WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLIEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCES AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDY

AN ASSESSMENT OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE WATER

POLLUTION IN CASE OF HOSSANA TOWN IN GOFER MEDA KEBELE

PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPERTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR
OF (B.A) DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

PREPARED BY: ADDANE MEKONEN

ADVISOR NAME:Tesfaye Teklu

JUNE 2023

HOSSANA ETHIOPI
Table of Contents
List of finger...................................................................................................................................iv

Acronyms.........................................................................................................................................v

1. INTRODACTION.......................................................................................................................1

1.1Back ground of the study........................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................3

1.3 Objective of the study............................................................................................................4

1.3.1 General objective.............................................................................................................4

1.3.2 The speacific objectives of this study will be:-...............................................................4

1.3.3 Research questions..........................................................................................................4

1.4 The scope of the study..........................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the study........................................................................................................4

1.6 Limitations of the study.........................................................................................................5

1.7 Organiazation of the paper.....................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................6

2. LITERATURE REVIWE............................................................................................................6

2.1 Definition and concept of environmental pollution...............................................................6

2.2 Types of environmental pollution..........................................................................................6

2.2.1 Water pollution................................................................................................................6

2.2.2 Soil pollution...................................................................................................................7

2.2.3 Air pollution....................................................................................................................7

2.2.4 Noise pollution................................................................................................................7

2.3 Source of environmental pollution.........................................................................................8

2.3.1 Source of water pollution................................................................................................8

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 2.3.2 Source of air pollution.....................................................................................................9

2.3.3 Source of noise pollution.................................................................................................9

2.4 consequences of environmental pollution..............................................................................9

2.4.1consequences of air pollution...............................................................................................9

2.5 Methods of environmental pollution mitigation..................................................................11

2.5.1 Air pollution control methods.......................................................................................11

2.5.2 Control of noise pollution..............................................................................................11

2.5.3 Control of water pollution.............................................................................................11

2.5.4 Control of soil pollution................................................................................................12

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................13

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................................13

3.1. Description of the study area..............................................................................................13

3.2. Location..............................................................................................................................13

3.4. Vegetation Cover................................................................................................................14

3.5. Soil Types...........................................................................................................................14

3.6. Climate................................................................................................................................14

3.7. Temperature and Rainfall....................................................................................................14

3.1.2. socio-economic activity conditions..................................................................................14

3.1.3 Education and Health........................................................................................................14

3.1. 4 Energy and water supply..................................................................................................15

3.1.5 Communication and transportation...................................................................................15

3.1.6 Agriculture........................................................................................................................15

3.1.7 Trade and industry............................................................................................................16

3.2.1 Research methodology feature..........................................................................................16

3.2.2. Research Design...............................................................................................................16

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 3.2.3. Research Approaches.......................................................................................................16

3.2.4. Data source And types.....................................................................................................16

3.2.5. Sample size determination...............................................................................................17

3.2.7. Methods of Data Collection.............................................................................................18

3.3.1. Focus group discussion....................................................................................................18

3.3.2. Interview..........................................................................................................................18

3.3.3. Questionnaires..................................................................................................................19

3.3.4. Techniques of data analysis and interpretation................................................................19

4 .TIME AND COST BUDET......................................................................................................20

4.1 Time schedul........................................................................................................................20

4.2 Cost Budget..........................................................................................................................20

References......................................................................................................................................21

iii
List of finger
Finger 1: Map of the Study Area…………………………………………….……….13

iv
Acronyms
EPA Environmental Protection Agenc

WHO World hearth organization

HHs Households

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1. INTRODACTION
1.1Back ground of the study
Environment is one of our most important and basis of all living things and non-living things that
surround us. Although this environment is unable to remain stable in the long future because
where it is exposed to various pollution caused by different pollutant from different sources. The
most common sources that realized pollutant that pollute the environment are natural hazards
such as volcanic eruption ,forest fire ,bio organic process, natural climate change and also
anthropogenic sources such as deforestation ,waste disposal from
( industries ,municipalities ,agricultural lands),construction sites, rail road ,biochemical
wastes ,hazardous wastes (William.p,2003).

