Ninth week lessons

Quadratic Equations (continued)

(Divided into 3 lectures of 50 minutes each)

Lecture – 25 (50 minutes)

a) Nature of roots of a quadratic equation.

b) Relation between roots and coefficients.
c) Class works

A. Nature of roots of a quadratic equation.

The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 depends
upon the value of the expression ∆ = b2 - 4ac, called the discriminant.
The following cases arise (for a, b, c rational numbers).
Case I : When ∆ > 0 and not a perfect square, the roots are unequal and irrational.
Case II When ∆ > 0 and a perfect square, the roots are rational and unequal.
Case III when ∆ = 0, the roots are rational and equal.
Case IV when ∆ < 0, the roots are unequal and imaginary.
Example1:
Write the nature of roots of 2x2 + 3x - 5 = 0
Solution:
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 3 and c = -5.
Now
∆ = b2 - 4ac
= (3)2 – 4. 2. (-5)
= 9 + 40
= 49
=(7)2 > 0. Here we got the final result as a perfect square and positive. So
it indicates that the given equation must give two roots which are rational and
unequal.

Example2:
Write the nature of roots of 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
Solution:
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 3 and c = -4.
Now
∆ = b2 - 4ac
 = (3)2 – 4. 2. (-4)
= 9 + 32
= 41 > 0.
Here we got the final result as a non-perfect square and positive. So it indicates that
the given equation must give two roots which are irrational and unequal.

Example3:
Write the nature of roots of 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
Solution:
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5.
Now
∆ = b2 - 4ac
= (3)2 – 4. 2. (5)
= 9 - 40
= - 31< 0.
Here we got the final result as a negative. So it indicates that the given equation
must give two roots which are imaginary and unequal.

Example4:
Write the nature of roots of 2x2 - 4x + 2 = 0
Solution:
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -4 and c = 2.
Now
∆ = b2 - 4ac
= (- 4)2 – 4. 2. (2)
= 16 - 16
=0
Here we got the final result zero. So it indicates that the given equation must give
two roots which are rational and equal. That is, the roots are repeated.
Example 5:
If the equation x2 + (k+2)x + 2k = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k.

Solution:

comparing the given equation with ax2+bx+c=0

a = 1, b = k + 2, c = 2k

since the roots are equal;

b2 - 4ac = 0
 or (k + 2)2 - 4.1.2k = 0

or k2 - 4k + 4 = 0

or (k - 2)2 = 0

hence k = 2.

B. Relation between roots and coefficients.

The general form of a quadratic equation is

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (i)

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
On solving, x =
2a

If α and β be two roots of the equation (i) such that

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
α= and β=
2a 2a

then sum of the roots

=α+β

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
= +
2a 2a

−b
=
a

− (coefficient of x)
=
coefficient of x 2

and the product of the roots

= α.β

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
= ×
2a 2a

c
=
a

consta nt term
=
coefficient of x 2
Example:
Without finding the actual roots of 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0, find its sum of roots and product of
roots.
Solution:
comparing to ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 2, b = 3 and c = -5.
So,
b
sum of roots = −
a
= -3/ 2.

c
product of roots =
a
= -5/2

[Note: you can verify the result by actual calculation of roots ]

D. class works.
1. Write the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations.
i) x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 ii) x2 – 2x - 3 = 0
2
ii) x – 2x - 5 = 0 iv) x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
2. Find the sum and product of roots of 3x2 – 2x - 3 = 0
3. Calculate the sum and product of roots of x2 – 2x - 5 = 0

Lecture – 26 (50 minutes)

a) Formation of a quadratic equations.

b) Quadratic inequalities and their solution sets.
c) Class works

A. Formation of quadratic equations.

Suppose ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) is the required quadratic equation and α and β are the
given roots.
Then the required equation may be written as

x2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0

Thus a quadratic equation can be formed when sum and product of the roots are known.
Example1:

Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3.

Solution:

sum of roots = 2 + 3 = 5

product of roots = 2.3 = 6

so

required quadratic equation is

x2 -(sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0

or x2 - 5x + 6 = 0.

Example 2:

Form a quadratic equation whose roots are twice the roots of 3x2 + 5x + 1 = 0.

