city in Scotland. My oldest friend lives there. (where)
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Cameron told me about his new job. He is enjoying his new job very much. (which)
.............................................................................................................................................
5. My parents moved to this country five years ago. I was ten years old then. (when)
.............................................................................................................................................

9. Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Make any necessary changes.
1. Sharon had a car. It was 12 years old.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. On Monday, she had an important meeting in town. Her car wouldn’t start then.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. She called the nearby garage. She knew they did quick repairs there.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. The mechanic kept her waiting for an hour. He managed to repair the car.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. In the end, Sharon decided to buy a new car. Her work requires a lot of traveling.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. She went to speak to a local car salesman. He was happy to help her.

11
 .............................................................................................................................................

10. Rewrite the sentences with the correct relative pronouns.

1. That’s the driver which smashed my car up.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Gilbert sent a letter to the programme whose he watches all the time.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. They drove to Paris, that is easy to reach via the Channel Tunnel.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. I suggested visiting the house that our dad was born.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. This is the shop where had a terrible fire last year.
.............................................................................................................................................

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20