All over the world today, environmental pollution is issue of great concern because of what the
environment to human survival and indeed the survival of the earth itself.These days ,the
argument on green house effects is expantion everywhere in the world . it is global
warming .Both point to the effect to that earth is polluted (William,2006;88) affirm that it is
well recognized that environment is one the health. The problem of refuse disposal
environmental pollution as regard altering of steers with refuse material is a crucial problem of
the developing countries. It has been observed that environmental pollution identifies improper,
ineffective and unhygienic disposal of refuse materials as vector of environmental pollution .The
most talk about pollution is the industrial pollution which is now a global issue. This has
generated a lot of discussion and augments at various social states especially among the scientist
(AdimekweS.c, 2013).

Assessing community’s knowledge of pollutants and their level of concerns that those pollutant
cause illness may be viewed as measure of environmental literacy (Weber, hair and Flower,
2000).

Environmental pollutants are widespread in the environment and many are stored in animal fat
cells and bio accumulates in the food chain. inhalation and physical contact are the three main
rout s of expose rot pollutants used in our environment .Polychlorinated bibphenyl(PCBs) are
common industrial pollutant s used heavily prior to 1979 when they banned from US
production .Polychlorinated bibphenyl(PCBs) have been found to have several adverse health
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effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system and the pollutant may also
increase e certain type s of cancer oxidative stress (PCBs, 2010).

People are exposed to every day to these common pollutant s and chemical through consuming
food, breathing contaminated air, using products containing these pollutants and storing food in
container made with these pollutants (control, 2009).

Environmental pollutant can be classified under the following heading;(1) water pollution (2)
soil pollution (3)noise pollution (4)air pollution .Water pollution is the introduction in to ocean
water of chemicals, physical or biological material that degrades of quantities of the water, the
process ranges from simple addition of dissolved of or suspended solids to discharge of the most
insidious toxic pollutant such as (pesticides ,heavy material and non-degradable bio-
accumulative,halogenated,hydrocarbons) face and focal polluted water that causes cholera
(AdimekweS.C,2013).

In most developing countries the problem is a little better than developed countries .similarly, his
is true for Ethiopia while this countries are lat in civilization and technological advancement, but
this countries the environmental pollution more emphasized due to population growth and the
related activities time to time .hossana town is one where it is located in the south part of
Ethiopia. where the environment is endowed with natural resource even though the environment
is polluted due to effective means of human activities such as ambition of local expansion
different municipal wastes, road ,and building construction ,automobiles ,illegal
damping,domostice waste sewage disposal .for this reason ,the environmental pollution has
caused effects in both biotic and a biotic environment (HTMD,2006).

Description about hossana town

Hossana is dusty,arid town at 7,432 ft above sea level.The town standardles a paved road,which
runs between addis abeba,the capital of Ethiopia,and Arba Minch.

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Hossana town is located in the northern part of SNNPR state.It ls 232 KM far from the counry's
capital city to the south and 120 KM from the regional capital town.The town administration is
classified into 3 subs administrative with a total of 8 kebeles

1.2 Statement of the problem

All over the world today, environmental pollution is issue of great concern because of what the
environment to human survival and indeed the survival of the earth. Environmental pollution is
described as the undesirable change in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of our
air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrialization, and other human
activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that
were released by-product[http//safere environment.wordpress,com/2009].

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problem in the world, it affects that all living
things exist on the surface of the earth. This phenomena is not only disturbing or disquieting the
quality of our environment, it also leads to global warming .

Hossana Town is one of the administrative,whch is found in the south region of Ethiopia where
endowed with environmental sustainability, due to huge abundant of natural resources. However,
this town is largely faced by human activities such as water pollution due to this pollution many
peoples were affect by water born diseases such as diarrhea , ameba ,and cholera are the common
diseases affect the community .Plus to this air pollution also like commoncold, and tuberculosis
are the most common diseases in hossana town. lauod music is the most agent of noise
pollution, by disturbing the people in night during sleeping,especially for sick persons the effect
is high. construction sites due to lack of effectives and efficient management that causes
environmental pollution. ,the environmental pollution has caused effects in both biotic and a
baiotic environment.The researchers motivated to conduct this research the problem was not well
studied in the past and the severity of the prbleme is not recognized in the study area. Through
the problem is timely need up-to date information there for the intension of this study on causes
and consequences of environmental pollution tries to fill this gap and adds knowledge to existing
literature in related to the cause and consequence of environmental pollution in the study area.

