AIR CHANGE LOAD PROB: (Refer to the first problem) If two

people occupy the space at a time, calculate

Q= (room volume) (air change per 24 hours) the heat gain. Make wise assumptions.
(air density) (ho-h)
Given: 2 people
For air change: Tables 10.64 - 10.68,
Dossat, 4th Assume: Standing day long, light work
8 hrs, 8:00 am
Air density: 0.075 lb/ft³ (standard value)

hohi : Psychrometric chart Solution:

SHG = (N)(SHG)(CLF)
PROBLEM: N = 2 people
The dimensions of a storage cooler in a SHG = 200 Btu/h (Table 8.8 AHSRAE)
hotel kitchen are 15 ft x 20 ft x 10 ft, and
usage is heavy. The inside is maintained at CLF = 0.84 (8 hrs, 8:00 am)
32°F and 85% relative humidity, while the
outside conditions are 75°F and 50% RH.
Calculate the air change load. SHG = (2)(200 Btu/h)(0.84)

= 336 Btu/hr

LHG = (N)(LHG)

= (2)(250 Btu/h)

= 500 Btu/hr

Qt = LHG + SHG

= 336 Btu/hr + 500 Btu/hr

Qt = 836 Btu/hr

Occupants Load
ELECTRIC LIGHTS
Sensible: Q = (N)(SHG)(CLF)
Q= (3.414) (W) (FUT) (FBF) (CLF)
Latent: Q=(N) (LHG)
where:
where:
W = total wattage obtained from the ratings
N = number of people in the space of all fixtures
SHG, LHG = sensible and latent heat gain FUT Lighting Use Factor, as appropriate
from occupancy = diversity factor defined as the ratio of
wattage in use at design condition to the
CLF cooling load factor = function of (a)
installation condition
time people spent in the space, and (b) the
= for commercial applications, it is generally
time elapsed since first entering
equal to unity (1.00)
= equal to 1.0 if space temperature is not FBF = Fluorescent Ballast Factor, as
maintained constant appropriate = special allowance factor for
fluorescent fixtures accounting for ballast
For SHG and LHG: Table 8.8, ASHRAE losses
= 1.25 for general use
For CLF: Table 3, PHD
CLF = cooling load factor for lights, by hour
of occupancy (Table 3, PHD)
PROBLEM:

(Refer to the first problem) If four fluorescent

lamps (each with 50 watts) are installed
inside the room, calculate the heat gain.
Make wise assumptions.

Given:

W = 50 watts

CLF = 0.84 ( 8hrs, 8:00 am)

Solution:

Q = (3.414) (W) (FUT) (FBF) (CLF)

= (3.414)(50 watts)(1.00)(1.25)(0.84)

Q = 179.235 Btu/hr

APPLIANCES

Q = (3.414) (W) (Fu) (Fr) (CLF)

where:

W = installed rating of appliances in watts

Fu = Usage Factor, 1.00

Fr = Radiation Factor, 1.00

CLF cooling load factor, by hour of

occupancy

For W: Tables 5-10, ASHRAE

PROBLEM:
(Refer to the first problem) If the following Office Coppier
appliances are being used inside the room,
calculate the heat gain:
 Coffee heater
 Microwave oven
 Small refrigerator
 Two computer units with printers
 Office copier
 Small TV monitor
Make wise assumptions.
 c. Cooling Load

Where:
Q = heat gain, Btu/hr
m = mass of product, b
c = specific heat of product above freezing,
Btu/lb°F
T = product and chilling temperatures, °F
t = chilling time, hr
Chilling Load
Chilling Factors: For T, and c: Table 10.2, Dossat 4
1 The entering product temperature
2. The final product temperature desired d. Product Respiration
3. The maximum pounds of products that
are to be chilled at any one time
4. Chilling time
5. The specific heat of the product
Where:
a. Chilling Load Q = heat gain, Btu/hr
m = mass of product, b
respiration heat = Btu/hr∙lb

For respiration heat: Table 10.7, Dossat 4th

where:
e. Load from Containers
Q= heat gain, Btu/hr (chilling or cooling load equation applies)
m = mass of product, b
c = specific heat of product above freezing, For c: Table 3-4, ASHRAE
Btu/lb°F
T = product and chilling temperatures, °F Miscellaneous Items: supply-duct heat
t = chilling time, hr gain and air leakage, supply-fan power
CF chilling factor, recommended to allow for input, pumps, etc
the high load at the start of the chilling
period =approximately 50-100% Contingency: Add 10% to both total
sensible and latent heat.
For T, and c: Table 10.2, Dossat 4°

b. Freezing Load

where:

Q = heat gain, Btu/hr

m = mass of product, Ib
h = latent heat, Btu/lb
t = freezing time, hr

For h: Table 10.2, Dossat 4

PROB:
Seventy-five hundred pounds of fresh lean
beef enter a chilling cooler at 102°F and are
chilled to 45°F each day. Compute the
product load in Btu per 24 hr. Determine the
product load assuming the beef is chilled 20
hr rather than over the entire 24-hr period.
Use chilling factor of 0.67.