Solution:

comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 3, b = 5 and c = 1.

suppose α and β are the roots of the given equation. Then

b
sum of roots(α + β) = −
a
= -5/ 3.

c
product of roots( α. β ) =
a
= -1/3
According to the question, the roots of the new equation(i.e. required equation)
are 2 α and 2β .
For this
sum of roots = 2 α + 2 β
= 2( α + β )
= 2. (-5/3)
= -10/3
product of roots = 2 α .2β
= 4. αβ
= 4. (-1/3)
= -4/3.
Hence the required equation is
x 2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0.
or x 2 – (-10/3)x + (-4/3) = 0
or 3x 2 + 10x – 4 = 0.
B. Quadratic inequalities and their solution sets.
If we have a quadratic inequality, we can often solve it if the algebraic expression can
be rewritten in factorial form. The following example may make the concept clear.
Example:
Solve the inequality x2 – 3x + 2 ≤ 0.
Solution:
we have x2 – 3x + 2 ≤ 0.
or (x-2)(x-1) ≤ 0.
From this we can say that the number line is divided into three parts cutting at
x = 1 and x = 2. So the possible inequalities are x<1, 1<x<2 and x>2. One or two
of them is the required solution of the given inequality. We need to add equal
sign to the required solution because there is ≤ sign which contains equality also.

For x < 1, the value of x – 2 is always –ve and x-1 is also –ve. ... ... ... [a]
So, the product of x – 2 and x – 1 is +ve
For 1<x<2, the value of x – 2 is always –ve and x-1 is +ve. ... ... ... [b]
So, the product of x – 2 and x – 1 is -ve
For x>2, the value of x – 2 is always +ve and x-1 is also +ve. ... ... ... [c]
So, the product of x – 2 and x – 1 is +ve
Since we need the product negative or equal to zero [(x-2)(x-1) ≤ 0]; the required
solution is of type [b] with equality.
Hence the required solution is 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.

This can be summarized int he following table:

x<1 1<x<2 x>2
x-2 -ve -ve +ve
x-1 -ve +ve +ve
(x-1)(x-2) +ve -ve +ve
For (x-1)(x-2)<0, the middle column gives the solution area.
Hence for (x-1)(x-2)≤0, the solution set is 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.

C. Class works.
1. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are squares of the roots of x2 – 2x - 3 = 0
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are thrice the roots of x2 – 2x - 5 = 0
3. Solve the inequalities given below.
i) x2 – 3x + 2 ≤ 0 ii) x2 – 3x - 4 ≥ 0 iii) 2x2 – 3x - 2 ≤ 0
Lecture – 27 (50 minutes)

a) Exercise of the problems related to quadratic equations.

b) Assignment

A. Exercise of the problems related to quadratic equations.

1. Determine the nature of the roots of the equations

i)x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 ii) 2x2 -6x +7 =0

iii) x2 - 4x + 1

2. For what values of a will the equation x2 - (3a -1)x + 2(a2 - 1) = 0 have equal
roots?

3. If the roots of the quadratic equation 9x2-6x+k=0 are equal find the value of k.

4. Find the value of k so that the equation 2x2 +kx -15 = 0 has one root 3.
5. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
2x2 + 5x + 4 = 0.

B. Assignment.

1. Find the value of k so that the equation 3x2 +kx -2 = 0 has roots whose sum is 6.
2. If 2x2 + (4 - k)x - 17 = 0 has roots equal but opposite in sign, find the value of k.
3. Find the value of k so that the equation 3x2 + 7x + 6 - k = 0 has one root equal to zero.
4. If the roots of ax2 + bx +c = 0 be in the ration 3:4, prove that 12b2 = 49ac.
[Hints: take one root 3α and other 4α. Then using sum of roots = -b/a, find the value of α
and put that value in the relation of product of roots.]
5. If one root of the equation x2 - px + q = 0 be twice the other, show that 2p2 = 9q.
6. For what values of m, the equation x2 -mx +m + 1 = 0 may have its roots in the ratio
2:3?
7. What are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
8. If the roots of (a2 + b2) x2 - 2(ac + bd) x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are equal show that ad = bc.
9. Form the quadratic equation in which roots are 3, -2.
10. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
3x2 – 5x –2 = 0

11. Form the quadratic equation whose roots will be

a) m times the roots of x2 - px +q = 0.
b) greater by h than the roots of x2 - px + q = 0.
c) the reciprocals of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
12. If α and β are the roots of ax2 + bx +c = 0, find the equation whose roots are αβ -1
and
βα -1