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1.3 Objective of the study
1.3.1 General objective
The general objective of this study is to assess the causes and consequences of water pollution in
SNNP region in cause of hossana Town.

1.3.2 The speacific objectives of this study will be:-

 To identify types of water pollution
 To investigate the major source of water pollution
 To discribe of water pollution
 To point out the control methods of water pollution

1.3.3 Research questions

 What are the most common type of water pollution in the study area?
 What is the major cause ofwater pollution in the study area?
 What are the consequences of the water pollution?
 What are the control methods of water pollution?

1.4 The scope of the study

The coverage of the study will be limited to the assessment of causes and consequences of
environmental pollution in hossana town that influences the life, .The study is generally focus on
the causes and consequence of environmental pollution in hossana town this study focused
mainly on water pollution , soil pollution , air pollution and noise pollution because wider nature
of the topic under study the respondent to may questionnaire will be hossana municipal.
including all members would be beyond my capacity in both labour, time and cost.The causes
and consequence of environmental pollution limited to place of the hossana town.due to the fact
that conducting research work in large area usually require large amount of financial resources
which beyond researcher capacity afford.

1.5 Significance of the study

The result of the study is expect to increase the knowledge on the causes and consequences of
environmental pollution. Besides to this the study help to tackle the problem related to the
adaption of mitigation measures of technology. Today much of great attetion is given for the

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protection of the all environmental is limited when we protect within its capacity. However ,this
environment can be under extreme of pollution today in most developing countries like Ethiopia
particularly in the area of high population dominates where as he demand for the unlimited gift
of environmental will increase .Environmental provides multifunctional benefits for human
beings such as clean water supply ,air ,road , shelter and cloth as well as supplies on the
consumption we want throughout the world (Annevnning,2004).

1.6 Limitations of the study

While doing this research some constraints will faced such as, lack of enough money, in
accessibility of the study and lack of enough documented data about the study area and some
people are not willing to offer necessary information and most of the people are not willing to
make interview with the researcher.

1.7 Organiazation of the paper

The proposal will be organized four chapter. The first chapter introduction part which includes
background of the stud, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research question,
significance of the study, scope of the study and organization the paper. The second chapter
deals with literature review. The third chapter deal about methodology of the study. The four
chapters describe analysis and interpretation based and finding and the remaining chapter
includes conclusion and recommendation.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIWE
2.1 Definition and concept of environmental pollution
Environment is formed both the biotic environment such as plants and animals and biotic such
as light, water, soil, climate and their interaction of make up the total environment (Roger .P,
2003.) pollution is defined as the introduction of contaminants in to the natural environment that
causes adverse change (Mechael.C.2003). Environmental pollution means guarding all the
surrounding condition which influences growth and development (air, water, land, atmosphere
and space) against pollution (DERID, 2000) Udoudo (2006) observe that in some location in
hossana town is one can hardly find modern toilet facilities. In some water pollution is the
introduction into ocean waters chemical, physical or biological material that degrades the
qualities of water. The process ranges from sampling addition of dissolved or suspended solids to
discharge of the insidious toxic pollutant (such as pesticides heavy materials non-degradable bio
accumulitive,halogenated ,hydrocarbons )which persist and pervade the environment .Much
water bodies are heavy polluted by human face and faucal polluted water that causes cholera
(AdimekweS .C,2013)

The significance of environmental factors to the health and well-being of human population
increasingly apparent (Rosenstock, 2003´, WHO, 2010b).the environmental pollution is
worldwide problem and its palatial to influence the health of human population is great
(Fereidoum et al ; 2007).