PROB:
Five hundred pounds of poultry enter a
chiller at 40°F and are frozen and chilled to
a final temperature of - 5°F for storage in 12
hr. Compute the product load.
REFRIGERANTS g. F-114 Dichlorotetrafluroethane

2. Inorganic Compounds -ammonia,

Refrigerant water, air, CO2, SO2
-is the substance employed as the heat 3. Hydrocarbons - used for petroleum and
absorber or cooling agent petrochemical industry; eg. methane,
-is a medium of heat transfer which absorbs ethane, propane
heat by evaporating at a low temperature 4. Azeotropes - mixture of two refrigerants,
and gives up heat by condensing at a high the most popular of which is R 502, which is
temperature and pressure. a mixture of 48.8% F-22 and 51.2% R 115.
-The ideal refrigerant has good
thermodynamic properties, is noncorrosive, B. Secondary Refrigerants
and safe. - carries heat from the substance/ object
being cooled to the evaporator of a
Important properties of refrigerants: refrigeration system. These are anti-freeze
solutions (solutions with freezing
a. Latent heat of vaporization temperature below 0°C)
b. Specific volume
c. Compression ratio -It does undergo cycle of refrigeration
d. Specific heat of the refrigerant in both process.
liquid and vapor states - include brines and antifreezes
- e.g. ethylene glycol, propylene glycol (safe
SAFETY PROPERTIES foods), calcium chloride

a. It should not contribute to the destruction

of the earth's ozone layer.
b. It should not contribute to the increase in
the earth's warming potential.
c. As much as possible, it should be
nonflammable, non explosive, and non-
toxic.
d. It should not react unfavorably with
lubricating oil or with any material used in
the construction of refrigerating equipment,
or
moisture
e. It should not contaminate foodstuff or Uses of some of the more common
products in case of leakage. refrigerants:
1. Air - the principal use of the air as a
A. Primary Refrigerants refrigerant is in the air-cycle refrigeration
- refrigerants used in vapor-compression unit for aircraft. Operating with air requires
system. It undergoes cycle of refrigeration more work yet lightweight.
process.
1. Halocarbon Compounds - contain one 2. Ammonia - the greatest use of ammonia
or more of the three halogens- chlorine, is in large industrial and low - temperature
fluorine, and bromine installations such as frozen food and dairy
plants
Most Common Fluorinated
Hydrocarbons: 3. Carbon dioxide - its high horsepower
a. F-11 Trichloromonofluoromethane requirements and high condensing
b. F-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane pressures limited its use to the low
c. F-13 Monochlorotrifluoromethane temperature cycle in a cascade system. The
d. F-22 Monochlorodifluoromethane carbon dioxide condenses by giving its heat
e. F-40 Methyl chloride to the evaporator of a higher temperature
f. F-113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane unit using a different refrigerant
- sometimes used for direct contact freezing LP, LT liquid-vapor
(for food) EVAPORATOR leaves the EV HP, LT liquid
refrigerant
4. Refrigerant 11 - the high value of volume LP, LT liquid-vapor Enters the EV
leaves the Evaporator
flow per ton with R11 makes it suitable for
service in centrifugal compressors. LIQUID LINE
SUCTION LINE
HP, LT liquid
5. Refrigerant 12 - this is the most widely LP, HT vapor From the receiving
tank
used refrigerant. It is used primarily with HOT GAS/DISCHARGE LINE
HP, HT vapor
reciprocating compressors for service in HP, HT vapor
Leaves the
household refrigeration appliances, compressor RECEIVING TANK
commercial and industrial air conditioning, COMPRESSOR
HP, LT liquid-vapor
and in a multitude of other types of CONDENSER Leaves the condenser