2.2 Types of environmental pollution

Environmental pollution can be classified under the flowing heading; (і) water pollution (іі) soil
pollution (ііі) air pollution (іѵ) noise pollution.

2.2.1 Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water by sewage ,toxic chemical ,toxic metals or other
subsistence that can affect the water source such as surface water ,ground water and water
harvesting sources .Most it occurs when people put so much waste in to the water system that
its cleaning cannot be functioning properly (William,2005).

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Water pollution is the contamination of water foreign matter such as micro-
organism .chemical ,industrial or other waste or sewage such matter deterioration the quality of
water and render it unfit for its intended uses (Puroht et al;2009)

2.2.2 Soil pollution

Soil pollution is the destruction of the earth’s thin layers of healthy productive soil where much
of our food is grown .Although without fertile soil farmers could not enough food to support
people .Healthy soil depends on bacteria ,fungi and small animals to break down wastes in the
soil and realize nutrients .Land pollution is the degradation of the earth’s surface through misuse
of the soil by poor agricultural practices ,minerals exploitation, industrial waste dumping and
indiscriminant disposal of urine water .It occurs due to incorporation of unwanted chemicals in
the soil due to human activities use of pesticides and insecticides absorbs the nitrogen
compounds from the making it unit for plants to deprave nutrition from (AdimkweS.C20130).

2.2.3 Air pollution

Air pollution is the contamination of atmosphere by gaseous liquid or solid wastes or by products
that can attack endanger human health and welfare of plants and animal or can attack materials,
reduce visibility or produce undesirable odors .Among air pollutants emitted by natural sources,
only radioactive gas radon is recognized as major health threat .A bio-product of the radioactive
decay of uranium minerals in certain kinds of rocks, posing a risk of lung cancer to resident
(World book,2007).

According to Bureau of Indian standards,IS-4267(1980) air pollution is the presence in ambient

atmosphere of the substance ,general resulting from the activity of man ,insufficient
concentration ,present for sufficient time under circumstance such as to interfere with
convert ,health or welfare person or with reasonable use or enjoyment of property (Puroht,2007).

2.2.4 Noise pollution

Noise pollution –unlike all other pollution causing components emits of the sound is not an
element, compound or substance which accumulate and harm the future generations. Any sound
that has the potential to cause disturbance discomfort or physiological stress to the subject
exposed to it or unwanted ,unpleasant sound that cause discomfort irritation to human
beings .Furthermore ,noise pollution mostly come from mechanical, motor

7
vehicles ,construction sits , and machinery .noise pollution means unpleasant sound in the
atmosphere causing health hazardous ,sleepiness ,annoyance and tight .Hence noise does not
dirty air ,water or land but it can cause discomfort and hearing loses in the human being and
other animals (Peser.G,1996)

Noise is by definition unwanted sound. It may be annoying, it may interfere with speech
communication, leisure or relaxation, and very high levels which may occur at work or during
certain noise leisure activities, it may result in hearing loss by causing damage to the hair-cells in
the cochlea in the inner ear. Rather than leading significant adverse physiological responses,
noise is more often a major problem interims of quality of human life in specific localities
(Poroht et al; 2009).

2.3 Source of environmental pollution

Environment may be pollution in different ways, thus the two most common source of
environmental pollution are natural and anthropogenic source .Hence, and the natural sources
include volcanic eruption, earth quake, landslide, forest fire and hurricanes. The anthropogenic
source are every activities related to human being (Andrew.B, 1996).

2.3.1 Source of water pollution

The recent major source of surface and ground water pollution includes the following; industrial
effluent, domestic sewage, fertilizers and pesticides and leached from liquid water disposal sites.

Generally, these sources divided in into two categories’ point and non-point source of water
pollution and briefly described below.

Point sources : discharges pollutants at specific location through pipe or sever in to produce of
surface water .Example includes factories seepage treatment plant /which removes some but not
all pollution /point source are at specific place. They are fairly easy to identify, monitor and
regulate.

Non-point : are big land areas that discharge pollution in the surface and underground water
after a large areas and the parents atmosphere where pollution are deposited on surface
water .Example ,run off in the source seepage to the ground water from crop
land,livestock,feedlots, logged forest, and urban sub urban lands, construction areas, parking lots

8
and road way .Finally this over all source of water pollution causes a lot of effects on the water
bodies ,livestock, ecosystems ,human and vegetation of the environment(Willium,2005).

2.3.2 Source of air pollution

The pollutants which discharge. From sources may threat persist in the
atmosphere ,transformed ,deposited .There are various kinds of estimated pollutants liberated by
different activities in developed and developing countries .The most common atmospheric source
as a pollution are classified activities in to broad categories’ namely primary and secondary air
pollution .Primary pollutant are chemical that had been added directly to the air by natural events
,in human activities and occurs in harmful concentration ,for example ,carbon dioxide ,sulfur
dioxide ,nitrogen dioxide hydrogen sulfide .Where as secondary pollutants are harmful chemicals
formed the atmosphere when a primary pollutants reacts with the normal components of other air
pollutants (Droschoch ,1987).

2.3.3 Source of noise pollution

Source of noise pollution can be formed natural forest fire, volcanic eruption, and lathing and
from manmade such as modern mechanics and technology invention, motor vehicles greatly
increased the source of noise pollution .However, noise pollution is not the problem of advanced
countries but it has stated raising its ugly heard in the developing countries too. In addition to the
major contributor to the problem of high noise are: domestic wedges like vacuum cleaners,
generator site loud speakers, music system, transport vehicles like buses, trucks, air planes,
industrial and construction activities, and commercial establishment .Agricultural operations
including devices like pumps, harvesters and truckers (Mihael.2008).

2.4 consequences of environmental pollution

Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem that affects air, water, various human activities
mainly since the industrial revolution has created waste products that have simply been realized
in to the environment without any thought being point to their effects (Dr.H.Gillary, 2003).

2.4.1consequences of air pollution

Air pollution can affect plants in varying degrees at the lowest levels that below threshold there
is no effect such as visible cumulative chronic effects. However, event at these level air
pollutants can be stored in the plant and introduced into the food chain affecting animals which

9
eat the plant .Air pollution commonly affects vegetation as follows; changes in sun are energy
failing on the leaf surface the energy exchange due to dust, decrease chlorophyll content,
interruption in gaseous exchange and due to clogging of stomata on dust
particulates(A.Kging,2003).

Consequences on animal

The direct effects of identification lead compounds from automobile exhaust are deposited near
the roads as though concentration pound on vegetation is smaller .But with a time such materials
accumulates in the animals bodies the rough food chain and finally danger to animals
(A.Kging,2003).

Consequences on human beings

When air pollutant are inters in to the breathing system such as breathing system such as noise
where fine dairy tilter our moist particles greater than about ten (10) micrometer.Hencethis air is
warmed and humidified than pass trouper the wind pipe in the brain dial tubes which sub divided
the air stream and pass into lung where there are multiple air stack though capillary division
cause difficulty in breathing system (Willia.p2003).

Harmful consequences of noise pollution

Noise pollution human health in number of ways:-these are direct include annoyance, irritability
sleepiness , and interference communication ,performance effect on social behavior hearing loss
and health effects such as heart burn ,changes in blood pressure ,impossible heart
disease ,headache and even more results mental illness.

Indirect effect-includes increase health coast decrease properly rave, coast decrease. Furthermore
,spatially near rail way station ,airport ,industrial areas ,continuous or prolonged exposure to
noise level of 80-85DB or can cause deafness(WHO,1997).

Consequences of pollution (Effects of agrochemical on soil quality)There are a number of ways

in which agricultural practices can impact on soil quality .A large proportion of the ways of
acidic soils in Australia have arisen from indiscriminant use of nitrogen and phosphate
fertilizers .Among the inorganic fertilizer in use ,excessive use of nitrate and have lead o

10
extensive contamination of the surface and ground water .The fate on N fertilizer in the soil
environment is controlled several physical ,chemical biological factors that interact with each
other .soil pollution can inhibit seed germination , suppress plant growth as well as it affects the
health of humans and animals (Puroht et al ;2009).