refrigeration systems.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VAPOR
6. Refrigerant 22 - like R12, is nontoxic and COMPRESSION SYSTEM
has a low power requirement per ton. R22 is
competitive with refrigerant 12 in small air-
conditioning units. It is competitive with 1. Expansion valve - or back pressure
ammonia in industrial low-temperature valve; meters the proper amount of liquid
system in cases where toxicity of the refrigerant entering the evaporator, and
refrigerant is of concern. reduces its pressure and temperature of
below the temperature of the refrigerated
VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM space so that the refrigerant will vaporize in
the evaporator at the desired low
temperature.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
2. Evaporator - provides a heat transfer
a. Vapor compression system surface through which heat can pass from
b. Multi-pressure s, stem the refrigerated space or product into the
c. Absorption refrigeration system vaporizing refrigerant. Liquid vaporizes at a
d. Thermo-electric system constant pressure and temperature
e. Air-cycle refrigeration system
f. Steam-jet refrigeration system 3. Suction line - conveys the low-pressure
vapor from the evaporator to the suction
inlet of the compressor
-vapor pressure remains low while the
temperature is high

4. Compressor - removes the vapor from

the evaporator to the suction inlet of the
compressor.
-vapor pressure and temperature is
raised
5. "Hot gas" or discharge line - delivers By Law of Conservation of Energy
the high pressure, high- temperature vapor
from the discharge of the compressor to the Qc = Qe+W
condenser. W= Qc - Qe
= (h3-h4)-(h₂-h1); h₁ = h4
6. Condenser - provides a heat transfer
surface through which heat passes from the W= h3 - h₂
hot refrigerant vapor to the condensing
medium. - vapor condenses back into the RE - amount of heat absorbed (Q,) by the
liquid form refrigerant in its travel through the
- temperature of refrigerant is reduced but evaporator.
the pressure remains high
e. Weight of Refrigerant Circulated
-(a) air-cooled, (b) water-cooled, (per minute)
(c) evaporative

7. Receiver tank - provides storage for the

condensed liquid so that a constant supply
of liquid is available to the evaporator as
needed.
f. Theoretical Piston Displacement
-liquid vapor is at low temperature and high
(per ton-min of refrigerant)
pressure
- weight of refrigerant circulated multiplied
8. Liquid line - carries the liquid refrigerant
by the specific volume of the refrigerant at
from the receiver tank to the refrigerant flow
its entrance to the compressor
control.

g. Theoretical Horsepower
(per ton of refrigerant)-power theoretically
required to compress the refrigerant

a. Amount of heat absorbed during For Isentropic Compression:

evaporation or Refrigerating effect (RE)
Q e = h2 – h1

b. Amount of heat rejected during

condensation
Q c = h3 – h4
(the heat equivalent of compression work)
c. Quality of refrigerant at the end of
expansion:
h. Coefficient of Performance

COP = heat absorbed in evaporator heat

eq. of net work supplied
Heat of vaporization: hx = hf + xhfg h2−h 1
Entropy: Sx = Sf + xSfg COP =
Volume: Vx = Vf + xVfg h3−h 2
( x = quality, or amount of vapor)
d. Work at Compression
i. Heat removed through the condenser
= heat absorbed from the work of
compression
(h ¿ ¿ 3−h4 )
¿
= 200 Btu
(h ¿ ¿2−h1 ) ¿
min−ton

PROB:
A cold storage facility has a total cooling
load of 20 tons. Ammonia (NH) is used as
the refrigerant. The evaporator temperature
is -20°F and that of the condenser is 72°F.
The refrigeration system uses a four-
cylinder, single acting compressor.

Draw the corresponding pH diagram and

determine the following:

a. Refrigerating effect,
b. Mass of refrigerant circulated per minute,
c. Heat removed at the condenser per
minute, d. Quality of the refrigerant after
leaving the expansion valve,
e. Theoretical power in hp and kW,
f. Coefficient of performance,
g. Theoretical piston displacement.

Note: 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/hr

Solution:

a. Refrigerating effect

Qe = h2 – h1
Qe = 605.0 – 122.8 Btu/lb
Qe = 482.2 Btu/lb

b. Mass of refrigerant circulated per

minute

c. Heat removed at condenser

 e. Theoretical power in hp and kW, f.
Coefficient of performance,
g. Theoretical piston displacement.

Note: 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/hr

d. Quality of refrigerant

e. Theoretical Power

f. Coefficient of performance

g. Theoretical Piston Displacement

(TPD)

PROB:
A refrigerating system employs Ammonia as
refrigerant and is operating on a simple
saturated cycle with an evaporator
temperature of -30F and condensing
temperature of 78F. The total cooling load of
the refrigeration system is 50tons.

Draw the corresponding pH diagram and

determine the following:

a. Refrigerating effect,
b. Mass of refrigerant circulated per minute,
c. Heat removed at the condenser per
minute,
d. Quality of the refrigerant after leaving the
expansion valve,