2.5 Methods of environmental pollution mitigation

2.5.1 Air pollution control methods
Gaseous pollutants such sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and acidic gases and
hydrocarbons are the principal gases responsible for air pollution .For the control of these gasses
the mechanism are chemical engineering unit operation each include adsorption, absorption
combustion and condensation .Automobile emission is the major problem of metropolitan
town.It can be controlled by crankcase emission, control of exhaust emission, control of
evaporation emission and alternatives to the gasoline engine (Purohit et al ;2009).

2.5.2 Control of noise pollution

Exposure of mankind to the day by day increasing noise nuisance must be reduced and abated, if
its adverse effects on human health are to be controlled. The society must ,therefore ,be
protected from the harmful effects of noise by devising and implementing ways and means for
the abatement of noises .There are certain noise of which have to be dampened and attenuated by
use of good technology and town planning .For example the noise produce d by motor vehicles
can be controlled to some extent by proper maintenance of vehicles which can be ensured only
by prescribing maximum premise able noise levels for different types of automobiles ,though
motor vehicles Act. Another very important method for abating noise effect on mankind is to use
proper town planning techniques, thus to ensure construction of house and office away from
major source of noise (Garg et al; 2006).

2.5.3 Control of water pollution

Sewage disposal and treatment sewage is defined as the water supply of the used water of
community .It contains adilute water borne wastes from residence, business house and
industries .The sewage water is treated by physical or biological processes for removal of
organic matter. Using mechanical devices ,various suspended and floating solids from sewage
can be removed physically .Biological treatment is widely used method for sewage
treatment .The water from toilet ,bath tubes ,kitchen and sinks is processed septic tanks ,which

11
can hands at the most a few hundred gallons per day to municipal plants which handle of gallons
(Purohit et al;2009)

2.5.4 Control of soil pollution

Eco-friendly farming system is the only approach to control soil pollution .There are several
established approaches to eco-friendly system .This includes organic farming which is a
productive system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded
fertilizers ,pesticides ,growth regulators and livestock feed additives .Biological farming
diagnostic instrument to monitor plant and soil condition are frequently used in biological
farming .this include refract meters to monitor sugar content brix) in plant tissue sap. per-
musculature is another method of controlling soil pollution which a contraction of permanent
agriculture .It is concerned with designing ecological human habitats and food production system
and follows specific guide lines and principles in the design of these system (Purohit et al ;2009
Literature review

Water pollutin has been a topic of considerable interesst and concern,especially in recent years
due to its far-reaching inpact on the enviroment,ecosystem,and human health.A litrature review
on water pollution examines the body of published research that has been coducted on this
subject and aims to summarize and analyze the findings,trends,and and gaps.

Cause of water pollution:water pollution originates from various sources, including idustrial
activity,agricultural run-off,domestic sewage,and urban stormwater(Rose,2015).Researchers
have found that industrial activities such as mining,manufacturing,and energy production
contribute to the release of various pollutants,such as heavy metals,toxic chemicals,and
petrolileum spills(Mohan et al.2017)Many studies have pointed out that agricaltural activitie also
contribute to water pollution by releasing nutrints,pesticides and herbicides into water bodies.

12
 CHAPTER THREE
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the study area
This study will be conducted in the south Nation, Nationalities and People’s Regional state of
Hadiya zone in Hosanna town.

3.2. Location
Hosanna is astronomically lies between 7⁰ 30′00″ to 7⁰ 35′00″ N and 37⁰ 49′ 00″ to 37⁰ 53′00″E
to longitude and 37o50’43” E to 38o4’51” E Latitude It is situated on the major South –North high
way that links the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, with Hawassa the main regional town of
southern nation nationalities and people of regional state .It is found at distance of about 230 km
from Addis Ababa, Hawassa town and about 130 km from tourist attraction site of Langano
(source: topographical map sheet obtained from agency and topographic survey map.)

Figure 3.1 Study area ma3.3.

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Topography /Relief
The topographic character of the study area will be mainly consists of different size plain, gorge,
hills and steep slope. The town and its environment were found within the high land which is
tectonically unstable because they are place of recent volcanic as well as seismic activities.

3.4. Vegetation Cover

The type of vegetation which found around the town includes; different acacia and junipers tree
which found on the top of mountain. (Agricultural office of Hosanna, 2015)

3.5. Soil Types

The type of soil which found around the town was a sand soil which has little organic matter and
low fertility

3.6. Climate
According to Ethiopian climatic classification Hosanna town classified under Woina dega. this
climate usually found in the highland of sub-tropical and humid sub- tropical mild summer
climate that is mild with dry winter, mild rainy summer and moderate seasonality

3.7. Temperature and Rainfall

Accordingly, the study area comprises varied thermal zones ranging from ‘’ ( Dega) to ‘Woina
Dega’..This rain fall regime is characterized by one of the rainy season, i.e. the rainy months
from March to October. Hosanna town receive a mean annual rainfall varying from 801-1000mm
in the western parts to 1401-1600mm in the central and northern parts.(Agency of the town
information bureau 2015 E, C)

3.1.2. socio-economic activity conditions

3.1.3 Education and Health
Education enables the people to raise their productive capacity for the well far of human society.
It is one of the most important factor that improve human skill for economic and social
development, in order to achieve a well balanced development, equitable distribution of school is
required. The town has a total of 42 educational institutions of the these school 30 1 stcycle 2nd
level, one 2ndcycle 1stlevel (high school) but 12 preparatory school (the town educational office,
2009 E.C)

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A sustained socio-economic develop ment in urban and rural area necessities and well equipped
health facilities. There are a total of 92 health institutions from these 50 health centers, 20 clinics
and 22 health pots, totally in the the general health services in hosanna town inadequate by any
standard compared to the population size of the town (the town health office, 2010).

3.1. 4 Energy and water supply

People used energy supply to different purpose like food preparation with the sources charcoal,
crop residue, firewood, and animal dung. Gimbichu town is used electricity and some kebeles are
also getting this service with in the short time. (The town information bureau, 2008)

Water is a key to life on earth and have significant role in the socio-economic development of
the society. A regular and sufficient water supply is one of the basic requirements and necessity
of humanity for its survival. Hence, access to clean drinking water is important for people’s
health. So, the coverage of clean pump water in the town is 184 and 70% coverage of drinking
water getting from, hand pump spring development and deep well. However, the quality of water
is unsafe and its production could not meet the existing demand. (The town information bureau
2009).

3.1.5 Communication and transportation

There was one telephone station in Hadiya zone and most of the rural agricultural and public
institutions have wireless telephone and also the people of the town the user of mobile telephone
currently (the town information bureau 2010 E.C).

There are both modern and traditional types of transport system in the town. According to
detailed statistics on roads cited on SNNPR bureau of finance and economic development
website (2009) illustrates that Hadiya zone has 45 km of all weather roads and 17 km of dry
weather, for an average roads density of 199 km per 1000 square kilometers.

3.1.6 Agriculture
Agriculture is undeniable fact that Ethiopia is predominantly an agricultural country, more than
85% of the population depends on the this sector of the economy that constitutes about 45% of
the crops domestic products GDP from this sector and almost all the country exports depends on
the agricultural activity. Agricultural developments depends on the modern techniques of
production, better means of irrigation, improved seed, fertilizer and market for sale. But most

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traditional farming are under taken solely for substance. A subsistence farming family should be
able to produce almost some of goods its needs majority of population of the Hadiya zone obtain
their income from agriculture. (Hadiya zone agricultural and rural development office 2008).

3.1.7 Trade and industry

Like in the other urban centers both legal and illegal merchants are available in Hadiya zone.
There are a total 270 are licensed while the remaining 45 are unlicensed. There is no medium
and large scale industries that govern with government or private investors but there is some
small scale industries like woodwork, metal work, pottery industries. (The town information
bureau2007).

3.2.1 Research methodology feature

3.2.2. Research Design
The research design for this study will be descriptive type of research design. Because of the aim
of this study will describe to explain about the role of forest products for farmers livelihoods.
This research will employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Because, to analysis
these study the descriptive analysis for qualitative and numerical data for quantitative had been
use. The quantitative data will be utilized by using tables, groups, and percentage while, the
qualitative data used discussion and interpretation.

3.2.3. Research Approaches

Based on qualitative and quantitative of the research in qualitative implies simple description,
observation, to the rural to urban migration. Quantitative based on statistical, questioner about
push and pull factor of rural to urban migration. Method is use for this study. The method will
believe to be more appropriates to assessing the cause and consequence of rural-urban migration
of Hosanna town.

3.2.4. Data source And types

The study includes both primary and secondary source of data. The primary data in this study
will be collect from Hosanna administration office, civil servant, south Hadiya workers
communities. The secondary data gathered from different, literature, newspaper, published
material and unpublished materials. Qualitative data is simple description about reciedant around
gofer meda in hosanna town and quantitative data statistical and questioner for that study area

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3.2.5. Sample size determination
According to information from the administration office of Hosanna town, the town has eighteen
Keble. From these Keble, one Keble gofer meda. In order to select the sample total population of
recidancial for sampling unit, the investigators employ purposive sampling techniques, becaue
the research problem under consideration can be highly identified and visible in those urban
Keble or sub cities. The total population of in sub-city has 5907population.The total population
of gofer meda kebele 900 are living From this Keble the researcher.
given,p=3, q=7, d=0.1, za=1.96constant

so,use formula no=pq(za)2/d2

no=0.3*0.7(1.96)2/(0.1)2

=0.21(3.8416)/0.01

=0.806736/0.01

=80.67~81

no=81

next,n=no/1+no/N

=81/1+81/900

=81/1+0.09

=81/1.09

=74

where,d,iserror from the prosdur

p,is probable the succes

no,initial sample

n,final sample

N,total population
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3.2.6. Sampling Techniques
The sampling technique that the researcher will use to undertake this study will simple random
sampling technique. The simple random sampling technique will helps the researcher to give
equal chance for all respondents.

3.2.7. Methods of Data Collection

The employ following will be tools that researcher employ to collect primary data. These are:
Focus group discussion, questionnaire and interview.

3.3.1. Focus group discussion

Focus group discussion will use to conduct information for the research. This instrument enables
us to generate deep and reliable information about the trends of recidiant in the study area for
this 6-12 members will discuss together about the trends of reciant people

3.3.2. Interview
For study the semi-structured interview will use as an instrument of data collection .Because
these enables us to get in depth information and also it enables us to have reliable information.
This primary data collection technique is better for more complex questions from informants.the
researcher will collected adata From 1 kebele administration of gofer meda,8 residentiol peole at
the gofer meda.The number of total respondents are 9 peopl's.

3.3.3. Questionnaires
Questionnaires will prepare by investigators to collect data from respondents and the questions
prepare on a paper. The questionnaires has contained both open and closed ended questions .The
main reason for i select this tool is that it enables me to gather detail information from the
respondents and conduct information with short period of time. the reasercher willprepared the
questioaire for 7 gofer meda residential's,1kebele administration,6 agricultural office
workers.Total respondent's are 14 people's.

3.3.4. Techniques of data analysis and interpretation

The investigators will use both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. For this
would use qualitative data analysis to analyze the information which obtained from interview,
questionnaires and focus group discussion about trends of livesof serawnding area. Quantitative
methods of data analysis will use for analyze the collected data by using percentage, table and
frequency.

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 4 .TIME AND COST BUDET
4.1 Time schedul
No Activity Mar April May June
1 Title selection ✔
2 Literature search ✔

3 Proposal writing ✔
4 Data collection ✔
5 Data analysis ✔
6 Research writing ✔
7 Presentation ✔

4.2 Cost Budget

No Item Quantity Unit cost per Total cost
unit
1 Paper 80 2 160
2 Pen 2 25 50
3 Binder 2 30 60
4 Telephone 30
- -
5 Internet 300MB 0.5centi 150
6 Transportation 200
- -

7 Printer 40 3 120
8 Typist 40 5 200
9 Miscellaneous 150
cost - -
10 Total cost 1120
- -

19
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